(...) ndipo titafika pabwalo lalikulu, lotchedwa Tatelulcu, popeza sitinawonepo chinthu choterocho, tinadabwa ndi unyinji wa anthu ndi malonda omwe anali mmenemo komanso konsati yayikulu komanso gulu lomwe anali nalo pachilichonse. .. wamtundu uliwonse wamalonda amayima pawokha ndipo amakhala ndi mipando yawo ndikulemba chizindikiro.
Umu ndi momwe Bernal Díaz del Castillo, msirikali wolemba mbiri yakale, akufotokozera msika wodziwika wa Tlatelolco, kusiya mbiri yokhayo yolembedwa m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi yomwe tili nayo pamutuwu. , golide, mchere ndi koko, komanso nyama zamoyo ndikuphedwa kuti zidye, ndiwo zamasamba, zipatso ndi nkhuni, osaphonya apidarian omwe adadzipereka kuchotsa masamba abwino kwambiri a obsidian, mwachidule, zopangidwa ndi kutsatsa chilichonse chofunikira gulu lomwe linali chisanachitike ku Spain ku likulu lalikulu la dziko la Mesoamerica lomwe panthawiyo linali kukhala lomaliza, masiku aulemerero ndiulemerero.
Moctezuma II adamangidwa mndende limodzi ndi Itzcuauhtzin-kazembe wankhondo wa Tlatelolco-, msika waukulu udatsekedwa kuti upatse olandawo, motero kuyambitsa kukana pomaliza kupulumutsa dzikolo ndi chikhalidwe chawo, akuwopsezedwa kuti aphedwa. Chizolowezi chotseka msika chifukwa chotsutsa kapena kukakamizidwa chabwerezedwa ndi zotsatira zabwino m'mbiri yathu yonse.
Mzindawu utawonongedwa, njira zamalonda zomwe zidafikira ku Tenochtitlan kuchokera kumadera akutali kwambiri zidayamba kuchepa, koma munthu amene anali ndi ntchito yolengeza kutsegulidwa kwa msika, wotchuka "Mu Tianquiz ku Tecpoyotl" adapitilizabe kulengeza, zomwe tikupitiliza kumvetsera, ngakhale munjira ina, mpaka lero.
Maufumu ndi mafumu omwe sanatumizidwe ndi 1521, monga Michoacán, dera lalikulu la Huasteca ndi ufumu wa Mixtec, pakati pa ena, adapitilizabe kukondwerera misika yawo mpaka pomwe zigawo zonse za New Spain panthawiyo zidaphatikizidwa mu korona waku Spain; Koma zomwe zimapangitsa anthuwa, zomwe mpaka pano zimapitilira kufunikira kodzipezera chakudya, zikupitilizabe kuyimira magulu azikhalidwe komanso akumidzi mgwirizano pakati pawo ubale wolimbitsa, zochitika zapachibale ndi zachipembedzo zimakonzedwa, ndi kumene zisankho zofunika zimapangidwanso kumadera amenewo.
KULUMIKIZANA NDI ANTHU
Kafukufuku wathunthu wokhudza momwe msika umagwirira ntchito limodzi udachitika pakati pa 1938 ndi 1939 ndi a Dr Bronislaw Malinowsky, yemwe anali wofufuza ku University of Tulene, ndi a Julio de la Fuente aku Mexico. Kafukufukuyu adangowunika momwe msika waku Oaxaca umagwirira ntchito komanso ubale wake ndi anthu akumidzi m'chigwa chomwe chikuzungulira likulu la dzikolo. M'zaka zomwezo, anthu okhala m'chigwa chapakati cha Oaxacan komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito ndi msika waukulu wapakati amawonedwa kuti ndi omwe anali pafupi kwambiri pantchito yawo chisanachitike ku Spain. Zinawonetsedwa kuti ngakhale kugulitsa mitundu yonse yazolowera kunali kofunikira, panali kulumikizana kwakukulu komanso kulumikizana kwamitundu yonse.
Sitimatha kutidabwitsa kuti ofufuza onsewa adanyoza kupezeka kwa misika ina, ngakhale sinali yayikulu ngati ya Oaxacan, koma yomwe idasunga mawonekedwe ofunikira kwambiri, monga barter system. Mwinanso sanazindikiridwe chifukwa chodzipatula komwe adakhalako, popeza zaka zambiri zidadutsa atamwalira asayansi onse kuti mipata yolowera itseguke pakati pamalo ena osangalatsa chifukwa chamisika yawo, monga mapiri akumpoto a Puebla.
M'mizinda yayikulu mdzikolo, mpaka mzaka za zana la makumi awiri, "tsiku la bwaloli" -omwe nthawi zambiri limakhala Lamlungu- limakondwerera ku zócalo kapena malo ena oyandikana nawo, koma kukula kwa zochitika izi ndi "kwamakono" kudalimbikitsa ndi boma la Porfirian kuyambira gawo lachitatu lomaliza la 19th century adatsogolera pakupanga nyumba kuti zipatse malo okhazikika kumsika wamatawuni. Chifukwa chake, ntchito zokongola kwambiri zomanga zidayamba, monga mumzinda wa Toluca, Puebla, msika wodziwika wa San Juan de Dios ku Guadalajara, ndipo nkhani yofananayi inali yomanga Oaxacan, kukulitsidwa ndikusinthidwa kangapo m'malo ake oyamba.
MUDZIKO LAPANSI
Misika ikuluikulu ya Federal District imaposa malo omwe tili nawo pano chifukwa cha mbiri yawo komanso kufunikira kwawo, koma ya La Merced, ya Sonora, kapena ya Xochimilco yofunika kwambiri ndi zitsanzo zomwe zimakumbukira mosavuta zomwe adanenedwa ndi Bernal Díaz del Castillo (…) mtundu uliwonse wa malonda anali mwa iwo wokha ndipo mipando yawo inali pamenepo ndipo imalemba. Izi, mwa njira, zafalikira m'masitolo akuluakulu amakono.
M'masiku athu, makamaka m'chigawochi, m'matawuni ang'onoang'ono, tsiku lalikulu lalikulu limangokhala Lamlungu lokha; Pamapeto pake malo omwe amagwirira ntchito mkati mwa sabata atha kupangidwa, zitsanzozo ndizambiri ndipo mwachisawawa ndimatenga nkhani ya Llano en Medio, m'boma la Veracruz, pafupifupi maola awiri kuchokera pahatchi kuchokera pampando wamatauni womwe ndi Ixhuatlán de Madero. Llano en Medio, mpaka posachedwapa, idakhala pamsika wake sabata iliyonse Lachinayi, pomwe anthu amtundu wa Nahuatl amabwera ndi nsalu zopangidwa ndi nsalu zopota kumbuyo, nyemba, nyemba ndi chimanga, zomwe ma mestizo akumidzi omwe amabwera Lamlungu lililonse ku Ixhuatlán amaperekedwa. kugula zopukutira, mkate, uchi ndi burande, komanso dothi kapena zinthu zapakhomo, zomwe zingagulidwe kumeneko.
Sikuti misika yonse yomwe inali yamasiku ano panthawiyo inali yovomerezedwa ndi anthu am'magulu momwe amaganizira; Pokumbukira chitsanzo chapadera chomwe chiyenera kuti chidachitika koyambirira kwa ma 1940, pomwe mzinda wa Xalapa, Veracruz, udakhazikitsa msika wawo watsopano wamatauni, womwe udapangidwa kuti usinthe msika wa Lamlungu ku Plazuela del Carbón, yotchedwa chifukwa kumeneko Mabuluwo anafika atadzaza makala amtengo wa thundu, ofunikira m'makhitchini ambiri, popeza gasi wapakhomo anali wopezeka m'mabanja ochepa okha. Nyumba yatsopanoyo, yomwe inali yaikulu panthawiyi, poyamba inali yolephera kwambiri; Panalibe malonda amakala, panalibe zokongoletsa, panalibe zoyimba zokongola zagolide, opanda manja a mphira, kapena zopanda malire za zinthu zina zomwe zimabwera kuchokera ku Banderilla, Coatepec, Teocelo ndi. wochokera ku Las Vigas, ndipo adatumikira kwa zaka zambiri ngati njira yolumikizirana pakati pa anthu ammudzi ndi amalonda. Zinatenga pafupifupi zaka 15 kuti msika watsopanowo uvomerezedwe ndipo wachikhalidwewo kuti usowa kwamuyaya.
Ndizowona kuti chitsanzochi chikuwonetsa kusintha kwa miyambo ndi zikhalidwe mumzinda ngati Xalapa, likulu la boma - lomwe pofika 1950 lidawonedwa ngati lamphamvu kwambiri mdzikolo - koma, ku Mexico, anthu ochepa kapena ngakhale zovuta kuzipeza, misika yotchuka ikupitilizabe ndi miyambo yawo mpaka pano.
Dongosolo LAMSIKA WAKALE
Ndatumiza mizere kubwerera kumapiri akumpoto kwa boma la Puebla, komwe malo ake ofunikira ali ndi Teziutlán, komwe kuli anthu ochepa mpaka posachedwa. Dera losangalatsali, lomwe lero likuwopsezedwa ndi kudula mitengo mwadongosolo komanso mosasankhika, likupitilizabe kugulitsa msika wakale; Komabe, chochititsa chidwi kwambiri mosakayikira ndichomwe chimachitika mtawuni ya Cuetzalan, komwe ndidafika koyamba pa Sabata Lopatulika mu 1955.
Maonekedwe omwe adawonetsedwa ndimisewu yonse yomwe idasunthika pa anthuwa imawoneka ngati mapiri akuluakulu a nyerere za anthu, ovala moyera bwino, omwe amapezeka mosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana pazinthu zonse zochokera kumadera onse akum'mbali mwa nyanja ndi mapiri ataliatali, mpaka Lamlungu ndi msika wakale wa utitiri.
Chiwonetsero chochititsa mantha sichinasinthe kwenikweni mpaka 1960, pomwe mseu wa Zacapoaxtla-Cuetzalan unakhazikitsidwa ndipo mpata womwe unalumikizana ndi La Rivera, malire andale ndi boma la Veracruz komanso zachilengedwe ndi Mtsinje wa Pantepec, osatheka kuwoloka mpaka zaka zingapo zapitazo. miyezi ku mzinda wapafupi wa Papantla, Veracruz.
Msika wa Lamlungu ku Cuetzalan, kusinthanitsa zinthu kunali kofala panthawiyo, ndichifukwa chake zinali zachilendo kuti amisiri opanga zoumba ku San Miguel Tenextatiloya amasinthana nyama, miphika ndi tenamaxtles ndi zipatso zakutentha, vanila ndi chokoleti zopangidwa mu metate kapena mowa wa nzimbe. Zogulitsa zomalizazi zomwe zidasinthidwanso ndi ma avocado, mapichesi, maapulo ndi maula omwe amachokera kudera lakumtunda la Zacapoaxtla.
Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, kutchuka kwa msika womwe m'mene nsalu zokongola zidapangidwa kumbuyo, zidagulitsidwa, pomwe azimayi achibadwidwe amavala zovala zawo zabwino kwambiri ndikugulitsa ndi zinthu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kufalikira ndi zina zambiri alendo ambiri anali kuzindikira kuti Mexico mpaka pano sinadziwike.
Kwa zokopa zonsezi zomwe zidapangidwa nthawi yomweyo muudzu wosangalatsa zidawonjezeredwa poyambira kafukufuku wofukulidwa m'mabwinja wa likulu la zikondwerero la Yohualichan, lomwe kufanana kwake ndi mzinda wakale wa Tajín usanachitike ku Spain, lidali lodziwika bwino ndikukopa alendo ambiri.
ODZIWA NDI MESTIZOS
Kuwonjezeka kwa zokopa alendo kunathandizira kuti zinthu zomwe sizinali zofala mpaka nthawi yomweyi pamsika zidapangitsa kuti zizioneka pang'onopang'ono kuti zizigulitsidwa, monga mashawelo amitundu yambiri olukidwa ndi ubweya wovekedwa ndi indigo komanso osokedwa pamtanda, mawonekedwe ozizira a gawo kumpoto kwa sierra poblana.
Tsoka ilo, pulasitiki idabweranso kudzachotsa zidebe zadothi zamiyambo komanso mipweya yomwe idkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mipando; ma huarach adasinthidwa ndi nsapato za raba ndi masandala ogulitsa mafakitale akuchulukirachulukira, chomalizachi ndi zoyipa zoyipa zamitundu yonse ya mycosis.
Akuluakulu aboma akhala akuchita ndi kumasula amalonda achimwenye kulipira Lamlungu "kuti agwiritse ntchito nthaka", pomwe akhazikitsa msonkho wina kwa ogulitsa ma mestizo.
Lero, monga zimakhalira m'mbuyomu, omwe amagulitsa maluwa, nyemba, zipatso ndi zakudya zina akupitilizabe kukhala m'malo awo, monganso amisiri omwe amapanga nsalu zachikhalidwe zomwe posachedwa, m'malo ochepa, zimawonetsa zinthu limodzi ndi ntchito zawo. kuchokera kumadera akutali monga Mitla, Oaxaca ndi San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas.
Aliyense amene sakudziwa malowa komanso miyambo yake yam'magawo atha kukhulupirira kuti chilichonse chomwe chikuwonetsedwa chimapangidwa kwanuko. Ogulitsa mestizo amakhala mozungulira zócalo ndipo mtundu wa zinthu zawo ndizodziwika mosavuta.
ZINTHU ZINTHU NDI ZOCHITIKA
Ndatsatira kwa zaka zambiri kusintha ndi kukula kwa tianguis wosangalatsa uyu; Mwambo wakale wosinthanitsa ndalama sunayambitsidwenso, mwanjira ina chifukwa masiku ano anthu ambiri akumwera amaululidwa, zomwe zimathandizira kugulitsa chilichonse chakulima, komanso chifukwa chakuti malonda akale awa "si a anthu anzeru, ”chiganizo chomwe amtunduwu amatchulira mestizo. Amayi nthawi zonse akhala akutenga gawo lofunikira pamalonda; Amasunga mawu omaliza kuti atseke zokambirana zilizonse ndipo ngakhale nthawi zambiri amakhala atayima kumbuyo kwa amuna awo, amawafunsira asanamalize malonda aliwonse. Kumbali yawo, amisiri okongoletsa nsalu ochokera mtawuni ya Nauzontla, wopanga mwambo wa bulawuzi wovala azimayi onse amderali, amapita kumsika okha kapena atatsagana ndi achibale: apongozi, amayi, mlongo, ndi ena. abale awo achimuna.
Ndikosatheka pano kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane magawo onse azikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amasiyanitsa msika wotchukawu, womwe udatsalira ndizambiri zamakolo ake chifukwa cha zokopa alendo zomwe zimayendera.
Wogulitsa tawuni yamisika yamisika isanachitike ku Spain sakuimbanso kulengeza kuyambika kwa mwambowu; Lero, amaliza mabelu atchalitchi, akudzuka pagulu la anthu, ndipo atakhumudwa kwambiri ndi mawu akumva amawu amawu.
Gwero: Mexico Yosadziwika No. 323 / Januware 2004
