Ndikufika pamalo osankhidwa koma sinditha kusiyanitsa zotsalira ndi miyala yozungulira. Anzanga amasonkhanitsa zidutswa zobalalika, zina zidakwiriridwa kapena zosakwanira, ndikuwongolera (tsopano ndikutha kuwona bwino) gawo lachilengedwe.
Mwa kutsagana ndi mamembala a Komiti ya Paleontology Kuchokera ku SEP ku Coahuila, ndikudandaula ndi zowonadi ziwiri: choyamba ndikuti ndiyenera kukhala wakhungu chifukwa sindingapeze china chilichonse kupatula miyala yopanda pake pakati pa lechuguillas ndi akazembe; chachiwiri ndichakuti, kwa maso ophunzitsidwa bwino, gawo la Coahuila ndi lolemera kwambiri m'mbiri yakale ya nthawi ya Mesozoic, nyengo ya Cretaceous makamaka, zomwe zikutanthauza kuyankhula zaka 70 miliyoni zapitazo.
Panthawiyo, malo owoneka bwino a mapiri ndi zigwa zomwe atizungulira lero ku Rincón Colorado, ejido wa General Cepeda, anali osiyana kwambiri, osaganizirika. Ulendowu unayang'ana pamwamba pa chigwa chachikulu chodutsa m'mbali mwa mtsinje wamphamvuwo, womwe umapereka madzi ake kunyanja, yolumikizana ndi ngalande zam'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mitengo yayikulu, ma magnolias ndi mitengo ya kanjedza idalamulira pazomera zobiriwira zomwe zimadzazidwa ndi nyengo yotentha komanso yanyontho, yokhala ndi mpweya wolimba ngati momwe udaliri ndi kaboni dayokisaidi. Mitundu ya nsomba imafalikira m'madzi, kuphatikiza ma molluscs ndi crustaceans, komanso akamba ndi ng'ona. Tizilomboti timachulukana paliponse pomwe nyama zoyamwitsa zoyambirira zimakumana ndi zovuta kupulumuka, zochokera pachibwano cha zokwawa zazikulu, makamaka, ndi omwe panthawiyo anali mafumu a chilengedwe: ma dinosaurs.
Ngakhale ana - mwina amaposa onse - amawadziwa. Koma ma clichés angapo akupitilizabe pankhani ya "zokwawa zoyambilira za chigumula" zamisala.
KODI DINOSAUR NDI CHIYANI?
Tili ndi ngongole yonena kuti Richard Owen, English zoologist wazaka zapitazo, yemwe anali m'modzi mwa oyamba kuphunzira zakale zake ndipo adaganiza zowabatiza m'Chigiriki:deinos amatanthauza buluzi wowopsa komanso sauros, ngakhale tanthauzo la chokwawa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Mawuwa agwira, ngakhale sizolondola. Chifukwa chake, panali ma dinosaurs ang'onoang'ono, ngakhale odyetserako ziweto, osati owopsa konse, pomwe zokwawa zina zazikulu zomwe zinali zoyenerera sizingaganizidwe za ma dinosaurs.
Chidziwitso chatsopano chilichonse chomwe chimakulitsa chidziwitso chokhudza iwo chimatsimikiziranso akatswiri azakale kuti ali ndi mwayi wopanga gulu losiyana; the Dinosaur, zomwe zimapatula zolengedwa zokwawa koma zimaphatikizapo mbalame, zomwe zimafanana modabwitsa.
Tiyeni tiwone nkhani ya nyama zoyamwitsa. Amachokera pagulu lanyama zokwawa zomwe zidatha kale lomwe limatchedwa synapsids. Monga cholumikizira chokhacho chomwe chimagwirizanitsa magulu awiriwa, tatsala ndi platypus, nyama yachilendo yochokera ku Oceania yokhala ndi zonse ziwiri: imayika mazira, siyimayendetsa bwino kutentha kwa thupi ndipo imatulutsa poyizoni. Koma imamera ndi kuyamwa ana ake. Momwemonso, ma dinosaurs amachokera ku zokwawa, koma ayi. Amagawana ndi izi monga kuphatikiza ma vertebrae osachepera awiri mu sacrum, kufanana kumapeto, malamulo a nsagwada ndi mafupa angapo, kutenga mazira amniotic (okhala ndi yolk yambiri kuyamwitsa mwana wosabadwa), thupi lokutidwa ndi mamba, makamaka, mkhalidwe wa poikilotherms: kulephera kwawo kuwongolera kutentha kwa thupi; ndiye kuti ndiwosakhazikika.
Komabe, zomwe zapezedwa posachedwa zimatsutsana ndi njira yachikhalidwe imeneyi. Tsopano tidziwa kuti ma dinosaurs ena anali okutidwa ndi nthenga, kuti anali okonda kucheza, anzeru kuposa momwe amakhulupirira ndipo kuti pamaso pa akatswiri, omwe anali ndi ziuno zotumphuka, ambiri okhala ndi ziuno za mbalame kapena okongoletsa. Ndipo tsiku lililonse asayansi ambiri amawona kuti ndizosatheka kuti akhale ozizira. Izi zimatitsogolera ku lingaliro losangalatsa la kutha kwake, komwe kudachitika atakhala padziko lapansi zaka 165 miliyoni zapitazo, zina 65 (zomwe zimatsimikizira kutha kwa nthawi ya Mesozoic ndi chiyambi cha Cenozoic). Malinga ndi chiphunzitsochi, sikuti mitundu yonse ya dinosaur idasowa kwambiri; zina zidapulumuka ndikusandulika mbalame.
KUKONZEKETSA KWA SAURIA
Zinsinsi ndi mikangano pambali, nyama zamakedzana izi zimakhala ndi mwayi wokwanira kuti zigwire chidwi ndi zoyeserera za omwe amaziphunzira. Ndipo ku Coahuila kuli zotsalira zakale kwambiri.
Madera ambiri apano adatuluka munthawi ya Mesozoic yomwe ikuyang'anizana ndi nyanja ya Tethis, pomwe makontinenti sanasinthidwe chilichonse chofanana ndi chomwe chilipo pano. Chifukwa chake dzina lodziwika bwino la "magombe a Cretaceous", omwe René Hernández, mphunzitsi wa sayansi ku UNAM, adawatchukitsa.
Ntchito za katswiriyu wamaphunziro ndi gulu lake ku Presa de San Antonio ejido, tawuni ya Parras, adakwanitsa kuchita bwino kwambiri pamsonkhano wa dinosaur woyamba ku Mexico: chithunzi cha mtunduwo Gryposaurus, amatchedwa "Mlomo wa bakha" potulutsa mafupa a m'mbali mwake.
Ntchito yomwe idakwaniritsa mathero ake iyi idayamba mu 1987. Chaka chotsatira komanso atagwira ntchito masiku 40 m'chipululu chaching'ono cha Coahuila, kuyambira pazomwe anapeza mlimi Ramón López, zotsatirazo zinali zosangalatsa. Matani atatu okhala ndi zotsalira zazomera, mbewu ndi zipatso adazulidwa kumtunda wouma, kuphatikiza magulu asanu a nyama zam'nyanja zopanda mafupa. Ndipo - sakanatha kusowa - pafupifupi mafupa a dinosaur pafupifupi 400 a m'gulu la Hadrosaurs ("milomo ya bakha") ndi zombo zankhondo Ankylosaurs.
Mu Juni 1992, "duckbill" yathu iwiri yokhala ndi 3.5 mita yayitali ndi 7 kutalika idawonetsedwa mu Museum of the Institute of Geology ya UNAM, yomwe ili mdera la Santa María de la Ribera, m'boma la Federal. Malinga ndi nkhaniyi, gulu loyamba la ana asukulu kumuchezera lidamupatsa Kutulutsa polemekeza msuwani wa m'modzi mwa iwo, wotchedwa Isaura, yemwe, adati, amawoneka ngati dontho lamadzi kwa wina.
"Isauria ndiye dinosaur wotsika mtengo kwambiri padziko lapansi," atero a René Hernández, director of the Assembly. Kupulumutsa kwake kunawononga ma pesos 15 sauzande; ndipo yankho, lomwe ndi zofananira zomwe zikanawononga ndalama zokwana 100 miliyoni miliyoni ku United States, lidatuluka pano ndi 40 000 pesos. " Zachidziwikire, ntchito ya akatswiri ochokera ku Launamy, ophunzira omwe adagwirizana ndi Hernández, inali yayikulu. Anapulumutsidwa mafupa 70%, okhala ndi mafupa 218, kunali koyenera kugawa ndi kuyeretsa ziwalo zonse. Kuyeretsa kumaphatikizapo kuchotsa zinyalala zonse ndi omenyera ndi zida zamagetsi. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi kuuma kwa mafupa powasambitsa mu chinthu chotchedwa butvar, kuchepetsedwa ndi acetone. Zidutswa zosakwanira kapena zosowa, monga chigaza cha Kutulutsa, Anamangidwanso mu pulasitiki, pulasitala kapena poliyesitala wokhala ndi fiberglass. Pachifukwa ichi, zidutswazo zidatengera zojambula monga zithunzi kapena zithunzi za zitsanzo zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa m'malo owonera zakale. Pomaliza, popeza choyambacho sichimawululidwa chifukwa cha kulemera kwake kwakukulu komanso chiwopsezo cha ngozi, kubwereza kwenikweni kwa mafupa onse kunachitika.
Ulendo KUDZIKO LAPANSI
Ngati Isauria, atayimirira pambuyo pa maloto a zaka 70 miliyoni, angawoneke kukhala chinthu chodziwika kwambiri, sichokhacho.
Mu 1926 asayansi aku Germany adapeza mafupa a dinosaur woyamba panthaka ya Mexico, komanso mdera la Coahuila. Ndi za zokongola kuchokera pagulu la ma ceratops (okhala ndi nyanga kumaso). Mu 1980 the Institute of nthaka UNAM idayamba kafukufuku wofufuza zotsalira za mammalian m'bomalo. Panalibe zotsatira zabwino, koma zotsalira zambiri za dinosaur zomwe akatswiri odziwa zakale anapeza. Ntchito yachiwiri ya UNAM ku 1987 idalumikizidwa ndi thandizo la National Council of Science and Technology komanso boma la Coahuila kudzera mu SEP. Paleontology Commission yomwe idapangidwa ndi iwo ndikulangizidwa ndi a René Hernández adapanga gulu la akatswiri omwe ntchito yawo yolumikizana yapulumutsa cholowa chodabwitsa cha mitundu yakale ya mabanja Hadrosauridae (Gryposaurus, Lambeosaurus), Ceratopidae (Chasmosaurus, Centrosaurus), Tyranosauridae (Albertosaurus) ndi Dromeosauridae (Dromeosaurus), komanso nsomba, zokwawa, zopanda nyama zam'madzi zam'madzi ndi zomera zomwe zimapereka chidziwitso chambiri chachilengedwe cha Cretaceous. Zambiri kotero kuti ali ndi thandizo la Dinamation International Society, bungwe lopanda phindu pakukula kwa paleontology -okonda ma dinosaurs-, wokonda kuphunzira za kupita patsogolo ku Mexico m'munda.
Pakadali pano Komiti ya Paleontology Imayang'ana kwambiri ntchito yake mdera loyandikira Rincón Colorado, komwe apeza malo opitilira 80 okhala ndi zakale, ambiri mwa iwo ku Cerro de la Virgen, otchedwanso Cerro de los Dinosaurios. Asanayambe magawo a labotale ndi msonkhano pali ntchito yambiri yoti ichitike.
Monga sitepe yoyamba, amachita kafukufuku kuti adziwe madipoziti. Nthawi zina amalandira chidziwitso kuchokera ku ejidatarios kapena ofuna kuchita masewera, ngati sanachokere ku bungwe lomwe limachita kafukufuku ndipo mwangozi amapunthwa pazinthu zakale. Koma chinthu chodziwika kwambiri ndikupita powerenga mamapu a geological ndikudziwa kuchokera kumtunda kuti ndi zotsalira ziti zomwe zingapezeke komanso momwe mungazichiritsire.
Ntchito yopulumutsa kapena yokumba ndi yovuta kwambiri; malowa atsukidwa, ndikuika zinyama ndi miyala yosuntha. Asanayambe kukumba, malowa amakhala ozungulira ndi mita lalikulu. Chifukwa chake, ndizotheka kujambula ndikujambula komwe kuli malasha aliwonse, chifukwa manda amapereka zambiri. Mafotokozedwe ndi kuchuluka kwake, mawonekedwe amalo amalo ndi munthu amene adawapulumutsa amafanana ndi chilichonse chomwe chasonkhanitsidwa.
Zigawo za ku Rincón Colorado zikuwonetsa izi. Pafupi ndi Museum of the place, amalandiridwanso ndi ana asukulu ndi alendo ofunitsitsa kulowa mdziko la Cretaceous. Ndipo kwa iwo omwe amagawana zokondweretsazo pali nkhani yabwino: kumapeto kwa 1999 Museum of the Desert idakhazikitsidwa ku Saltillo ndi bwalo lodzipereka kwa paleontology. Ndizosangalatsa komanso zofunikira, popeza zotsalira za dinosaur zomwe zapezedwa posachedwa ndi chitsanzo china cha zodabwitsa zomwe Coahuila watisungira.
KODI KUKHALA NDI ZINTHU ZOPHUNZITSIRA M'mayiko ena?
Ngakhale lero Coahuila ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu, ndipo mafupa omwe amatuluka pansi sanagawanike kwambiri popeza kuti sedimentation idaloleza fossilization yolimba, pali zotsalira zosangalatsa m'malo ena a Mexico. Munthawi ya Cretaceous, Baja California ili ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri ku North America Pacific. Ku El Rosario, maphwando omwe ali mgulu la Ma Hadrosaurs, Ceratopids, Ankylosaurs, Tyrannosaurs ndi Dromaeosaurids. Kuphatikiza pakupeza mawonekedwe a khungu ndi zidutswa za dzira, zotsalira za theropod zidawonekera zomwe zidatulutsa mtundu watsopano ndi mitundu:Zovuta za Labocania. Zomwezi zapezeka ku Sonora, Chihuahua ndi Nuevo León. Komanso kuchokera ku Cretaceous kuli mayendedwe a dinosaur ku Michoacán, Puebla, Oaxaca ndi Guerrero.
Tawuni yolemera kwambiri munthawi ya Jurassic ili ku Huizachal canyon, Tamaulipas. Mu 1982, Dr. James M. Clark adatcha dzina la Bocatherium mexicanuma mtundu watsopano ndi mitundu ya proto-mammal.
Sizinali choncho, dinosaur, monga zokwawa zouluka ndi kubowola, ma sphenodon ndi zinyama zomwe zidapezeka.
Zotsalira za ma dinosaurs zomwe, ma carnosaurs ndi ma ornithopods ndizogawika kwambiri. Zomwezi zimachitikanso ndi zakale za ku Chiapas, zaka 100 miliyoni zapitazo. Pomaliza, ku San Felipe Ameyaltepec, Puebla, mafupa akuluakulu adapezeka mpaka pano chifukwa cha mtundu wina wa sauropod.
