Historic Center yakale ya Valladolid ndi imodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri ku Mexico, zonse zofunika kudziwa mbiri ya nyumba zake komanso mbiri yawo yazomanga ndi zikhalidwe. Pezani zambiri za mbiri yake pano.
Pulogalamu ya Mbiri Yakale ya Morelia Ndi imodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri ku Mexico, zonse chifukwa cha mbiri yakale yomwe idachokera mdzikolo, komanso chifukwa cha kukongola kwake. Pachifukwa ichi, njira zodzitetezera mwalamulo zakhala zikutengedwa kwakanthawi, zomwe ngakhale zinalephera pakugwiritsa ntchito, zathandizira kuti zipilala zisungidwe kwambiri.
Kupatula kuwonongeka kwa ziwalo ndi kutseguka kwamisewu, makamaka m'malo ozungulira nyumba zakale za makolo, zomwe zidachitika mzaka zapitazi chifukwa cha Malamulo a Reform, Historic Center yasungidwa bwino m'mizinda. Kwenikweni, malowa ndi omwe amakhala ndi Valladolid wakale kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, momwe mawonekedwe ake adawonetsera mu pulani yokongola yomwe idapangidwa ndi wolamulira a Miguel La Grua Talamanca y Branciforte, mu 1794.
Pamalire a dera lamakonoli, lomwe ndi lachikoloni, malamulo oteteza ndi malamulo aperekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo lokhazikitsa mawonekedwe a mzinda wa Morelia omwe adalengezedwa pa Ogasiti 18, 1956, Lamulo Lapurezidenti, lomwe limalengeza federally of the Historic Center of Morelia zone of Historic Monuments, lolembedwa ndi Purezidenti wa Republic, a Carlos Salinas de Gortari, pa Disembala 14, 1990 ndikufalitsa mu Official Gazette pa 19 mwezi womwewo. Pomaliza, chilengezo chovomerezeka cha UNESCO, pankhani ya World Cultural Heritage, pa Disembala 12, 1991.
Zomwe tafotokozazi zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwachikhalidwe komwe Historic Center ya Morelia ili nayo. Sitingathe kunyalanyaza kuti kumapeto kwa viceroyalty, pomwe Valladolid unali mzinda wawung'ono wokhala ndi anthu 20,000, unali ndi masukulu anayi akuluakulu okhala ndi nyumba zawo zazikulu, zazikulu komanso zokongola, zomwe ndi: Colegio Seminario Tridentino; Kalasi ya San Nicolás Hidalgo; yomwe inali Colegio de Los Jesuítas ndi Colegio de Las Rocas ya atsikana. Momwemonso, sikungakhale kukokomeza kunena kuti panthawi yodziyimira pawokha, anali wandale, mzinda wopanda nkhawa komanso woganiza bwino ku New Spain. Nayi kuwala koyamba kwa generalissimo Dr. José Maria Morelos, yemwe dzina lake lomaliza lidasinthidwa kukhala chisangalalo chabwino cholowa mu mzindawu ngati dzina lochokera ku lamulo lanyumba yamalamulo ku 1828. Chikhalidwe cha kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu chomwe chikugwira ntchito mpaka pano, mwanjira ina, pafupipafupi zimawonekera pamtima pa Historic Center, ulemu ndi tsoka lake; ulemu ndi kuzindikira kwamuyaya kupitilizabe kuyimira Iucha, koma tsoka ndikuti, kwazaka zambiri, makamaka zovuta za ophunzira kapena zokhumba zachitetezo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, zafotokozedwa ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "mapenti" kapena mawu omwe adalembedwa mosasankha pazipilala kapena zilizonse nyumbayo, yomwe imawavulaza ndipo imapangitsa zifukwa kapena zifukwa zoyenera kuzunzidwa zimakhala zosasangalatsa kapena zolakwika.
ZINTHU ZAKALE
Morelia idakhazikitsidwa ngati tawuni yovomerezeka pa Meyi 18, 1541 molamulidwa ndi Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza, ndikuyitcha Guayangareo, dzina la Valladolid linaperekedwa patapita nthawi, mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za 16th, komanso dzina la mzinda ndi malaya amanja. Zikuwoneka kuti kufunikira kwake monga kuchuluka kwa anthu kudayamba kukula kuyambira 1580, pomwe episcopal adawona Michoacán ndi akuluakulu aboma atasamukira ku Pátzcuaro, zomwe adachita mu 1589.
KUKONZEKEZA KUKHALA
M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri chitukuko chake chidayamba ndikuwonjezeka; pachiyambi, nyumba ziwiri zachifumu zazikulu za San Francisco ndi San Agustín zidamalizidwa; pakati, a El Carmen ndi La Merced, kuwonjezera pa mipingo ina monga La Compañía, San Juan ndi la Cruz, koma, koposa zonse, mu 1660 ntchito yomanga tchalitchili yayikulu idayamba, yomwe idapanga kampani yazomanga zachipembedzo zakale kuchuluka panthawiyo kunayamba mdziko lonselo. Komwe kuli kachisi wamkuluyu kumatanthauzira kapangidwe ndi kagawidwe ka malo mkatikati mwa tawuni, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru komanso mwapadera zomwe zimatchedwa "gawo lagolide", lomwe limagawa likulu la mzindawo kukhala mabwalo awiri osagwirizana koma ogwirizana; yayikulu kwambiri yokhala ndi zipata, yaying'ono kwambiri yokhala ndi makoma, koma yopanda makonde, molumikizana ndi malongosoledwe oyambira. Komabe, kukula kwakumanga kwakukulu ndi chipatso chachikulu kwambiri, zidachitika m'zaka za zana la 18; kuchokera kwa iye pali zipilala zazing'ono kwambiri komanso zochuluka kwambiri zomwe masiku ano zimakongoletsa komanso kutchukitsa mzindawu, mwachipembedzo komanso mwamakhalidwe.
Pakati pa zaka zana lino, masisitere atatu akuluakulu adakhazikitsidwa ndikumangidwa: Las Rocas, Las Monjas ndi Capuchinas; ina yamapikisano, ya San Diego; mipingo ina isanu, kuphatikiza yayikulu kwambiri yoperekedwa ku San José ndi theka la khumi ndi awiri mapemphero achiwiri.
Mu 1744 nyumba zomangira ndi zazikulu za tchalitchi chachikulu zidamalizidwa. Ndipazaka zana zokongola kwambiri zapangidwe kazomangamanga, zodziwonetsera munyumba zapamwamba zamaphunziro ndi maboma, monga Seminary College (lero nyumba yachifumu), Jesuit College (lero ndi Nyumba ya Clavijero) ndi College of San Nicolás. , Las Casas Reales (lero ndi nyumba yachifumu yamatauni), La Alhóndiga (lero ndi malo owonjezera a Palace of Justice), kuphatikiza nyumba zachifumu zambirimbiri komanso nyumba zachifumu zokongola.
Pomwe chitukuko chachikulu chimafuna ntchito zantchito, mabwalowa adakongoletsedwa ndi akasupe ndipo, pakati pa 1785 ndi 1789, ndikulimbikitsidwa ndi kuwolowa manja kwa Bishop Fray Antonio de San Miguel, zipilala zolimba za ngalande ya 1700 mita ndi 250-foot zinamangidwa. ndi zipilala zitatu zamwala.
Ufulu wokha usanachitike, mzindawu unali ndi anthu pafupifupi zikwi makumi awiri.
M'zaka za zana la Reform Laws, zochepa zidamangidwa zachipembedzo koma ntchito zosawerengeka zidawonongedwa, komano, panthawiyi, malo okhala neoclassical anali kuchuluka omwe amakhala moyandikana ndi nyumba zachifumu zakale. monga chiwonetsero cha kukonzanso komanso magwiridwe antchito omwe amafunidwa panthawiyo.
Kumapeto kwa zaka zana lino, nyumba zofunika monga Tridentino Seminary yatsopano idamangidwa, pafupi ndi Tchalitchi cha San José, ndi Teresiano School (lero ndi Federal Palace), zonse zoyendetsedwa ndi Don Adolfo Tremontels, zokhala ndi kalembedwe ka neoclassical zokongoletsa kwambiri chifukwa zimachokera gawo lokulirapo kuposa baroque yachikhalidwe yabwinobwino yamzindawu. Pamene njira yolenga imeneyi idakula, mzindawu udalemera; Kokha pamalo ake odziwika bwino, Morelia ili ndi mabwalo akuluakulu khumi, pafupifupi mabwalo asanu ndi ngodya zambiri zomwe zili ndi akasupe aboma omwe, ngati malo otseguka, amalowetsa misewu ndi madera oyandikana nawo, omwe ali m'matchalitchi makumi awiri ndi matchalitchi a nthawiyo viceregal, momwe mulinso nyumba zachifumu zambiri komanso nyumba zachifumu.
Osati kuwononga kukumanga kale, ndipo kusunga ndi njira yobwererera; Pochita izi, Morelia amafuna kuti athandizire, popeza malingaliro am'modzi mwa chikumbumtima, amakono, ndikulemekeza cholowa chololedwa. Umenewu ndiudindo wofotokozedwa ndi Federal Decree for the Protection of the Historic Center of Morelia, pomwe nyumba zosachepera 1,113 zidalembedwa kapena kuphatikizidwa, chisonyezero cha chuma chambiri chomwe mzindawu ulibe.
MAKHALIDWE A KUMADZI
Mzere woyambirira, wopangidwa m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi, wafika kwa ife osasunthika, ndikupanga zokhumba zamtengo wapatali za Kubadwanso Kwatsopano monga dongosolo, kuwonongeka ndi malo owonera kutali omwe amatseguka m'mabwalo ndikufalikira m'misewu osawopa kukula. Kwa nthawi yake, mzindawo udaganiziridwa bwino; Kuyambira pachiyambi idali ndi misewu yayikulu komanso mabwalo akulu, okhala ndi zinyalala zapa malo kotero kuti chitukuko chake pambuyo pake sichinapange kanthu koma kupereka mayankho mosasunthika kwa olimba mtima omwe akukonzekera ndikuwonetseratu ndege yake.
Lamulo lopanda chinyengo limayang'anira misewu, gridi yomwe, ikamadutsa pazolakwika za phirilo, imasowa kukhazikika kwamajometri ndikusinthira kwa iwo, osati mwachisawawa koma "organic", tikhoza kunena lero. Gridi iyi, yomwe imawoneka kuti imakokedwa "ndi dzanja" osati ndi wolamulira, imayendetsa mayendedwe amisewu yomwe imakhota pang'ono, ndikupangitsa ndege zowongoka ngati chithunzi cha kutsetsereka kopingasa komwe kumawathandiza.
Kugwirizana kumeneku pakati pa mapulani ndi kukwera, komwe kumamveredwa mwanzeru, kumakwaniritsidwa m'njira yayikulu ndi kuyeserera kukongoletsa nyumba zazikuluzikulu, kukweza kuchuluka kwake kapena zinthu zoyambirira monga zomenyera kumbuyo, nsanja ndi nyumba. Izi zidakwaniritsidwa polemba njira za m'misewu kwa iwo, cholinga chomwe chili kale m'magawo m'misewu yomwe imatsogolera ku San Francisco ndi mbali ya San Agustín. Pambuyo pake, njirayi idakulitsidwa ndikupanga momveka bwino ku Baroque kutengera chitsanzo chabwino choperekedwa ndikukhazikitsidwa kwa tchalitchi chachikulu, chomwe chidayamba mu 1660, sichipeza cholumikizira chake poyerekeza ndi bwaloli, koma ndi misewu iwiri yopititsa pamenepo , m'njira yoti façade yake yayikulu ndi apse zisokoneze, nthawi yomweyo kuti azitha kumaliza bwino. Pambuyo pa Cathedral, matchalitchi ambiri, kuyambira nthawi yonse ya Baroque, makamaka m'zaka za zana la 18, amasintha mzere wakale wa Renaissance ndikusintha kukhala Baroque, ndikupanga zozizwitsa zowoneka posintha misewu. kuti mipingo ina idamangidwa mwanjira yoti, kusintha mawonekedwe ake pang'ono, kapena kuwasokoneza pang'ono nthawi zina, zolumikizira, mbali zina zam'mbali, nsanja ndi nyumba, zidakwezedwa mwanjira yoti zizituluka kutsogolo kwa wodutsayo, ndikuwonetsetsa. Lero ndi lachilendo kwa Morelia, ngakhale sichimangokhala chokha, mgwirizano wamapangidwe ake aboma adalumikizidwa kumapeto kwambiri.
Malingaliro omwe, potseguka otseguka ndi aulere, amalowetsedwa, amachepetsedwa ndikukhala bata ndi kutentha kwazomwe zili mkati.
Chifukwa chake, mawonekedwe akachisi monga Cathedral, San Francisco, zipata zoyandikira za San Agustín, cholumikizira chachikulu ndi zipata zam'mbali za San José, Las Rosas, Guadalupe ndi Cristo Rey, zimathera m'misewu.
Misewu ya Morelia sikuti imangokhala yokhotakhotakhota yopitilira muyeso, komanso siyimazungulira kapena kungosokonekera, koma imakhala ndi cholinga, malingaliro amitundumitundu omwe sasiya chilichonse mwamwayi. Khalidwe lawo limapezeka mwa olungama pakati pakati pa monotony ndi zokongola.
ZOLEMBEDWA ZA MUDZI
Mwinanso luso lomwe limasangalatsa kwambiri alendo obwera ku Morelia ndi mgwirizano womwe umakhalapo. Koyamba, mzindawu umawoneka kuti udapangidwira kamodzi; pokhapo pakuwona mapangidwe ake osiyanasiyana ndi pomwe munthu angayamikire kuchuluka kwakanthawi ndi masitayelo omwe amapanga, okhazikitsidwa ndikuwongoleredwa ndi chifuniro chomwe chimabweretsa pamodzi ndikuitanitsa kudzera pazomangamanga: miyala yamtengo wapatali. Apa masitayelo amawoneka kuti asintha monga mawonekedwe ofunikira nthawi, koma amachepetsa zochulukirapo.
Masiku ano, pamene mizinda yambiri yasinthidwa ndikuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwachiwawa, izi zimakwaniritsa kukongola kwa "umodzi mosiyanasiyana" kumakhala kochititsa chidwi kwambiri, komwe kumapereka kusiyanitsa ndi kulamulira kwa Morelia, olamulira, mwa njira, manda komanso ovuta.
Mzinda wokongola kwambiri, koma wokongoletsedwa pang'ono, wamafotokozedwe amakedzedwe osakondera kwambiri mbali ziwiri. Ndikokwanira kuwona Katolika, pomwe woyendetsa ndegeyo amalamulira pachipilala ndi zojambula pazithunzi zambiri. Kunja kokha, Cathedral iyi ili ndi ma pilasters opitilira mazana awiri ndipo palibe chipilala chimodzi, chochitika chachilendo komanso chosiyana ndi ma cathedral a viceregal.
Kukongola kopitilira muyeso kunakonzedweratu, ndikupatsa ulemu kukongola kokometsetsa komanso kukongoletsa kopitilira muyeso wokongoletsa, kulawa ndi njira zomwe zimafotokozedwera mzindawu, komwe mawu osankhidwa modekha m'malo mwa chisangalalo.
Izi ndi Morelia, yemwe ali ndi mbiri yabwino kwambiri komanso yabodza kwambiri, mosakayikira, podziwa momwe angagwirizanitsire zochitika zosiyanasiyana ndi masitaelo, mwa kuzindikira kwake, popanda kukana mwamphamvu kapena kugonja kosavuta, mwamphamvu yake yolingalira, yomwe imasunga zomwe zimawoneka kuti ndizo. yabwino, koma imapititsa zomwe sizikudziwika ndi pulasitiki yake yomwe idapangidwa mzaka zambiri.
