Lacandona Jungle ndi amodzi mwamalo otetezedwa ku Chiapas omwe amakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yazachilengedwe ku Mexico. Dziwani chifukwa chake tiyenera kuyisamalira!
Kufunika kwa kusiyanasiyana kwa Nkhalango ya Lacandon ndi chinthu chodziwika ndi kuphunzira kwa akatswiri ambiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ndi ofufuza. Osati pachabe Chajul Scientific Station inu muli m'nkhalango iyi yodzaza mitundu yopezeka ku Mexico ndi zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Komabe, zambiri zomwe zimadziwika za Lacandon Jungle ndi malo otetezedwa ku Chiapas, zowonekeratu ndikusowa chidziwitso cha zachilengedwe zomwe zikukula kudzera pa 17,779 km2, ndipo zoterezi zikuyimira zovuta kwa ofufuza omwe amapita kwa wosankhidwa kukhala woyamba nkhalango yamvula waku Mesoamerica.
Lacandon Jungle, yomwe ili kumapeto chakum'mawa kwa ChiapasIli ndi dzina pachilumba china m'nyanja ya Miramar chotchedwa Lacam-tún, kutanthauza miyala yayikulu, ndipo anthu ake aku Spain amatcha Lacandones.
Pakati pa zaka 300 ndi 900 iye anabadwa mu izi Nkhalango ya Chiapas Chimodzi mwazikhalidwe zazikulu ku Mesoamerica: Mayan, ndipo atasowa Lacandon Jungle adakhalabe osakhalamo mpaka theka loyamba la zaka za zana la 19, pomwe makampani odula mitengo, makamaka akunja, adakhazikika m'mbali mwa mitsinje yoyenda ndikuyamba Njira yayikulu yogwiritsa ntchito mkungudza ndi mahogany. Pambuyo pa Revolution, kutulutsidwa kwa nkhuni kunakulirakulira mpaka 1949, pomwe boma lidalamula kuti agwiritse ntchito nkhalango zam'malo otentha, pofuna kuteteza zamoyo zosiyanasiyana ndi kulimbikitsa madera otetezedwa ku Chiapas. Komabe, njira yayikulu yolamulira atsamunda idayamba pomwepo, ndipo kufika kwa alimi osadziwa zambiri m'nkhalango zam'malo otentha kunapangitsa kuti ziwonjezeke kwambiri ndikuyamba kukhala Lacandon nkhalango pangozi.
M'zaka 40 zapitazi, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa m'nkhalango ya Lacandon yafulumizitsidwa kwambiri kotero kuti ngati ipitilira momwemo, nkhalango yamvula ya Lacandon idzazimiririka. Mwa ma 1.5 miliyoni ha omwe anali ndi Lacandon Jungle ku ChiapasMasiku ano pali 500,000 yomwe yatsala kuti isungidwe mwachangu chifukwa chamtengo wapatali, chifukwa mmenemo muli zamoyo zosiyanasiyana ku Mexico, zokhala ndi zinyama ndi zomera zokha m'derali, kuphatikiza pa mahekitala awa ndiwofunika kwambiri pakuwongolera nyengo ndipo ali ndi phindu lama hydrological. ya dongosolo loyamba chifukwa cha mitsinje yayikulu yomwe imawathirira. Ngati titaya Lacandon Jungle, timataya gawo lofunika kwambiri lachilengedwe komanso mitundu yopezeka ku Mexico. Komabe, pakadali pano malamulo onse ndi mapulogalamu omwe akonzedwa mdera lofunika la Lacandon Jungle sanapeze zotsatira zabwino kapena zosasunthika ndipo sanapindulepo nkhalango kapena Lacandon. Chifukwa chake, Chajul siteshoni zomwe UNAM ikulamula, itha kukhala njira yotetezera ndikupangitsa nkhalango ya Mexico kudziwika padziko lonse lapansi. Chikondi ndi ulemu zimachokera mu chidziwitso.
Malo ofufuzira a Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve
Sitimayi ya Chajul ili mkati mwa Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ngati amodzi mwa malo otetezedwa ku Chiapas mu 1978 kuti asunge chilengedwe chachigawochi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino kupitiriza kwa mitundu yake yazachilengedwe komanso kusintha kwa zinthu komanso chilengedwe. Malo osungirako ali ndi malo okwana 331,200 ha, omwe akuimira 0.6% yamayiko. Zomera zake zazikulu ndi nkhalango yotentha, komanso pang'ono, madera osefukira, nkhalango zamtambo ndi nkhalango zamphesa. Ponena za nyama, Montes Azules ili ndi mbalame 31% zadziko lonselo, 19% ya zolengedwa zoyamwitsa ndi 42% ya agulugufe apamwamba kwambiri a papilionoidea. Kuphatikiza apo, imateteza makamaka mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chotha ku Chiapas, kuti isunge mitundu yawo.
Awiri mwa magawo atatu a malo otetezedwa a Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve ndi malo omwe ali mdera la Lacandon, omwe amakhala m'malo ozungulira omwe amalemekeza kwambiri chilengedwe. Lacandon salola mopitilira muyeso m'zinthu zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi nkhalango zamvula, ndipo ngakhale zili zolusa mwaluso sizitolera zochulukirapo kuposa momwe zimafunira. Khalidwe lawo limangokhala lokhazikika m'malo mwawo komanso chitsanzo choti aliyense azitsatira.
Chiyambi cha siteshoni Chajul
Mbiri ya siteshoni ya Chajul idayamba mchaka cha 1983 pomwe SEDUE idayamba kumanga malo asanu ndi awiri owongolera ndi kuyang'anira nkhosazo. Mu 1984 ntchitoyi idamalizidwa ndipo mu 1985, monga zimachitika nthawi zambiri, adasiyidwa chifukwa chosowa bajeti ndi mapulani.
Akatswiri ena a zamoyo monga Rodrigo Medellín, wokonda kusamalira ndi kuphunzira za Lacandon Jungle, adawona malo a Chajul ngati njira yabwino yofufuzira pazachilengedwe zamderali. Doctor Medellín adayamba maphunziro ake mderali mu 1981 ndi lingaliro lowunika momwe minda ya chimanga ya Lacandon ikukhudzira madera a mamalia ndikupeza chiphunzitso chake ku University of Florida. Pankhaniyi, akutiuza kuti mu 1986 adapita mumzinda uno ndi chisankho chotsimikiza kuti akapange zolemba zake ku Lacandona ndikubwezeretsanso station ya UNAM. Ndipo adakwanitsa, chifukwa kumapeto kwa 1988 siteshoni ya Chajul idayambitsidwa ndi zinthu zoperekedwa ndi University of Florida, ndipo pambuyo pake Conservation International idalimbikitsanso ndalama zambiri. Pakatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1990, siteshoniyo idayamba kugwira ntchito ngati malo ofufuzira ndipo motsogozedwa ndi Dr. Rodrigo Medellín ngati director.
Cholinga chachikulu cha Chajul Scientific Station ndikupanga zambiri za Lacandon Jungle ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, ndipo chifukwa cha izi zimafunikira kupezeka kosalekeza kwa ofufuza ochokera mdziko muno kapena akunja omwe akufuna kupereka malingaliro othandiza kuti adziwe nyama ndi zomera m'derali. Momwemonso, ntchito zochulukirapo zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa nkhalango ku Mexico, kumakhala kosavuta kuyisamalira.
Ntchito za Chajul station
Ntchito zonse zomwe zimachitika pa Chajul station ndizofunikira kwambiri ku sayansi, ndipo zina mwazo zakhala zosintha malinga ndi kafukufuku wamitundu ya zamoyo. Makamaka, pali nkhani ya wasayansi Esteban Martínez, yemwe adapeza chomera cha mtundu, mtundu ndi banja lomwe silikudziwika mpaka pano, lomwe ndi saprophytic ndipo limakhala pansi pa zinyalala mdera lamadzi lomwe lili kum'mawa kwa gombe la Lacantún. Maluwa a chomerachi ali ndi mawonekedwe achilendo komanso apadera, omwe nthawi zambiri maluwa onse amakhala ndi stamens (amuna kapena akazi) mozungulira pistil (mkazi wamkazi), m'malo mwake amakhala ndi ma pistil angapo mozungulira stamen yapakati. Dzina lake ndi Lacandona schismatia.
Pakadali pano malowa sakugwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa chosowa ntchito, ndipo izi zikuchitika makamaka chifukwa cha mavuto andale ku Chiapas. Koma ngakhale ali pachiwopsezo, ofufuzawa akadali pasiteshoni akumenyera nkhalango ya Chiapas. Ena mwa iwo ndi a Karen O’brien, katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo ku University of Pennsylvania yemwe pakadali pano akupanga lingaliro lake pa ubale wapakati pa kudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso kusintha kwanyengo ku Lacandon Forest; katswiri wa zamaganizidwe Roberto José Ruiz Vidal wochokera ku Yunivesite ya Murcia (Spain) ndi womaliza maphunziro a Gabriel Ramos ochokera ku Institute of Biomedical Research (Mexico) omwe amaphunzira zamoyo za Spider Monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) ku Lacandon Jungle, komanso katswiri wazamoyo Ricardo A. Frías wochokera ku UNAM, yemwe amachita ntchito zina zofufuzira, koma pakadali pano akuyang'anira siteshoni ya Chajul, udindo womwe pambuyo pake udzasamutsidwe kwa Dr. Rodrigo Medellín.
Mitundu ya mileme ku Lacandon Jungle
Ntchitoyi idasankhidwa kukhala mutu wazophunzitsidwa ndi ophunzira awiri ochokera ku UNAM Institute of Ecology ndipo cholinga chake chachikulu ndikupanga chidziwitso chonse chofunikira kuti chithunzi choipa cha mileme chisoweke ndikuwathandiza pa chilengedwe.
Padziko lapansi pali pafupifupi 950 mitundu ya mileme zosiyana Mwa mitundu iyi, pali 134 ku Mexico konse ndipo pafupifupi 65 mwa iwo mkati mwa Lacandon Jungle. Ku Chajul, mitundu 54 yalembedwa mpaka pano, zomwe zimapangitsa malowa kukhala osiyana kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi mileme.
Mitundu yambiri ya mileme ndi yopindulitsa, makamaka nectoivores ndi sectivores; oyambilira amadzinyamula mungu ndipo omaliza amadya magalamu atatu a tizilombo tating'onoting'ono pa ola limodzi, ndipo zidziwitsozi zimawonetsa kuthekera kwawo kwakukulu pakugwira nyama zowonazi. Mitundu yonyentchera imeneyi imakhala ngati yobalalitsa mbewu, chifukwa imanyamula zipatsozo mtunda wautali kuti ikadye, ndipo ikachita chimbudzi imafalitsa njere. Phindu lina lomwe nyamazi limapereka ndi guano, ndowe, yomwe ndi imodzi mwamagawo olemera kwambiri a nayitrogeni wopangira manyowa, ndipo amayamikiridwa kwambiri m'misika yaku North Mexico ndi kumwera kwa United States.
M'mbuyomu, mileme idanenedwa kuti imanyamula mwachindunji matendawa otchedwa istoplasmosis, koma izi zawonetsedwa kuti sizowona. Matendawa amayamba chifukwa chopumira m'mimba mwa bowa wotchedwa Istoplasma capsulatum womwe umamera pamwamba pa zitosi za nkhuku ndi nkhunda, ndikupangitsa matenda opatsirana m'mapapu omwe amatha kupha.
Kukula kwa malingaliro a Osiris ndi Miguel adayamba mu Epulo 1993 ndikupitilira kwa miyezi 10, pomwe masiku 15 a mwezi uliwonse amathera ku Lacandon Jungle. Lingaliro la a Osiris Gaona Pineda limafotokoza zakufunika kofalitsa mbewu ndi mileme komanso a Miguel Amín Ordoñez pazachilengedwe zam'magulu okhala m'malo okhala osinthidwa. Ntchito yawo yakumunda idachitika ngati gulu, koma m'maphunziro onsewa aliyense amakhala ndi mutu wina.
Malingaliro oyambilira, potengera kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu yomwe imagwidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana owerengera, zikuwonetsa kuti pali zovuta pakati pa kusokonekera kwa malo okhala ndi kuchuluka ndi mileme yomwe yagwidwa. Mitundu yambiri imagwidwa m'nkhalango kuposa m'malo ena, mwina chifukwa chakuchuluka kwa chakudya komanso masana.
Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu ndikuwonetsa kuti kudula mitengo mwachangu m'nkhalango ya Lacandon kumawononga mwachindunji machitidwe, kusiyanasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa nyama mdera lino. Malo okhala zamoyo mazana ambiri akusintha ndipo ndi kusinthika kwawo kuli kudodometsedwa. Maderawa amafunika kusinthidwa mwachangu kuti athe kupulumutsa munthawi yake nyama ndi zomera za m'nkhalango zam'malo otentha zomwe zaweruzidwa kale kuti zitha, ndichifukwa chake chitetezo cha mileme yonse yomwe imakhala m'nkhalangoyi ndikofunikira kwambiri.
Kwa zaka masauzande zapitazi ife azungu tidadzilingalira tokha monga olekana komanso opambana chilengedwe chonse. Koma ndi nthawi yokonza ndikuzindikira kuti ndife gulu lazaka 15 biliyoni zodalira dziko lathuli.
Gwero: Unknown Mexico No. 211 / September 1994
