Cholowa cha zomangamanga chakumadzulo kwa dzikolo chatsika modabwitsa m'gawo lachiwiri la zaka zana lino.
Mzinda wa Guadalajara sichinali chokhacho, ndipo kuyambira 1940 idamizidwa ndikusintha, chifukwa cha "kusintha kwamakono" ndikukonzanso magwiridwe antchito amzindawu. Ntchitoyi idayamba ndikutsegulira nkhwangwa zazikulu zomwe zimameta zenizeni mzindawo; Kuphatikiza apo, zina mwazidutswa zakale kwambiri zamatawuni zidachotsedwa kuti zizipanga mabwalo ozungulira Metropolitan Cathedral, yomwe posachedwa idaphatikiza zomwe zimatchedwa "Plaza Tapatia".
Zitatha izi, zomwe zidakwezedwa ndikulimbikitsidwa ndi boma ndi oyang'anira tauni, kusintha ndi kuwononga nyumba za cholowa zidayamba, zomwe kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino zidapanga matauni apadera, okhala ndi gawo labwino kwambiri. Zomwe adapanga munyumbayi zidathetsedwa makamaka potengera zokongoletsa za "mayendedwe amakono" mu zomangamanga. Kupatukana uku kuchokera ku chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chamtundu wanthawiyo kumachitika modumpha. Pokokomeza pang'ono, zitha kutsimikiziridwa kuti anthu aku Guadalajara adatenga zaka 50 kuti awononge zomwe zidatenga makolo awo zaka mazana anayi kuti amange, zomwe zimapangitsa Guadalajara yachisokonezo yomwe tonse tikudziwa. Kusunga ndi kubwezeretsa zikhalidwe zachilengedwe mderali ndi zochitika zaposachedwa, kuyambira kumapeto kwa ma 1970. Pali nyumba zochepa chabe zomwe zapezeka mumzinda uno kwa anthu ammudzi, ndipo kupulumutsidwa kwa ambiri mwa iwo kwachitika ndi mabungwe aboma. Zitsanzo zina ndi izi: Regional Museum of Guadalajara yomwe ili ku seminare yakale ya San José, Nyumba Yaboma, Cabañas Cultural Institute, nyumba zakale za I Carmen ndi San AgustÍn, kachisi wa Santo Tomás, lero ndi Ibero-American Library "Octavio Mtendere ”, komanso nyumba zina zofunikira mu mbiriyakale. Komabe, zoyeserera zawokha sizimakonda kwenikweni ntchitoyi. Kupatula kuchitapo kanthu pang'ono, kutenga nawo gawo pamavuto omwe akukhala ofunika kwambiri mokomera anthu ammudzi sikungachitike.
Kuzindikiridwa ndi anthu pazomwe zitha kuonedwa kuti ndi zomangamanga sikumangokhala zolimba, koma zimasintha. M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, ku Guadalajara, nyumba zokhazokha zomangamanga ndizofunika kuzisungira mibadwo yamtsogolo, osanyalanyaza malo akumatawuni komwe adalembedwako. Izi zakhala zikusintha, ndipo pakadali pano, ngakhale kuli mochedwa, mfundo zingapo zolumikizana ndi mizu yathu zikuyamba kuvomerezedwa ndi zomangamanga. Komabe, zovuta zongoyerekeza komanso zakumatauni zikugwirabe ntchito pang'ono ndi pang'ono zomwe zimayambitsa kutayika, mu "ntchito ya nyerere", ya nyumba zamtunduwu, gawo lofunika kwambiri cholowa cha makolo athu.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, gulu la amalonda ochokera ku Guadalajara adakumana ndi zochitika zachilendo mderali: kuyambiranso ndikugwiritsa ntchito nyumba yayikulu kuchokera munthawi yonyozedwa ya Porfirian ku Guadalajara, yomwe, ikadapanda kulowererapo, ikadatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. atayika, monga zakhala zikuchitikira nyumba zambiri zamzindawu. "Kuyesera" mpaka pano kwawonetsa china chake choyenera kuwerengedwa munthawi zino pomwe mapangano amalonda aulere komanso mfundo zothandiza pakugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zimawerengedwa ngati ma paradigms: kusamalira ndi kubwezeretsanso cholowa chachikhalidwe zitha kukhala ntchito yopindulitsa.
Kubwezeretsanso famuyo ndi gulu la anthu mwachizolowezi osazindikira nkhani zokhudzana ndi cholowa - monga njira yabizinesi- kumatiwonetsa imodzi mwanjira zambiri zomwe ziyenera kuwunikiridwa ngati tikukhulupirira kuti ndizotheka kupatsira mibadwo yamtsogolo Malo omwe anapatsidwa ndi makolo athu.
Mizinda imapangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa nkhani zazing'ono zomwe, zikalumikizidwa, zimatipatsa masomphenya a zomwe tili, mizu yathu - mwina tsogolo lathu. Imodzi mwankhani zazing'onozi ndi yomwe ingamangidwenso mozungulira malo omwe amadziwika kuti "Casa de los Abanicos", momwe nyumba yake - yabwino kapena yoyipa - zochitika ndi zochitika zomwe mzindawu wadutsamo zikuwonetsedwa mu zaka 100 zapitazi. Guadalajara kumapeto kwa zaka zapitazi adakumana ndi nyengo yakukula kwambiri. Ndale ndi zachuma zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi boma la Porfirio Díaz zimalimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwamabungwe am'deralo. Munthawi imeneyi, mzindawu udakula ndikulowera chakumadzulo, popeza mabanja ambiri adayamba kusiya nyumba zawo zakale mtawuni kuti apite kukakhazikika "kumadera". Mwa iwo chitukuko chakugulitsa nyumba chimayamba molingana ndi kamangidwe kamangidwe ndi kamatawuni yotchuka panthawiyo. Madera a "French" "Reforma", "Porfirio Díaz" ndi "American" adakhazikitsidwa m'malo amenewa. Kumapeto kwake nyumba yomwe ikufotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi idamangidwa mozungulira 1903.
Pakadali pano famuyo ili m'chigawo cha Libertad, Atenas, La Paz ndi Moscow, mgawo la Juárez. Injiniya Guillermo de Alba anali woyang'anira gawo loyamba la zomangamanga zomwe zilipo: nyumbayi ili pakatikati pa malo; ya mulingo umodzi komanso yopanda malire komanso yosasinthika, idazunguliridwa ndi makonde othandizidwa ndi zipilala za Tuscan, zokhala ndi zojambulidwa ndi zojambulazo pamakoma ake ena, kutsatira momwe mizinda idakhalira nthawi yomwe idasokonekera kwambiri ndi mapangidwe olandilidwa kuchokera ku Spain, komwe ntchito yomanga ikuzungulira mozungulira bwalo lapakati lokhala ndi makonde ndi mmbali mbali.
Mu Marichi 1907 Manuel Cuesta Gallardo adapeza 30 000 pesos kuyambira nthawi imeneyo. Munthuyu anali mwini malo wochititsa chidwi yemwe nthawi zina anali bwanamkubwa womaliza wa porfirismo ku Jalisco, popeza adagwira masiku 45, chifukwa chazowonetsa ziwonetsero zingapo za Maderista adayenera kusiya ntchito. Anagula nyumbayo osati yake, yemwe anali wosakwatiwa, koma kwa mnzake dzina lake María Victoria. Nyumbayi inali "nyumba yaying'ono" yake.
Ndi mzaka zomwe mainjiniya obadwira ku Germany a Ernesto Fuchs adasintha zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapatsa famuyo mawonekedwe ake apano: adakulitsa mogwirizana, akumanga magawo awiri ndi zina zowonjezera ntchito, adagawa gawo lonselo, ndikuyika Grill yakunja yofanana ndi mafani, pomwe malowo amatengera dzina. Zomangamanga ndi zokongoletsera zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito zinali zamtundu wosakanikirana ndi mawonekedwe okongoletsa ofanana ndi aku France oyipa. Zinthu zake zokongola ndi mtundu wa nsanja yozunguliridwa ndi makonde. Zojambulazo zikuwonetsa mawonekedwe osiyana pazipinda zake ziwiri: pansi pansi pamachitidwe a Tuscan pamakhala mizere yopingasa pamakoma ake, omangidwa mu adobe; Chipinda chapamwamba, chokongoletsa kwambiri, chimakhala ndi zipilala zaku Korinto, ndipo makoma ake amakhala ndi milongoti yoluka ndi makoma, mapangidwe ake osakanikirana ndi pulasitala; Amakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri, omwe pamwamba pake pali zipilala ndi miphika yadongo.
Atachita manyazi andale, Cuesta Gallardo adagulitsa nyumbayo pamtengo wotsika, ndipo idaperekedwa m'manja mwa banja la a Corcuera.
Kuyambira 1920 mpaka 1923 idaperekedwa kwa aJesuit, omwe adayambitsa koleji. Pambuyo pake mpaka 1930, idalandidwa ndi banja la a Biester. Munthawi imeneyi, chifukwa cha chizunzo cha Cristero, chipinda chapamwamba chimagwira ngati nyumba yabanja yabisa. Kudzera m'malo ake panali masukulu ambiri, pakati pawo panali Franco-Mexico College, Autonomous University of Guadalajara ndi ITESO. Kugwiritsa ntchito komanso zosowa zosiyanasiyana zidapangitsa kuti nyumbayo iwonongeke pang'onopang'ono - komanso kusintha kwake pomwe idawonjezeredwa pamapangidwe oyambilira-, mpaka pomwe idasiyidwa posachedwa.
Ndikofunikira kunena kuti Casa de los Abanicos, kuyambira pokhala "kanyumba kakang'ono" idayamba kugwira ntchito yofunikira pakupanga ndi kuphunzitsa mibadwo yambiri ya anthu ochokera ku Guadalajara, ndikuphatikizira kukumbukira mzindawo.
Kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kwa nyumbayo kudatsala pang'ono kuwononga. Atasiyidwa kwa zaka zingapo, adamuwononga ndipo adakumana ndi zovuta zoyipa za nthawi. Mwamwayi, izi zitha kusinthidwa chifukwa cha gulu la amalonda ochokera ku Guadalajara omwe adagula malowo kubanja la a Mancera, kuti abwezeretse ndikugwiritsa ntchito likulu la University Club ya Guadalajara.
Atapeza nyumbayo, amalondawo adaganiza zogwira ntchito yoyenera ntchito za Clubyi, ndikukumana ndi zomwe zidachitika ku Mexico ndi kunja. Zomwe sizinali zophweka, chifukwa mbali imodzi, amayenera kuthetsa kufunikira kwa malo okulirapo kuposa mphamvu zenizeni za famuyo, komano, kuchita ntchito yomwe idayankhidwa ndikukwaniritsa mwamphamvu mikhalidwe ndi malingaliro apadziko lonse lapansi kuteteza ndi kubwezeretsa chikhalidwe chamtundu. Malo awiri ofunikirawa amafunika kulemba ntchito anthu apaderadera mderali kuti athe kuyanjanitsidwa kudzera mu ntchito.
Kusamalira, kubwezeretsa ndikugwiritsanso ntchito nyumbayo pantchito yake yatsopanoyi kudayamba ndi zochitika zoyambirira (kufufuzira zakale za chipilalachi komanso momwe zimakhalira m'mizinda ndi chikhalidwe chawo, komanso kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana wojambula, zomangamanga, zosintha ndi kuwonongeka. ) zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kufotokozera zofunikira za nyumbayo kuti ilowerere, momwe idakhalira komanso mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito. Ndizosungidwa pakadali pano, kuwunikanso mwatsatanetsatane kumatha kuchitika momwe chuma cha malowo, mawonekedwe ake abwino, malo ake, kuthekera kwake, mavuto omwe anali nawo komanso zomwe zidayambitsa kuwonongeka kwake zidakhazikitsidwa. Kutengera ndi matendawa, ntchito yobwezeretsayi idapangidwa mbali ziwiri zomwe zingapereke mayankho ogwirizana: yoyamba idaphatikizapo kusamalira ndi kubwezeretsa nyumbayo, ndipo yachiwiri idasintha kuti nyumbayo igwirizane ndi ntchito yatsopano. Mwa zina zomwe zidachitika, zotsatirazi zidawonekera: kuchita zofukula zakale; kumasulidwa kwa zinthu zomwe zawonjezeredwa pamapangidwe apachiyambi; kuphatikiza; Kuphatikiza, kubwezeretsa ndikusintha miyala yamtengo wapatali, ziwiya zadothi, kupenta utoto, zaluso zopangira malaya ndi zokongoletsa zoyambirira; kukonza kwa magwero akuwonongeka, komanso chilichonse chokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa malo ogwiritsira ntchito zatsopano, malo apadera ndikuphatikiza madera ena.
Chifukwa chakukula kwa pulogalamu yomanga yomwe ikufunika kuti University Club igwire - yomwe idaphatikizapo, mwa zina, phwando, laibulale, malo odyera, khitchini, mipiringidzo, zipinda zamoto, zokongoletsa ndi kuyimika- malo atsopano amayenera kuphatikizidwa koma mwanjira yoti iwo Kupikisana ndikukhudza chuma chamakolo. Izi zidathetsedwa pomanga zipinda zapansi m'mabwalo: malo oimikapo magalimoto pansi pa dimba lalikulu komanso kudzera munsanja yokhala ndi misinkhu ingapo, kufunafuna kulumikizidwa konseko, kusiyanitsa zonse zatsopano, zomalizira ndi zinthu zina, kuchokera Ntchito yomanga yapachiyambi. Ntchitoyi idayamba mu 1990 ndikumaliza mu Meyi 1992. Ntchito yobwezeretsa idapangidwa ndi wolemba mizere iyi mogwirizana ndi Enrique Martínez Ortega; Ia kubwezeretsanso mwapadera pazithunzi zojambulajambula ndi zaluso zopanga malaya akuda, lolembedwa ndi Guadalupe Zepeda Martínez; Kukongoletsa, kwa Laura Calderón, ndikuchita kwa ntchitoyi kunali kuyang'anira Constructora OMIC, ndi mainjiniya a José deI Muro Pepi. Kumvetsetsa komanso kudalira kwa omwe adasunga ndalama, pazonse zokhudzana ndi ntchito zobwezeretsa, zidatilola kuti tifike bwino - patatha zaka ziwiri za ntchito- kudzapulumutsa kukongola kwachitsanzo chofananira cha zomangamanga za Porfirian ku Guadalajara.
Zowona kuti zomangamanga izi zapatsidwa ntchito yofananira ndi kapangidwe kake koyambirira (komwe chifukwa cha ntchito zake kumafuna kuyisamalira ndi kuyisamalira nthawi zonse) ndikuti kugwiritsa ntchito anthuwa kumapangitsa kuti ndalama zoyambirirazo ziyambenso komanso oyang'anira ake imadzipezera ndalama zokha, imatsimikizira kuti idzakhalapobe mpaka kalekale mtsogolo. Pambuyo pogwira ntchito kwa zaka pafupifupi ziwiri, kuwunika kwakukulu ndikwabwino: zotsatira zomaliza zidalandiridwa ndi anthu, malo, chifukwa chakuyankha, asungidwa bwino, malo okhala m'mizinda adasinthidwa ndipo, monga anecdote, "kalendala" zachikhalidwe adaziphatikiza pamaulendo awo okacheza. Kukwaniritsidwa bwino kwa "kuyesaku" kwakhala ndi chisonkhezero chopindulitsa kwa amalonda ena omwe achita chidwi chopeza nyumba zazikulu mdera lodziwika bwino kuti akazilandire. Kubwezeretsedwanso ndi kuyambitsidwa kwa Casa de los Abanicos kukuwonetsa kuti kusungidwa kwa zikhalidwe zachikhalidwe sikuti kwathetsedwa chifukwa cha bizinesi.
