Pakadali pano, gawo lomwe abale adachita m'zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18 m'mbiri ya zomangamanga ndi zaluso ku New Spain silinaphunzire mokwanira, osati muntchito zawo zokha, komanso monga olimbikitsa ntchito zazikulu.
Panali ubale wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu: olemera, apakati komanso osauka; ubale wa madokotala, maloya, ansembe, osula siliva, opanga nsapato, ndi ena ambiri.M'maguluwa anthu omwe anali ndi zokonda zofanana anali ogwirizana ndipo nthawi zambiri amasankha oyera mtima kapena odzipereka pachipembedzo kukhala "Patron" wawo; Komabe, siziyenera kukhulupiriridwa kuti mabungwewa adangodzipereka pakuchita zachipembedzo, m'malo mwake, amagwira ntchito ngati magulu omwe ali ndi cholinga chomveka chothandizira anthu kapena monga akuti: "Mabungwe othandizirana." Gonzalo Obregón adatchula m'buku lake la Great College of San Ignacio ndime yotsatirayi yomwe ikunena za ubale: "pantchito zamabungwewa, othandiziranawo adayenera kupereka chindapusa pamwezi kapena pachaka chomwe chimasiyana ndi malo enieni a carnadillo mpaka chimodzi chenicheni pa sabata. Abale, mbali inayi, kudzera mwa woperekera chikho chake amathandizira mankhwala ngati atadwala ndipo akamwalira, 'bokosi ndi makandulo', ndipo monga chithandizo adapatsa banja kuchuluka komwe kumasiyana pakati pa 10 ndi 25 reales, kupatula thandizo lauzimu. ".
Abale nthawi zina anali mabungwe olemera kwambiri pamakhalidwe komanso pachuma, zomwe zimawalola kuti amange nyumba zamtengo wapatali, monga: College of Santa Maria de la Caridad, Hospital de Terceros de Ios Franciscanos, Temple of the Holy Trinity, Ia anasowa Chapel ya Rosary mu Msonkhano wa Santo Domingo, kukongoletsa kwa ma tchalitchi angapo a Cathedral, Chapel of the Third Order of San Agustín, Chapel of the Third Order of Santo Domingo, ndi zina zotero.
Zina mwazinthu zomwe abale amapanga, zosangalatsa kwambiri kuthana nazo, chifukwa cha nkhani yomwe iwululidwa, ndi ya Brotherhood ya Nuestra Señora de Aránzazu, yolumikizidwa ku San Francisco Convent, yomwe idagawaniza mbadwa za nyumba za Vizcaya. , ochokera ku Guipuzcoa, Alava ndi Kingdom of Navarra, komanso akazi awo, ana ndi mbadwa, omwe, mwa zina, angaikidwe m'manda mu tchalitchi ndi dzina la ubale, womwe udali mu Ex-Convent ya San Francisco de Ia Mzinda wa Mexico.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro ake oyamba mu 1681, ubale udafuna kukhala ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha ndi a Convent; chitsanzo: "chinthu, chomwe palibe wamkulu kapena wamkulu wa Convent yemwe anganene, anganene kapena kunena kuti tchalitcholo lomwe latchulidwalo latengedwa kuchokera ku ubale mwachinyengo chilichonse."
M'ndime ina akuti: "ubale udaletsedweratu kulandira zopereka zilizonse kupatula Basque kapena mbadwa ... ubalewu ulibe mbale, kapenanso kupempha zachifundo monga abale ena onse."
Mu 1682 ntchito yomanga tchalitchi yatsopanoyi idayamba mu bwalo la Convento Grande de San Francisco; Linali lochokera kum'mawa mpaka kumadzulo ndipo linali lalitali mamita 31 m'lifupi ndi 10 m'lifupi, linali lokutidwa ndi zipinda zodyeramo komanso zam'mwezi, lokhala ndi mzikiti wosonyeza kutambalala. Khomo lake linali la dongosolo la Doric, lokhala ndi zipilala zamiyala yaimvi, ndipo zoyala ndi zopangidwa mwala woyera, zinali ndi chishango chokhala ndi chithunzi cha Namwali waku Aránzazu pamwambapa. Chophimba chophweka kwambiri chinali ndi chithunzi cha San Prudencio. Ubale wonsewu umafanana ndi kufotokoza kwa tchalitchi chomwe chidapangidwa mchaka cha 19th ndi Don Antonio García Cubas, m'buku lake The Book of My Memories.
Zimadziwika kuti kachisiyo anali ndi zopangira zokongola za pa guwa, zidutswa ndi zojambula zamtengo wapatali, chojambula chapamwamba chopangidwa ndi chithunzi cha woyera mtima waubale wokhala ndi magalasi ake, ndi ziboliboli za makolo ake oyera, San Joaquin ndi Santa Ana; Anali ndi zojambula zisanu ndi chimodzi za moyo wake ndi zojambula khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zodzaza ndi zonse, nyanga ziwiri zaminyanga ya njovu, magawo awiri, magalasi awiri akulu okhala ndi mafelemu agalasi a Venetian ndi ziboliboli ziwiri, zaku China, ndipo chithunzi cha Namwaliyo chinali ndi chovala chofunikira kwambiri miyala yamtengo wapatali ya diamondi ndi ngale, magawo a siliva ndi golide, ndi zina zotero. GonzaIo Obregón adanenanso kuti pali zambiri, koma sizingakhale zopanda phindu kuzinena, chifukwa zonse zidatayika. Kodi chuma cha Chapel ku Aránzazu chingapite m'manja ati?
Koma ntchito yofunika kwambiri yochitidwa ndi ubalewu, mosakayikira, inali yomanga Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola, yotchedwa "Colegio de Ias Vizcainas."
Nthano yomwe inafalikira m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi imati pamene akuyenda akulu akulu a ubale wa Aránzazu, adawona atsikana ena akungoyendayenda, akusangalala ndikumanena mawu achi Masonic, ndikuti chiwonetserochi chidapangitsa abale kuchita ntchito ya Sukulu ya Recogimiento kuti apatse malo okhala. kwa atsikanawa, ndipo adapempha City Council kuti iwapatse malo omwe amatchedwa CaIzada deI CaIvario (tsopano Avenida Juárez); Komabe, maere sanapatsidwe kwa iwo, koma m'malo mwake anapatsidwa malo omwe anali ngati msika wamisewu m'dera la San Juan ndipo womwe udasandulika zinyalala; malo okondedwa ndi otchulidwa mu ndodo zoyipa kwambiri mzindawu (mwakutero, malowa sanasinthe kwambiri, ngakhale pomanga sukuluyi).
Malowo atapezedwa, katswiri wa zomangamanga, a Don José de Rivera, adalamulidwa kuti apatse malowa ufulu womanga sukuluyi, akuyendetsa pamtengo ndikukoka zingwe. Dzikolo linali lalikulu kwambiri, lokwana mabwalo 150 m'lifupi mwake ndi mamita 154.
Poyamba ntchitoyi, kunali kofunika kuyeretsa malowo ndikutsitsa ngalande, makamaka za San Nicolás, kuti zida zomangira zitha kufika mosavuta kudzera mumtsinje uwu; Pambuyo pochita izi, mabwato akuluakulu adayamba kubwera ndi miyala, laimu, matabwa ndipo, mwazonse, zofunikira zonse mnyumbayi.
Pa Julayi 30, 1734, mwala woyamba udayikidwa ndipo chifuwa chidayikidwa m'manda ndi ndalama zagolide ndi zasiliva komanso pepala lasiliva losonyeza tsatanetsatane wa kutsegulidwa kwa sukuluyi (Bokosi ili lipezeka kuti?).
Ndondomeko yoyamba ya nyumbayi idapangidwa ndi a Don Pedro Bueno Bazori, omwe adapereka nyumbayi kwa a Don José Rivera; komabe, amamwalira asanamalize koleji. Mu 1753, lipoti laukadaulo lidafunsidwa, "kuwunika mwatsatanetsatane, zonse mkati ndi kunja kwa fakitare ya koleji yomwe yatchulidwayi, makomo ake, mabwalo, masitepe, nyumba, zidutswa za ntchito, nyumba zopempherera, tchalitchi, sacristy, nyumba zopempherera ndi antchito. Kulengeza kuti sukuluyo idapita patsogolo kwambiri kotero kuti asungwana asukulu mazana asanu amatha kukhala moyo wabwino, ngakhale zidalibe kupukutira ».
Kuyesa kwa nyumbayi kunabweretsa zotsatirazi: idakhala ndi madera 24,450, 150 kutsogolo ndi 163 kumbuyo, omwe mtengo wake unali 33,618 pesos. Ma pesoni 465,000 anali atagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchitoyi ndipo ma peso 6,500 okwana 6,500 anali ofunikirabe kuti amalize.
Mwa kulamula kwa wolowa m'malo, akatswiri adapanga kujambula kwa "mapulani ndi mapangidwe a koleji ya San Ignacio de Loyola, yopangidwa ku Mexico City, ndipo idatumizidwa ku Council of the Indies ngati gawo la zolembedwa zopempha chilolezo chachifumu." Dongosolo loyambirirali lili mu Archive of the Indies ku Seville ndipo zolembedwazo zidatengedwa ndi Akazi a María Joseph González Mariscal.
Monga tingawonere mu dongosololi, tchalitchi cha koleji chinali chazinsinsi kwambiri ndipo chinali ndi zovala zapamwamba zamaguwa operekera maguwa, makhothi, ndi mipiringidzo yanyumba. Chifukwa chakuti sukuluyi idatseka mokokomeza komanso chilolezo chotsegula khwalala sichinapezeke, sichinatsegulidwe mpaka 1771, chaka chomwe katswiri wazomangamanga Don Lorenzo Rodríguez adalamulidwa kuti azitsogolera kutsogolo kwa kachisi kulunjika mumsewu; mmenemo wopanga mapulaniwo anali ndi zipilala zitatu zokhala ndi ziboliboli za San Ignacio de Loyola pakati ndi San Luis Gonzaga ndi San Estanislao de Koska mbali.
Ntchito za Lorenzo Rodríguez sizinali zokhazokha pachikuto, komanso adagwiranso ntchito pamwamba pa kwayala yapansi, ndikuyika mpanda wofunikira kuti apitilize kutseka kutsekedwa. Zikuwoneka kuti womanga yemweyu adakonzanso nyumba ya wopembedzera. Tikudziwa kuti ziboliboli zomwe zidalembedwa pachikuto zidapangidwa ndi a stonemason wotchedwa "Don Ignacio", pamtengo wa ma pesos 30, komanso kuti ojambula Pedro AyaIa ndi José de Olivera amayang'anira kuwapanga utoto ndi mbiri zagolide (monga tingathe kumvetsetsa, Ias Zithunzi panja pa façade zidapakidwa motsanzira mphodza; pali zotsalira za chithunzichi).
Ojambula odziwika bwino ankagwira ntchito zomangira maguwa, monga a Don José Joaquín de Sáyagos, mmisiri waluso komanso wopanga zaluso yemwe adapanga zingwe zingapo zamaguwa, kuphatikiza za Mkazi Wathu wa Loreto, za Patriarch Señor San José ndi chimango cha gulu lanyumba Chithunzi cha Namwali wa Guadalupe.
Zina mwazinthu zabwino kwambiri komanso zaluso zaku koleji zidawonekera chithunzi cha Namwali wa Kwaya, wofunikira pakukongoletsa kwake ndi zodzikongoletsera. Kampaniyo idagulitsa chilolezo cha Purezidenti wa Republic, mu 1904, pamtengo wa 25,000 pesos ku sitolo yodziwika bwino ya La Esmeralda. Ulamuliro wachisoni panthawiyi, popeza udawononganso tchalitchi chochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndipo wina amadabwa ngati kuli koyenera kuwononga gawo lofunika kwambiri pasukuluyi, kuti amange nyumba zodulira zomwe zidamalizidwa mu 1905 ndi ndalama (Nthawi zimasintha, anthu osachuluka).
Ntchito yomanga sukuluyi ndi chitsanzo cha nyumba zomwe zimapangidwira maphunziro a amayi, panthawi yomwe kutsekedwako kunali kofunikira pakapangidwe ka amayi, ndichifukwa chake kuchokera mkati sichimawoneka kumsewu. Kumbali yakum'mawa ndi kumadzulo, komanso kumbuyo chakumwera, nyumbayi yazunguliridwa ndi zida 61 zotchedwa "chikho ndi mbale", zomwe, kuphatikiza pakupereka thandizo lachuma kusukuluyi, zidazipatula, chifukwa Mawindo oyang'anizana ndi msewu wachitatu ali pa 4.10 mita kupitirira pansi. Khomo lofunikira kwambiri pasukuluyi lili pachikuto chachikulu, uku kunali kulowera pakhomo, kumahema ndipo, kudzera pa «kampasi», kusukulu komweko. Kutsogolo kwa khomo ili, monga nyumba ya atsogoleri, kumachitidwa chimodzimodzi ndi mafelemu owumbidwa ndikupanga zigawo, momwemonso mawindo ndi mawindo akumtunda apangidwe; ndipo chivundikirochi cha tchalitchichi ndichikhalidwe cha wopanga mapulani a Lorenzo Rodríguez, yemwe adachipanga.
Nyumbayi, ngakhale ndi ya baroque, pakadali pano ili ndi mawonekedwe osadekha omwe akuyenera, m'malingaliro mwanga, pamakoma akulu okutidwa ndi tezontle, osadulidwa pang'ono ndi malo otseguka komanso malo opangira miyala. Komabe, mawonekedwe ake ayenera kuti anali osiyana kotheratu pomwe miyalayo inali ya polychrome yamitundu yowala kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale ndi m'mbali mwagolide; mwatsoka polychrome iyi yatayika popita nthawi.
Kuchokera pazosungidwa zakale tikudziwa kuti wopanga mapulani woyamba anali katswiri wazomangamanga a José de Rivera, ngakhale adamwalira kale ntchito isanathe. Kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yomanga, idayimitsidwa "kwa masiku angapo" ndipo munthawi imeneyi nyumba yaying'ono ya José de Coria, master alcabucero, idapezeka, yomwe inali kumpoto chakumadzulo komanso moyandikana ndi Mesón de Ias Ánimas, ndi Ndikutenga uku, malo, motero zomangamanga, anali ndi mawonekedwe amakona anayi.
Pamalo pomwe nyumba ya José de Coria idakhalapo, nyumba yotchedwa yopemphereramo idamangidwa, pomwe, pantchito zobwezeretsa, zotsalira zapezeka zomwe zidasiyidwa ngati zinthu zophunzitsira.
Kuchokera mu pulani ya 1753, pomwe akatswiriwo adasanthula zonse mkati ndi kunja kwa fakitare ya koleji yomwe yatchulidwayi, makomo ake, nsalu, masitepe, nyumba, zidutswa zogwirira ntchito, nyumba yopempherera, sacristy, aphunzitsi ndi nyumba za antchito », Zinthu zomanga zomwe sizinasinthidwe bwino ndi khonde lalikulu, nyumba yopemphereramo komanso nyumba ya atsogoleri. Nyumba zonse za atsogoleri achipembedzo komanso tchalitchi chachikulu zidawonongeka chifukwa chazosintha kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 19, popeza ndi malamulo olanda katundu bungweli lidasiya kupereka ntchito zachipembedzo; Potero tchalitchi, gulu lachifumu, tchalitchi ndi nyumba yomwe yatchulidwapo ya opembedza idasiyidwa. Mu 1905 gulu la anthayo linagwetsedwa ndipo m'malo mwake anamangapo zipatala zatsopano. Mpaka posachedwa, sukulu yoyendetsedwa ndi Secretary of Public Education imagwira ntchito mnyumba ya azipembedzo, zomwe zidawononga nyumbayo modzidzimutsa, kapena chifukwa malo oyamba adasinthidwa ndipo sanasamalidwe bwino, zomwe zidawononga . Kuwonongeka kotereku kunakakamiza bungweli kuti litseke sukuluyo ndipo chifukwa chake malowo adasiyidwa kwathunthu kwa zaka zingapo, zomwe zidafika poti sizinatheke kugwiritsa ntchito zipinda zapansi, makamaka chifukwa cha kugwa kwa nyumbayo ndi kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa, kuphatikiza kuti gawo lalikulu la chapamwamba lidawopseza kugwa.
Pafupifupi zaka ziwiri zapitazo, kubwezeretsedwanso kwa gawo ili la sukulu kunachitika, kuti akwaniritse zomwe zinali zofunikira kupanga ma coves kuti athe kudziwa milingo, kapangidwe kake ndi utoto, pofufuza deta yomwe ingalole kuti kukonzanso kuyandikire kwambiri zomangamanga zoyambirira.
Lingaliro ndikukhazikitsa m'malo ano malo owonetsera zakale momwe gawo la kusonkhanitsa kwakukulu kwa sukuluyo lingawonetsedwere. Dera lina lobwezerezedwanso ndi la tchalitchicho ndi zowonjezera zake, mwachitsanzo, malo obvomerezera machimo, wotsutsa, chipinda choyang'anira wakufayo ndi sacristy. Komanso mderali pasukuluyi, malamulo olanda anthu komanso zomwe amakonda pa nthawiyo zidawakhudza kwambiri chifukwa chosiya ndi kuwononga zokometsera zamaluwa zomwe sukuluyi ili nayo. Zina mwazida za pa guwa zija zidabwezeretsedwa pomwe zinthu zotheka zapezeka kuti zachita; Komabe, nthawi zina izi sizakhala zotheka, chifukwa nthawi zina ziboliboli zowona sizinkawoneka kapena zithunzithunzi zonse zimasowa.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti magawo am'munsi a zomangira guwa anali atasowa chifukwa chazomwe ntchito yomanga ili m'derali.
Tsoka ilo, chipilala chosungika bwino cha baroque ku Mexico City chinali ndi mavuto akukhazikika chisanamalize. Mkhalidwe wosauka wa nthaka, womwe unali quagmire wowoloka ndi maenje ofunikira, ma podi, ma subsidence, kusefukira kwamadzi, zivomerezi, kutulutsa madzi kuchokera kumtunda komanso kusintha kwa malingaliro kwazaka za 19th ndi 20 zakhala zovulaza kusungidwa kwa nyumbayi.
Gwero Mexico mu Time No. 1 Juni-Julayi 1994
