Pa Epulo 11, 1989, mvula yayikulu idawulula zophulika zazikulu za Cathedral ndipo ndichomwe chidapangitsa chidwi chazisamaliro za chipilalachi, ndikupangitsa kuti ntchitoyo ipulumutsidwe.
Pozindikira kufunikira kwa chipilalachi ndi tanthauzo lake, tayesetsa kutsatira mosamalitsa mfundo ndi zikhalidwe zobwezeretsa zomwe zikupezeka mdziko lathu, zomwe ophunzira amaphunzira ndikuzitsatira. Ntchito yobwezeretsa ndikusamalira Metropolitan Cathedral, mosakayikira, ndi yomwe yaperekedwa momasuka kwa anthu onse.
Kuukira kwa ntchitoyi kumalimbikitsa ena mwa anzawo. Kuwona kwamaphunziro ndi malingaliro aukadaulo othandiza kwambiri pantchito yathu apezedwanso kuchokera kwa akatswiri pazinthu zina. M'mbuyomu, tikuwona kuthekera kwakuti akatswiri ndi akatswiri osiyanasiyana angagwirizane ndi ntchitozi, monga zikuwonetsedwa mu Pangano la Venice; Tikhala othokoza chifukwa chake kuti ntchitoyi ikhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakubwezeretsanso ndi njira zathu zobwezeretsera.
Gulu logwira ntchito lomwe limayang'anira ntchito za Metropolitan Cathedral lidayesetsa kuyankha pazowunikiridwa kapena mafunso okhudzana ndi ntchitoyi ndikuwunikanso mosamala zomwe zikupezeka ndikugwira bwino ntchito. Pachifukwa ichi, tidayenera kukonza ndikuwongolera mbali zambiri, komanso kupereka nthawi ndi khama kuti tidzitsimikizire kuti machenjezo ena ndiosayenera. M'malo ophunzirira, izi zadziwika kuti ndizothandiza kwenikweni, kutali ndi ma diatribes a ena ambiri omwe, podzionetsera ngati otetezera cholowa chamiyambo, sananyalanyaze kunyoza komanso mwano. Pakakhala zadzidzidzi, imodzi imagwira ntchito mosanthula mosiyanasiyana.
Ntchito yomwe yakhala ikutchedwa Geometric Rectification of the Metropolitan Cathedral, idayamba kuchokera pakufunika kukumana ndi vuto lalikulu lokhudza komwe kunalibe ukadaulo waluso komanso luso. Pofuna kuwongolera ntchitoyi, vutoli liyenera kuonedwa ngati chithandizo chazovuta, chomwe chimafuna kusanthula mosamala - osati pafupipafupi - za kudwala konse kwa kapangidwe kake ndikukambirana ndi gulu lotchuka kwambiri la akatswiri. Kafukufuku woyambirira wazomwe zimachitika adatenga pafupifupi zaka ziwiri ndipo adasindikizidwa kale. Tiyenera kupanga chidule apa.
Metropolitan Cathedral idamangidwa kuyambira gawo lachiwiri lachitatu la zaka za 16th, pamabwinja a mzinda wakale wa Spain; Kuti mumvetse bwino za nthaka yomwe chipilalacho chinamangidwapo, munthu ayenera kulingalira momwe malowo adakhalira patatha zaka makumi atatu zikuyenda m'deralo. Komanso, zimadziwika kuti, mzaka zoyambirira, ntchito yomanga mzinda wa Tenochtitlan idafunikira ntchito yokonzanso mdera lazilumbazi ndipo imafunikira zopereka zofunikira kwambiri pantchito yomanga zipilala ndi nyumba zotsatizana, zonse zadothi lacustrine. , zomwe zidapangidwa kuchokera ku cataclysm yomwe m'derali idabweretsa chotchinga chachikulu cha basalt chomwe chimapanga Sierra de Chichinahutzi komanso chomwe chimatseka kudutsa kwamadzi kupita kumabeseni, kumwera kwa dera lomwe pano ndi Federal District.
Kutchulidwa kumodzi kumeneku kumakumbukira mikhalidwe ya zomveka zomveka zomwe zimakhazikika m'deralo; mwina, kuli zigwa ndi zigwa m'malo ozama osiyanasiyana pansi pake, zomwe zimapangitsa kudzazidwako kuti kukhale kosiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana munthaka. Madokotala a Marcos Mazari ndi Raúl Marsal adachitapo izi m'maphunziro osiyanasiyana.
Ntchito zomwe zidachitika ku Metropolitan Cathedral zathandizanso kudziwa kuti magawo omwe anthu amakhala pantchito zachilengedwe afika kale kupitilira 15 mt omwe ali ndi nyumba zaku Spain zisanachitike kuposa 11 m (umboni womwe ukufuna kukonzanso kwa tsiku la 1325 monga maziko oyambira tsambalo). Kukhalapo kwa nyumba zaukadaulo wina kumayankhula za chitukuko zaka mazana awiri zisanachitike zomwe zimanenedwa ndi mzinda wakale waku Spain.
Izi zidatsimikizika pazomwe zimachitika m'nthaka. Zotsatira zakusinthaku ndikumanga kumawonekera pamachitidwe am'munsi, osati chifukwa choti katundu wawo wawonjezeredwa ku nyumbayo koma chifukwa adakhala ndi mbiri yakusokonekera ndikuphatikizana Cathedral isanamangidwe. Zotsatira zake ndikuti madera omwe adadzazidwa adapanikizika kapena adalumikiza dongo, ndikupangitsa kuti likhale lolimba kapena lopunduka pang'ono kuposa lomwe silidagwirizane ndi zomangira zisanachitike Katolika. Ngakhale zina mwa nyumbazi zidawonongedwa pambuyo pake - monga tikudziwira kuti zidachitika - kuti agwiritsenso ntchito miyala yamiyayo, dothi lomwe limathandizirabe limakhala lopanikizika ndikupanga malo "olimba" kapena madera.
Injiniya Enrique Tamez wanena momveka bwino (buku lachikumbutso kwa Pulofesa Raúl I. Marsal, Sociedad Mexicana de Mecánica de Souelos, 1992) kuti vutoli limasiyana ndi malingaliro achikhalidwe omwe amalingalira kuti, pakutsata kotsatizana, zolakwika ziyenera kuchitika chokulirapo. Pakhala pali kusiyana pakati pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimatopetsa malowa, pamakhala mwayi woti ziphatikize ndikupereka mphamvu zotsutsana kuposa malo omwe sanayanjanitsidwe. Chifukwa chake, m'nthaka yofewa, madera omwe kale anali ocheperako amakhala opunduka kwambiri masiku ano ndipo ndi omwe masiku ano akumira kwambiri.
Chifukwa chake, zikuwoneka kuti pamwamba pomwe Katolika amamangidwapo amapereka mphamvu zosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana, chifukwa chake, zimasinthasintha mosiyanasiyana. Pachifukwa ichi, Cathedral idakumana ndi zovuta panthawi yomanga komanso mzaka zonse. Izi zikupitilira mpaka pano.
Poyambirira, malowa adakonzedwa ndi mtengo, asanachitike ku Puerto Rico, mpaka 3.50 m kutalika pafupifupi 20 cm m'mimba mwake, wokhala ndi 50 mpaka 60 cm; pa ichi panali kukonzekera komwe kumakhala makala osalala, omwe cholinga chake sichikudziwika (chikadatha kukhala ndi zifukwa zamwambo kapena mwina cholinga chake chinali kuchepetsa chinyezi kapena madambo m'derali); Pamwamba pake komanso ngati template, nsanja yayikulu idapangidwa, yomwe timatcha «pedraplen». Katundu wa nsanjayi adabweretsa zopunduka ndipo, pachifukwa ichi, makulidwe ake adakulitsidwa, kufunafuna kuti azilingalira mosasinthasintha. Nthawi ina panali zokambirana za makulidwe a 1.80 kapena 1.90 m, koma magawo osakwana 1 mita apezeka ndipo zikuwoneka kuti kuwonjezeka kukukulira, makamaka, kuchokera kumpoto kapena kumpoto chakum'mawa mpaka kumwera chakumadzulo, popeza nsanja inali kumira mphamvu. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha zovuta zazitali zomwe amuna aku New Spain amayenera kuthana nazo kuti amalize chipilala chofunikira kwambiri ku America, komwe mibadwo yotsatirayi yakhala ndi mbiri yayitali yokonzanso yomwe m'zaka za zana lino yakhala ikuwonjezeka kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kuchepa kwa madzi m'nyanja kwa Mexico.
Tonse takhala tikudzifunsa ngati inali vuto losavuta pagulu lomwe lidapangitsa kuti Cathedral of Mexico itenge nthawi yonse ya Colony kuti imangidwe, pomwe ntchito zina zofunika - monga ma cathedral aku Puebla kapena Morelia - zidatenga zaka makumi angapo kuti zimangidwe. watha. Lero titha kunena kuti zovuta zaukadaulo zinali zazikulu ndipo zimawululidwa mu malamulo am'nyumbayo: nsanjazi zidakonzedwa zingapo, popeza nyumbayo idatsamira pomanga ndipo patadutsa zaka, kuti apitilize nsanja ndi zipilala, amayeneranso kufunikanso Ofukula; Makoma ndi zipilala zikafika kutalika kwa ntchitoyi, omangawo adazindikira kuti agwa ndipo ndikofunikira kukulitsa kukula kwawo; Zipilala zina kumwera ndizotalika 90 cm kuposa zazifupi, zomwe zili pafupi ndi kumpoto.
Kukula kwamalingaliro kunali kofunikira pomanga zipindazo, zomwe zimayenera kusamutsidwa mundege yopingasa. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti zolakwika zomwe zili pansi pa parishi ndizokulirapo kuposa zipinda zogona ndipo ndichifukwa chake zimapitilirabe. Chifukwa chake, kusandulika kwapansi pa parishi kumakhala kwamayendedwe mpaka 2.40 m poyerekeza ndi nsonga za apse, pomwe zili m'zipinda zam'mlengalenga, mokhudzana ndi ndege zopingasa, kusinthaku ndikomwe kwa 1.50 mpaka 1.60 m. Nyumbayi yawerengedwa, ndikuwona mawonekedwe ake osiyanasiyana ndikukhazikitsa kulumikizana pokhudzana ndi zovuta zomwe nthaka idakumana nazo.
Adawunikiridwanso momwe zinthu zina zakunja zidakhudzira momwe, komanso momwe ntchito yomanga Metro, momwe ikugwirira ntchito, kufukula kwa Meya wa Templo komanso zomwe zidachitika chifukwa cha wokhometsa amene adayambitsidwa pamaso pa Cathedral ndi Imayenda m'misewu ya Moneda ndi 5 de Mayo, kuti ikalowe m'malo mwa amene mafupa ake angawoneke mbali imodzi ya Meya wa Templo ndipo zomangamanga zake zidalola kuti zidziwitso zoyambilira zopezeka mumzinda wakale wa Spain zisapezeke.
Pofuna kugwirizanitsa zomwe awonazi ndi malingaliro awo, zomwe zidasungidwa zidagwiritsidwa ntchito, pomwe magawo osiyanasiyana adapezeka kuti mainjiniya a Manuel González Flores adapulumutsa ku Cathedral, zomwe zidatilola kudziwa, kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka zana, kuchuluka kwa zosintha zomwe zidavutika. kapangidwe kake.
Gawo loyamba la milanduyi likufanana ndi chaka cha 1907 ndipo adachitidwa ndi mainjiniya Roberto Gayol yemwe, atamanga Grand Canal del Desagüe, patatha zaka zingapo akuimbidwa mlandu wochita zolakwika, chifukwa madzi akudawo sanakwere ndi liwiro lofunikira ndipo izo zimaika pangozi mzinda waukuluwo. Polimbana ndi vuto loopsali, mainjiniya a Gayol adapanga maphunziro apadera a beseni la Mexico ndipo ndiye woyamba kunena kuti mzindawu ukumira.
Monga zochitika zokhudzana ndi vuto lake lalikulu, mainjiniya a Gayol adagwiranso ntchito ndi Metropolitan Cathedral, ndikusiya chuma chathu- chikalata chomwe tikudziwa kuti, pafupifupi 1907, zolakwika za nyumbayi zidafika, pakati pa apse ndi tower tower , 1.60 m pansi. Zikutanthauza kuti kuyambira pano mpaka pano, kusinthika kapena kusiyanasiyana komwe kumafanana ndi mfundo ziwirizi kwawonjezeka pafupifupi mita imodzi.
Kafukufuku wina akuwonetsanso kuti, m'zaka za zana lino, kuchepa kwa zigawo m'dera lomwe Cathedral ili ndipamwamba kuposa 7.60 m. Izi zidafotokozedwa kuti ndizofotokozera Aztec Caiendario, yomwe idayikidwa pakhomo lolowera kumadzulo kwa Cathedral.
Mfundo yomwe akatswiri onse amaiona kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri mzindawu ndi mfundo ya TICA (Lower Tangent of the Aztec Calendar) pomwe mzere womwe udayikidwa pachikwangwani chakumadzulo kwa tchalitchi chachikulu chimafanana. Zomwe zikuchitika pakadali pano zakhala zikulozera ku banki ya Atzacoalco, yomwe ili kumpoto kwa mzindawu, pamalo okwera miyala yomwe imatsalira popanda kukhudzidwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa nyanja. Njira yosinthira inali ndi ziwonetsero kale chaka cha 1907 chisanachitike, koma mosakayikira m'zaka za zana lathu lino izi zikuwonjezeka.
Kuchokera pamwambapa, zikuwoneka kuti kusinthaku kumachitika kuyambira koyambirira kwa zomangamanga ndipo kumafanana ndi zochitika zachilengedwe, koma posachedwa pomwe mzindawu umafuna madzi ochulukirapo ndi ntchito zina, kutulutsa kwamadzi kuchokera kumtunda kumakulirakulira ndikuwonjezeka kwa madzi m'thupi. liwiro lolumikizana ndi dongo.
Popeza kusowa kwa njira zina, zoposa 70% zamadzi zomwe mzindawu umagwiritsa ntchito zimachokera kumtunda; Pamwamba pa beseni la Mexico tilibe madzi ndipo ndizovuta kwambiri komanso okwera mtengo kuwakwera ndi kuwanyamula kuchokera kumabeseni apafupi: tili ndi 4 kapena 5 m3 / sec. del Lerma ndi ochepera 20 m3 / sec. kuchokera ku Cutzamala, recharge imangokhala mu dongosolo la 8 mpaka 10 m3 / sec. ndikuchepa kumafika, net, 40 m3 / sec., yomwe, idachulukitsidwa ndi mphindikati 84,600. tsiku ndi tsiku, chimafanana ndi "dziwe" kukula kwa Zócalo ndi 60 m kuya (kutalika kwa nsanja za Cathedral). Awa ndi voliyumu yamadzi yomwe imatulutsidwa tsiku ndi tsiku kupita kumtunda ndipo ndizowopsa.
Zomwe zimachitika ku Cathedral ndikuti, momwe madzi amagwera, magawo otsika amawona kuti katundu wawo wakula mopitilira 1 t / m2 pa mita iliyonse yakubedwa. Pakadali pano, kuchepa kwamchigawo kumakhala kwa masentimita 7.4 pachaka, kuyeza ku Cathedral ndikudalirika kotheratu, chifukwa cha mabenchi omwe adayikidwapo komanso ofanana ndi kuthamanga kwa 6.3 mm / mwezi, komwe kudali 1.8mm / mwezi mozungulira 1970, pomwe amakhulupirira kuti vuto lakumira lidagonjetsedwa ndikuchepetsa kupopera ndi ma pilings adayikidwa ku Cathedral kuti athetse mavuto ake. Kuwonjezeka kumeneku sikudafikire liwiro lowopsa la ma 1950, pomwe lidafika 33 mm / mwezi ndikupangitsa alamu aphunzitsi odziwika, monga Nabor Carrillo ndi Raúl Marsal. Ngakhale zili choncho, liwiro lakumira limasiyana kale kuposa 2 cm pachaka, pakati pa nsanja yakumadzulo ndi apse, zomwe zimapereka kusiyana pakati pa malo ovuta kwambiri ndi malo ofewa kwambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti, zaka khumi kusamvana zamakono (2.50 m) zingawonjezere 20 cm, ndi 2 m m'zaka 100, zomwe zingawonjezere 4.50 m, mapangidwe osatheka kuthandizidwa ndi kapangidwe ka Cathedral. M'malo mwake, zadziwika kuti pofika chaka cha 2010 pakadakhala kuti pali zokonda zam'magazi komanso ziwopsezo zazikulu zakugwa, zowopsa pachiwopsezo cha zivomerezi.
Mbiri ya cholinga chokhazikitsira Katolika imanena za ntchito zingapo zopitilira muyeso za jakisoni.
Mu 1940, amisiri a zomangamanga Manuel Ortiz Monasterio ndi Manuel Cortina adadzaza maziko a Cathedral, kuti amange ziphuphu zosungira anthu, ndipo ngakhale adatsitsa malowo, maziko adafooka kwambiri chifukwa chophwanya kutsutsana m'malingaliro onse; matabwa ndi zowonjezera za konkriti zomwe adazipaka ndizofooka kwambiri ndipo sizichita zochepa kuti izi zisasunthike.
Pambuyo pake, a Manuel González Flores adagwiritsa ntchito milu yolamulira yomwe mwatsoka sinayende mogwirizana ndi malingaliro a polojekitiyo, monga tawonetsera kale mu kafukufuku wa Tamez ndi Santoyo, lofalitsidwa ndi SEDESOL mu 1992, (La Catedral Metropolítana y el Sagrario de Ia Mexico City, Kuwongolera mayendedwe ake, SEDESOL, 1992, pp. 23 ndi 24).
Poterepa, kafukufuku ndi malingaliro adalongosola kuti kulowererapo komwe kungasokoneze ntchitoyi sikungayimitsidwe. Kuti izi zitheke, njira zingapo zidalingaliridwa: kuyika milu 1,500 yowonjezera yomwe inganyamule matani 130,000 a Katolika; ikani mabatire (amathandizidwa m'madamu akuya mamita 60) ndikutsitsimutsanso chidebecho; Atataya maphunzirowa, mainjiniya a Enrique Tamez ndi Enrique Santoyo adapempha kuti afukulidwe kuti athane ndi vutoli.
Mwachidziwitso, lingaliro ili limaphatikizapo kuthana ndi kuchepa kwamitundu, kukumba pansipa mfundo zomwe zimatsika pang'ono, ndiye kuti, mfundo kapena magawo omwe amakhalabe okwera. Pankhani ya Cathedral, njirayi idapereka ziyembekezo zolimbikitsa, koma zovuta kwambiri. Ngati mungayang'ane mawonekedwe am'manja, omwe amavumbula kusakhazikika kwa mawonekedwe, mutha kumvetsetsa kuti kusintha malowa kukhala ofanana ndi ndege yopingasa kapena pamwamba kunali kovuta.
Zinatenga pafupifupi zaka ziwiri kuti apange makina, omwe makamaka anali ndikupanga zitsime 30 za 2.6 m m'mimba mwake, zina pansipa ndi zina kuzungulira Cathedral ndi Tabernacle; Kuzama kwa zitsimezi kuyenera kufikira pansi pazodzaza zonse ndi zotsalira za zomangamanga ndikufika ku dothi lomwe lili pansi pa kutumphuka kwachilengedwe, kuzama komwe kumakhala pakati pa 18 ndi 22 m. Zitsimezi zinali zokutidwa ndi konkire ndi ma chubu, a 15 cm m'mimba mwake, a 50, 60 mm ndipo madigiri onse asanu ndi limodzi azungulira pansi pake. Pansi, makina opumira komanso ozungulira, opangidwa ndi chopopera, ndiye chida cholumikizira kuti chifukutse. Makinawo amalowa gawo la chubu cholemera 1.20 m ndi 10 cm m'mimba mwake kudzera mu mphuno iliyonse, plunger imabwezeretsedwanso ndipo gawo lina la chubu limamangiriridwa lomwe limakankhidwa ndi plunger, lomwe pantchito zotsatizana limalola machubuwa kuti alowe mpaka 6 o 7 m kuya; kenako amazibweza ndikudulidwa kuti zisinthe, zigawo zomwe mwachiwonekere zadzaza matope. Chotsatira chake ndikuti bowo kapena ngalande yaying'ono imapangidwa 6 mpaka 7 mita kutalika ndi 10 cm m'mimba mwake. Pakatikati, kupanikizika kwa ngalande ndikuti mgwirizano wa dongo umasweka ndipo ngalandeyo imagwa kwakanthawi kochepa, posonyeza kusunthika kwa zinthu kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi. Ntchito zotsatizana muming'alu 40 kapena 50 pachitsime, zimalola kuti zifukulidwe mozungulira mozungulira, chimodzimodzi kuti zikaphwanyidwa zimapangitsa kuti nthaka ikhale pansi. Njira yosavuta imamasulira, pakugwira kwake ntchito, kukhala yovuta kwambiri kuyiyendetsa: zimatanthawuza kufotokozera madera ndi ziphuphu, kutalika kwa ma tunnel ndi nthawi zokumba kuti muchepetse kusamvana kwapadziko lapansi ndi kapangidwe kake. Zitha kungopeka lero mothandizidwa ndi makina apakompyuta, omwe amalola kukonza bwino njira ndikuzindikira kuchuluka kwa zofukulidwa.
Nthawi yomweyo komanso kuti athandizire kuyenda kumeneku, kunali koyenera kukonza bata ndikumangika kwa zomangamanga, kupititsa patsogolo mapanga oyenda, mabwalo omwe amathandizira nave yayikulu ndi mzikiti, kuwonjezera pa kumangiriza mizati isanu ndi iwiri, yomwe ili ndi zolakwika zowongoka zowopsa kwambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo komanso zowonjezera. Kutsekemera kumathera pama joists ang'onoang'ono omwe amathandizidwa ndi machubu awiri okha, operekedwa ndi ma jacks omwe amalola kuti ma joists akwezedwe kapena kutsitsidwa kuti, posunthira, chipilalacho chimasintha mawonekedwe ndikusintha ngati cha shoring, osaganizira katundu. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ming'alu ndi ma fractures ena, ochulukirapo omwe makoma ndi zipinda zapakhomo, ayenera kusiyidwa osayang'aniridwa pakadali pano, chifukwa kudzazidwa kwawo kumatha kuteteza chizolowezi chawo chotseka pakuwunika.
Ndiyesera kufotokozera mayendedwe omwe cholinga chake ndikupanga dongosololi pofukula pansi. Poyamba, mawonekedwe, mbali, yazitsulo ndi makoma; nsanja ndi façade, zomwe kugwa kwake ndikofunikira kale, ziyenera kuzunguliranso uku; chipinda chapakati chimayenera kutsekedwa pakukonza kugwa mosemphana ndi zothandizira - kumbukirani kuti zasunthira panja, pomwe nthaka ndiyosalala. Pachifukwa ichi, zolinga zomwe zakambidwa ndi izi: Kubwezeretsa geometry, mwa 40% yazofooka zomwe Cathedral ili nazo lero; ndiye kuti, mapindikidwe omwe, malinga ndi masanjidwewo, anali nawo zaka 60 zapitazo. Kumbukirani kuti mu 1907 yolinganiza inali ndi zochepera pang'ono 1.60 m pakati pa apse ndi nsanja, pokhala yocheperako, chifukwa idamangidwa mu ndege yopingasa pomwe maziko anali atapunduka kale ndi mita yopitilira imodzi. Izi zitanthauza kufukula pakati pa 3,000 ndi 4,000 m3 pansi pa Cathedral ndipo potero kupangitsa kutembenuka kawiri mu kapangidwe kake, kum'mawa kena ndi kumpoto, zomwe zimapangitsa kusuntha kwa SW-NE, kosemphana ndi kusintha konse. Kachisi wamkuluyo amayenera kuyendetsedwa bwino ndipo mayendedwe am'deralo ayenera kukwaniritsidwa, omwe amalola kukonzanso kwa mfundo zina, zosiyana ndi zomwe zimachitika.
Zonsezi, zofotokozedwa mwachidule, sizingatheke popanda njira zowongolera magawo onse anyumbayi panthawiyi. Ganizirani njira zodzitetezera poyenda kwa Tower of Pisa. Apa, ndi malo ofewa kwambiri komanso mawonekedwe osinthika kwambiri, kuwongolera mayendedwe kumakhala gawo lalikulu pantchitoyo. Kuwunikira kumeneku kumakhala ndi miyezo yolondola, milingo, ndi zina zambiri, zomwe zimachitika mosalekeza ndikutsimikiziridwa ndi makompyuta.
Chifukwa chake, pamwezi kuyerekezera pamakoma ndi mizati pamwezi, pamitundu itatu ya shaft yake, mfundo 351 ndikuwerenga 702; zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chingwe chamagetsi chomwe chimalembetsa mpaka 8 ”ya arc (tilt meter). Pogwiritsa ntchito ma bob owoneka bwino, okhala ndi zibowo zolondola kwambiri, kusiyanasiyana kwa malembedwe kumalembedwa pamiyala 184 pamwezi. Kuyang'ana kwa nsanjazi kumawerengedwa ndi mita yolondola kwambiri, pamalo 20 pamlungu.
Inclinometers yoperekedwa ndi Institute du Globe ndi École Polytechnique de Paris ikugwiranso ntchito, kupereka kuwerengera kosalekeza. Pa mulingo wa plinth, kuyerekezera mwatsatanetsatane kumachitika masiku khumi ndi anayi aliwonse komanso wina pamlatho; m'nkhani yoyamba ya 210 ndipo m'chigawo chachiwiri mazana asanu ndi limodzi mphambu makumi anayi. Kukula kwa ming'alu yamakoma, mipando ndi zipinda zam'mlengalenga kumayang'aniridwa mwezi uliwonse, ndikuwerenga 954 kopangidwa ndi vernier. Ndi extensometer yolondola, kuyeza kumapangidwa ndi ma intrados ndi ma extrados a zipindazo, zipilala ndi kupatula kwakutali, kwapakatikati ndi kotsika kwa zipilala, pakuwerengedwa 138 mwezi uliwonse.
Kuyanjana kolondola kwa ma shoring ndi zipilala kumachitika masiku khumi ndi anayi aliwonse, kusintha ma jacks 320 pogwiritsa ntchito wrench ya torque. Kupanikizika pamalo alionse sikuyenera kupitilira kapena kuchepa mphamvu yokhazikitsidwa kuti pulogalamuyo ipangike pakupanga komwe kumapangidwira. Kapangidwe kokhala ndimitengo yayikulu komanso yayikulu idasanthulidwa ndi njira yotsirizira, yosinthidwa ndimayendedwe oyeserera ndipo, pamapeto pake, maphunziro a endoscopy adachitika mkati mwa mzati.
Zambiri mwa izi zimachitika modabwitsa pambuyo pa chivomerezi chilichonse chopitilira 3.5 pamlingo wa Richter. Magawo apakati, nave ndi transept, atetezedwa ndi mauna ndi maukonde motsutsana ndi kugumuka kwa nthaka ndi mawonekedwe azithunzi zitatu omwe amalola kuyika mwachangu scaffold ndikufikira malo aliwonse m'chipindacho, kuti akonzeke pakagwa mwadzidzidzi. Pambuyo pazaka zopitilira zaka ziwiri zamaphunziro ndikumaliza kukonzekera, zitsime ndi ntchito zokongola, ntchito zokumbazo zidayamba bwino mu Seputembara 1993.
Izi zidayambira pakatikati, kumwera kwa apse, ndipo zakhala zikulowezeredwa kumpoto mpaka kumtunda; Mu Epulo, ma lurnbreras kumwera kwa transept adayambitsidwa ndipo zotsatira zake ndizolimbikitsa kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, nsanja yakumadzulo yasinthasintha .072%, nsanja yakum'mawa 0.1%, pakati pa 4 cm woyamba ndi 6 cm wachiwiri (Pisa wazungulira 1.5 cm) ; Zipilala za transept zatseka chipilala chawo kupitirira 2 cm, zomwe zimachitika mnyumbayi zikuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pazofukulidwazo ndi mayendedwe awo. Ming'alu ina kum'mwera idatsegulidwabe, chifukwa ngakhale kuli kwakuti kuyenda konseko, kulowera kwa nsanja kumachedwetsa kuyenda kwawo. Pali zovuta m'malo ngati kulumikizana kwa Kachisi komanso kulumikizana kofunikira kwa malo apse, omwe samatseka ma tunnel ndi liwiro lofanana ndi madera ena, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kutulutsa zinthuzo. Tili, komabe, kumayambiriro kwenikweni kwa ntchitoyi, yomwe tikuganiza kuti izikhala pakati pa masiku 1,000 ndi 1,200 ogwira ntchito, 3 kapena 4 m3 ofukula tsiku lililonse. Pakadali pano, ngodya yakumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Cathedral iyenera kuti idatsika mpaka 1.35 m poyerekeza ndi nsanja yakumadzulo, ndi nsanja yakum'mawa, poyerekeza ndi mita imodzi.
Cathedral sidzakhala "yowongoka" - chifukwa sinakhalepo-, koma mawonekedwe ake adzafikitsidwa m'malo abwino, kuti athe kupirira zochitika zam'mlengalenga monga zamphamvu kwambiri zomwe zidachitika ku beseni la Mexico; Kusalinganika kumabwereranso pafupifupi 35% ya mbiri yake. Dongosololi limatha kuyambitsidwanso pakatha zaka 20 kapena 30, ngati izi zikulangizidwa, ndipo tidzakhala - kuyambira lero ndi mtsogolo - kugwira ntchito molimbika pakukonzanso zinthu zokongoletsa, zitseko, zipata, ziboliboli, mkati, pamaguwa , zojambula, ndi zina zambiri, zosonkhanitsa olemera kwambiri mumzinda uno.
Pomaliza, ndikufuna kunena kuti ntchitozi zikugwirizana ndi ntchito yapadera, yomwe imathandizira komanso yodziwika bwino pazopereka zaukadaulo komanso zasayansi.
Wina akhoza kunena kuti ndi kudzichepetsa kwa ine kutamanda ntchito zomwe ndimachita. Zachidziwikire, kudzitamanda kungakhale kopanda pake komanso koyipa, koma sizili choncho chifukwa sindine amene ndimapanga ntchitoyi; Ndine, inde, amene, monga mwa udindo wanga pakuyang'anira chipilalachi komanso womangidwa ndi khama komanso kudzipereka kwa iwo omwe apanga ntchitoyi, akuyenera kuti adziwike.
Izi sizinthu zomwe zimachitika, poyambirira ndipo chifukwa chake, chikhumbo changwiro - chokha mwa icho- kukonza cholowa chathu, ndi ntchito yomwe idapangidwa moyang'anizana ndi zovuta zakunyumba zomwe, kuti tipewe tsoka lanthawi yayitali , ikufuna kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu.
Ndivuto lazamakono lomwe silingafanane ndi zolemba zaukadaulo ndi kubwezeretsa. M'malo mwake, ili ndi vuto lokhalo komanso lapadera pamtundu wa Mexico City, lomwe silingafanane kwina kulikonse. Pomaliza, ndivuto lomwe limafanana ndi malo a geotechnics ndi makina amu nthaka.
Ndiwo mainjiniya Enrique Tamez, Enrique Santoyo ndi olemba anzawo, omwe, kutengera chidziwitso chawo cha ukadaulo, awunika vutoli ndikupeza yankho lake, lomwe amayenera kupanga sayansi mwanjira yonse yomwe imakhudza kapangidwe ka makina, malo ndi kuyeserera koyeserera kwa zochitikazo, ngati njira yofananira kukhazikitsira njira zodzitetezera, chifukwa chodabwitsacho chimayambitsidwa: Cathedral ikupitilizabe kusweka. Pamodzi ndi awa ndi a Roberto Meli, Mphotho ya National Engineering, a Dr. Fernando López Carmona ndi anzawo ochokera ku Engineering Institute of UNAM, omwe amayang'anira kukhazikika kwa chipilalachi, kulephera kwake ndi njira zodzitetezera kuti, pokopa kusunthika kwa kapangidwe kake, njirayi siyimasokonezedwa munthawi zomwe zimawonjezera ngozi. Kumbali yake, mainjiniya a Hilario Prieto ndi omwe ali ndi udindo wopanga zida zowoneka bwino komanso zolimbitsa thupi kuti ziteteze ntchitoyi. Izi zonse zimachitika ndi chipilala chotseguka kuti chizipembedzedwa popanda kutsekedwa kwa anthu mzaka zonsezi.
Ndi akatswiri ena, gululi limakumana sabata iliyonse, osati kuti akambirane zokongoletsa za kapangidwe kake koma kusanthula kuthamanga kwa mapindikidwe, machitidwe azitseko, kuwunika kwa zinthu ndikuwonetsetsa kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake ku Cathedral: kuposa 1.35 Mamita obadwira chakumpoto chakumpoto chakumpoto ndikusinthasintha kwa pafupifupi 40 cm munsanja zake, 25 cm m'mitu yayikulu yazipilala zina. Izi ndichifukwa chamisonkhano yayitali, pomwe simukugwirizana pamalingaliro ena.
Monga chothandizira komanso chokhazikika, tafunsani akatswiri odziwika amayiko omwe malangizo awo, upangiri wawo ndi malingaliro awo athandizira kukulitsa kuyesayesa kwathu; Zomwe adawona zidasinthidwa ndipo nthawi zambiri adawongolera mayankho omwe akufuna. Pakati pawo, ndiyenera kutchula madokotala Raúl Marsal ndi Emilio Rosenblueth, omwe tataya posachedwapa.
M'magawo oyamba a ntchitoyi, gulu la IECA, lochokera ku Japan, lidafunsidwa ndikutumiza ku Mexico gulu la akatswiri opangidwa ndi mainjiniya a Mikitake Ishisuka, Tatsuo Kawagoe, Akira Ishido ndi Satoshi Nakamura, omwe adamaliza kufunikira kwa chipulumutso chaukadaulo, amene amawaona kuti alibe chilichonse choti angapereke. Komabe, potengera chidziwitso chomwe apatsidwa, awonetsa kuwopsa kwakakhalidwe ndi kusintha komwe kumachitika mdziko la Mexico City, ndikupempha kuti ntchito yowunikira ndi kafukufuku ikulitsidwe madera ena. kuonetsetsa kuti tsogolo la mzinda wathu likutheka. Ili ndi vuto lomwe limatiposa.
Ntchitoyi inaperekedwanso ku chidziwitso cha gulu lina la akatswiri ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi omwe, ngakhale samachita mikhalidwe yawo mosiyana ndi nthaka ya Mexico City, luso lawo lakuwunika komanso kumvetsetsa kwawo kwavuto lomwe lidapangidwa Ndizotheka kuti yankho lidalimbikitsidwa kwambiri; Mwa iwo, titchula izi: Dr. Michele Jamilkowski, Purezidenti wa International Committee for Rescue of the Tower of Pisa; Dr. John E. Eurland, waku Imperial College, London; mainjiniya Giorgio Macchi, ochokera ku University of Pavia; Dr. Gholamreza Mesri, waku University of Illinois ndi Dr. Pietro de Porcellinis, Wachiwiri kwa Director of Special Foundations, Rodio, waku Spain.
Source: Mexico mu Time No. 1 Juni-Julayi 1994
