Kutsekedwa kwa Santa Teresa # 1 zithupsa zithupsa. Pakati pa chisokonezo ndi cha ogulitsa pamsewu, kufuula kwa wofuwula kumatuluka: "Kuphedwa kwa Captain Cootaaaa ..., mwana wowopsa yemwe adapha maadreeee ake owopsa ..."
Kutsekedwa kwa Santa Teresa # 1, komwe kuli kusindikiza kwa Antonio Vanegas Arroyo, kuli ndi makanema ojambula. Mkati mwa chisokonezo ichi ndi cha ogulitsa mumsewu, kufuula kwa wofuula kumatuluka, yemwe akutuluka mwachangu pakhomo la nyumba yosindikizira atanyamula nyuzipepala m'manja mwake, akulengeza ndi mawu okhazikika: "kuwombera kwa Captain Cootaaaa…., mwana wowopsa yemwe adapha maadreeee ake owopsa ... "
Pochita izi, akusiyanitsa bata la mwana yemwe wasiya mabuku ake pansi ndikuwonera chidwi kuchokera mumsewu kudzera mu nkhungu yake pazenera pazenera la makina osindikizira, kuthamanga kwa burin pa mbale yotentha chitsulo, timbewu tonunkhira tokometsedwa ndi dzanja la José Guadalupe Posada. Mnyamatayo, José Clemente Orozco, samaphethira, ndipo kudzera m'maso ake omwe amatsatira mwakhama burinyo, amakhalanso ndi tsogolo lake m'mutu mwake.
Kunja kunali wolemba wodabwitsa Posada wopezeka ngati mwana wa a José Clemente, komanso zomwe chitsanzo chake chingakwaniritse; adangowona dzanja laling'ono, mopupuluma, akutola zoduliratu zomwe zadulidwa ndi burin ija pansi.
Posada ndiye mlengi yemwe adakopa kwambiri ojambula aku Mexico mzaka zoyambirira za zana lino. Ojambulawo José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Francisco Gotilla ndi Guillermo Meza adalandira cholowa chawo, komanso akadaulo a Francisco Díaz de León, Leopoldo Méndez, Alfredo Zalce, Francisco Moreno Capdevila, Arturo García Bustos, Adolfo Mexiacán Alberto . The Taller de grafica Popular, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1937, ndiye wolowa m'malo wakale wa Posada.
Popeza amadziwika kuti ndi mmisiri waluso, José Guadalupe Posada adafika pamalo ena otchuka ngati wojambula, chifukwa adayamba ndikulimbikitsa nthawi yanzeru kwambiri mdziko muno m'zaka za zana lino: Mexico School of Painting.
Kunyalanyaza zaluso zaku Europe, ngakhale zaluso zadziko, zidamumasula kwathunthu kuzinthu zomwe adachita; m'malemba ake oyambayo nthawi zonse amakhala ndi ufulu wonse.
Sindimafika pachimake chachabechabe: kufotokoza mwachindunji inali nkhawa yake yokhayo chifukwa amakhala wokangalika ndi zinthu zaku Mexico.
José Guadalupe Posada Aguilar adabadwa teni koloko usiku pa 2 February, 1852 mumsewu wopanda dzina m'dera la San Marcos mumzinda wa Aguascalientes; Anali mwana wamwamuna wa ku Germany Posada, wophika buledi, wokwatiwa ndi Petra Aguilar. Ali ndi zaka 12 adalowa mu Aguascalientes Academy of Arts and Crafts kuti akaphunzire kujambula ndipo ali ndi zaka 18 anali ataphunzira kale ku msonkhano wa Trinidad Pedrosa, komwe adaphunzirira kugwira ntchito yolemba zithunzi, kuphatikiza zolemba zamkuwa ndi zamatabwa.
Pozunzidwa pandale ndi mfumu Jesús Gómez chifukwa chodzudzula zofalitsa ndi zojambula zawo, mu 1872 Pedroso ndi Posada adapita kumzinda wa León komwe adayambitsa makina osindikizira atsopano.
Mu 1875 Posada adakwatirana ndi María de Jesús Vela ndipo mu 1876 adagula makina osindikizira a Pedrosa pamtengo wosachepera zana pesos; Ali komweko adawonetsera mabuku ndikusindikiza zithunzi zachipembedzo ndi zikwangwani, mogwirizana ndi zachikondi cha panthawiyo.
Anayamba monga mphunzitsi wa ziwalo zojambulajambula mu 1883 ku Sukulu Yokonzekera; Anakhala komweko mpaka Julayi 18, 1888, pomwe adasamukira ku Mexico City chifukwa cha kusefukira kwamadzi. Atatchuka ndi kutchuka, analemba Irenio Paz kuti awonetse magazini ndi zofalitsa zambiri.
Ntchito zochulukazo zidamupangitsa kuti akhazikitse malo ake owerengera pa nambala 1 ya Santa Teresa yotsekedwa, yomwe tsopano ili ndi loya Verdad, komwe amagwirira ntchito pamaso pa anthu, kenako nambala 5 ya Santa Inés, lero Moneda.
Mu 1899, atamwalira a Manuel Manilla Posada, adamusintha m'malo mwake mu msonkhano wa Don Antonio Vanegas Arroyo, mkonzi wodziwika kwambiri wama gazette am'misewu, ma corridos, nthabwala, zilinganizo ndi zofalitsa zina zambiri.
Pamodzi ndi Blas, mwana wa Don Antonio; wolemba Manilla, yemwe adaphunzitsa Posada kukulitsa nthaka; Wolemba ndakatulo Constancio S. Suárez ndi akonzi a Ramón N. Franco, Francisco Ozácar, Raimundo Díaz Guerrero ndi Raimundo Balandrano, adapanga gulu lalikulu lomwe patatha chaka lidasefukira mdzikolo ndi nkhani zawo, nthabwala, nyimbo, nkhani, nthabwala, ma almanac ndi makalendala.
Kuphatikiza pa manyuzipepala a La Gaceta Callejera ndi a Don Chepito, adasindikizanso mapepala a bulauni amitundu yonse ya utawaleza, omwe amawononga senti imodzi kapena awiri, komanso masewera monga La Oca, omwe akhala akusangalatsa ana ndi achikulire kwa mibadwo yambiri, pomwe makope opitilira 5 miliyoni adapangidwa mpaka pano.
Ntchito yayikulu idakakamiza Posada kufunafuna njira zowonjezereka. Umu ndi momwe adapezera zincography, yomwe imakhala yojambula ndi inki yoyala pazitsulo za zinc, kenako ndikutulutsa azungu ndikusamba kwa asidi.
"Zolemba pafupifupi zikwi makumi awiri zomwe Posada adalemba, ndimalemba osangalatsa ndi mavesi omwe akutsatira, akufotokoza imodzi mwanthawi zosangalatsa kwambiri mumzinda waukulu womwe wakhala ukuyembekezeredwa kwa nthawi yayitali, wokhala ndi 'mtendere wa Porfirian' kapena 'mtendere wotentha': zipolowe mumsewu, moto, kunjenjemera kwa dziko lapansi, ziwombankhanga, ziwopsezo zakumapeto kwa dziko, kubadwa kwa zirombo, kudzipha, kuphedwa, zozizwitsa, miliri, chikondi chachikulu ndi masoka akulu; Chilichonse chinagwidwa ndi bambo uyu yemwe, panthawi imodzimodziyo, anali tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tonse tating'onoting'ono komanso singano yolembera zochitika zonse "(Rodríguez, 1977).
Kukonda kwambiri dziko lake kunamupangitsa kuti apange imodzi mwamitu yomwe yakhala ikudetsa nkhawa anthu aku Mexico kuyambira nthawi zam'mbuyomu ku Spain: imfa, koma osati imfa yoopsa komanso yowopsa monga idawonedwera ndi apamwamba kapena Catrinas, ndi azungu. za nthawi yake. Sanayimire imfa zomvetsa chisoni, koma adapereka moyo ku zigaza zawo ndi zithunzi kapena zinthu zikwizikwi, zowononga machitidwe; zigaza zoseketsa zomwe anthu amazindikira kwathunthu, chifukwa anali njira yopumulira kapena kubwezera chilichonse chomwe chinawapangitsa kuti asavute.
Palibe nkhani imodzi yomwe Don Lupe, monga Posada ankatchulidwira mwachikondi, adachoka wopanda chigaza, yemwe adaphimba chilichonse ndi aliyense, osasiya chidole ndi mutu, kuchokera kwa anthu odzichepetsa kwambiri aku Mexico mpaka wandale wapamwamba kwambiri nthawi yake, mfundo zosavuta kuzimvetsetsa.
Mwa otchulidwa angapo omwe adapangidwa ndi Posada, palinso, kuwonjezera pa zigaza zake zotchuka, Mdyerekezi ndi Don Chepito Marihuano; koma makamaka anthu wamba ndi zisangalalo zawo ndi zowawa zawo.
"Monga momwe Goya adaphatikizira zolemba zake za Caprichos, Zithunzi zochokera kudziko la mfiti kuti azidzudzula anthu, a Posada amapitilira mbali ina ya moyo: imfa, kukulitsa kutsutsa kwake nthawi zonse ndi nthabwala, zomwe zimamupatsa mwayi kugwiritsa ntchito kunyoza ndi kupyola malire. Zithunzi ndi ziwonetsero zochokera ku 'kupitirira' sizina koma 'ambiri pano,' koma asinthidwa mdziko la zigaza ndi mafupa omwe ali ndi moyo wathunthu… ”(ibit.).
Chikhalidwe cha chigaza ku Mexico, choyambitsidwa ndi a Gabriel Vicente Gahona, chotchedwa "Picheta", chidapitilizidwa modabwitsa ndikupitilizidwa ndi Posada, yemwe adaphatikiza, mwa njira yaku Mexico, lingaliro lakale laku Europe loti "the macabre dance", potengera luso lakufa bwino. Kuyanjana motere kuzowonjezera zakumverera komanso zaluso za anthu zomwe zidapangitsa, mwofunikira, kukulitsa zikondwerero zoperekedwa kwa akufa awo.
Wolemba Manuel Manilla ali ndi ngongole, kumapeto kwa zaka zapitazi, zigaza zotsekemera zomwe zidalimbikitsa miyambo ya Tsiku la Akufa komanso kuti tsopano, yopangidwa ndi shuga, chokoleti kapena chisangalalo, ndi maso awo opindika komanso owala komanso dzina la womwalirayo pamphumi, akuyimira chimodzi mwazizindikiro zake zazikulu.
Pomwe wojambula ku Jalisco Gerardo Murillo, wotchedwa "Doctor Atl", adalemba ntchito yake Las artes yotchuka en México m'mavoliyumu awiri mu 1921, adanyalanyaza zojambula zaluso za Tsiku la Akufa, komanso ntchito ya Posada.
Wojambula waku France a Jean Charlot, yemwe adalowa nawo Sukulu ya Mexico Yopenta, amadziwika kuti ndi wolemba Posada mu 1925. Kuyambira pamenepo, lingaliro laimfa la anthu lomwe limadziwikiratu ndi dzanja, molimbikitsidwa ndi ntchito yake, limagwira ntchito mothandizidwa ndi ojambula Diego Rivera ndi Pablo O'Higgins. M'zaka za m'ma 1930, lingaliro lakunyansidwa ndi imfa lidabuka, mwina potengera zigaza zoseketsa, zoseketsa komanso zopanda ulemu za Posada.
Zina mwazolemba zake zofunika kwambiri za zigaza ndi izi: Don Quixote de la Mancha, kuyesera kuwongola diso limodzi, akukwera modzidzimutsa pahatchi yake ya rocinante, ndikupweteka komanso kumwalira. Zigaza za njinga zamoto, zoyeseza bwino momwe makina amafalikira. Ndi Chibade cha Adelita, Maderista Chibade ndi Chigoba cha Huertista, akuyimira andale osiyanasiyana nthawiyo, monga kutsutsa mwamphamvu kusintha kwamwazi kwa 1910.
Chigaza chonyezimira komanso choseketsa cha Doña Tomasa ndi Simón el Aguador, chikuyimira miseche yapafupi. Magulu angapo a zigaza za Cupid akuwonetsa zolemba zina za Constancio S. Suárez.
La Calavera Catrina, komanso Calavera del Catrín ndi Espolón contra navaja ndi ena mwa ntchito zomwe zikufalikira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa ndiomwe akuyimira Posada.
Mwa zojambula zina, pali Gran fandango ndi francachela de todos las calaveras ndi Rebumbio de calaveras, omwe amatsatiridwa ndi ndakatulo yotsatirayi, mogwirizana kwambiri ndi zikondwerero za Tsiku la Akufa:
Mwayi wawukulu wosangalala wafikadi, zigaza zidzakhala phwando lawo mu gulu lachifumu.
Zikondwerero zam'manda adzatenga maola ambiri; akufa adzakhalapo ndi madiresi apadera.
Ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu zigaza ndi mafupa apangidwa zovala zathunthu zomwe zidzavekedwe pamsonkhanowu.
Pa 9 koloko m'mawa wa dzinja Januware 20, 1913, kunyumba no. 6, pansi pa Avenida de la Paz (pakadali pano nambala 47 ku Calle del Carmen), ali ndi zaka 66 José Guadalupe Posada adamwalira. Chifukwa cha umphawi wake, adayikidwa m'manda achikalasi chachisanu ndi chimodzi a Civil Pantheon of Dolores.
“Ndipo mmalo mokhala Chigawa cha mulu monga adaneneratu, adadzuka kumanda (wamba) kupita ku chisavundi, kuti ayendeyanso kupyola masinthidwe adziko: nthawi zina atavala chovala chovala ndi chipewa, ndipo nthawi zina ndi burin m'manja kuyembekezera zochitika zatsopano "(ibid.).
Gwero Mexico Yosadziwika No. 261 / November 1998
