Lachisanu Lachisanu Lachisanu la 1519, pamapeto pake, Hernán Cortés ndi mnzake atanyamula anafika pagombe lamchenga la Chalchiucueyehcan, patsogolo pa Island of Sacrifices.
Woyang'anira wamkulu wa Extremaduran, pofuna kuthana ndi mgwirizano womwe anali nawo ndi Cuba, Diego Velázquez, adayitanitsa asitikali onse kuti apange bungwe loyamba m'maiko atsopanowa.
Pochita izi, adasiya ntchito yomwe Velázquez adamupatsa, ndipo mwa chisankho ambiri adapatsidwa udindo wa wamkulu wa asirikali, kutengera mphamvu ya mfumu yaku Spain, yomwe, potengera kutalika kwa nyanja ya Atlantic, adasiya Cortes kukhala ndi ufulu wofuna kuchita zomwe akufuna. Monga ntchito yachiwiri, Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz idakhazikitsidwa, mudzi womwe udayamba molakwika ndi kampu kosavuta komwe atsika kumene.
Pambuyo pake, Cortés adalandira kazembe wotumizidwa ndi Mr. Chicomecóatl - yemwe Aspanya adamutcha "El Cacique Gordo" chifukwa cha chidwi chake -, wolamulira wa Totonac wa mzinda wapafupi wa Zempoala, yemwe adamuyitanitsa kuti azikhala m'manja mwake. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, Cortés adazindikira kuti ali ndi mwayi wopambana ndipo adagwirizana zosamuka ndi gulu lake lankhondo kupita ku likulu la Totonac; motero, zombo zaku Spain zidapita pagombe laling'ono kutsogolo kwa tawuni ya Totonac ya Quiahuiztlan.
Kudzera mwa odziwitsa komanso omasulira, a Jerónimo de Aguilar ndi doña Marina, a Extremaduran adazindikira momwe maderawo alili, motero adazindikira kuti Moctezuma wamkulu adalamulira mkati mwa mzinda waukulu, wodzaza ndi chuma, omwe asitikali ake adasungabe ulamuliro wankhanza wankhondo , kumbuyo kwake kunabwera okhometsa misonkho omwe amadana nawo kuti atulutse zopangidwa m'maiko amenewa ndikubzala mkwiyo; Izi zinali zabwino kwambiri kwa wamkulu waku Spain ndipo chifukwa chake adakonzekera bizinesi yake yogonjetsa.
Komano gawo lina la asirikali omwe adachokera ku Cuba, osakhutira ndi zolinga za Cortés, adayesa kuwukira ndikuyesera kubwerera pachilumbachi; Atadziwitsidwa za izi, Cortés adalamula kuti zombo zake zigwere pansi, ngakhale adapulumutsa matanga onse ndi zingwe zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito; zombo zambiri zikuwoneka, chifukwa chake chitsulo, misomali ndi matabwa zimadzapulumutsidwa pambuyo pake.
Pofunafuna chitetezo chokwanira, Cortés adayika gulu lonselo kufupi ndi Quiahuiztlan ndikulamula kuti amange kanyumba kakang'ono, kamene kadzakhala Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz yachiwiri, ndikumanga nyumbazo ndi nkhuni zomwe zidapulumutsidwa zombo zolemala.
Apa ndipamene malingaliro a Cortés olanda gawo latsopanoli adayamba kugwira ntchito, ngakhale Aaztec tlatoani adayesetsa kukwaniritsa njala yachuma yomwe aku Spain adawonetsera poyera - makamaka pankhani yazodzikongoletsera ndi zokongoletsera zagolide-.
Moctezuma, atadziwitsidwa zolinga za Azungu, adatumiza ankhondo ake ndi akazembe a m'derali ngati akazembe ake, poyesa kuwaletsa.
Woyang'anira wamkulu waku Spain akuyamba kulowa m'derali. Kuchokera ku Quiahuiztlan asitikali abwerera ku Zempoala, komwe anthu aku Spain ndi Totonacs amavomereza mgwirizano womwe umalimbikitsa magulu a Cortés ndi ankhondo zikwizikwi omwe akufuna kubwezera.
Asitikali aku Spain adutsa chigwa cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi milu yake, mitsinje ndi mapiri abwino, umboni wowoneka bwino wamapiri a Sierra Madre; amaima pamalo omwe amachitcha kuti Rinconada, ndipo kuchokera kumeneko amapita ku Xalapa, tawuni yaying'ono yomwe ili pamtunda wopitilira mita 1,000 yomwe imawalola kuti apumule ndi kutentha kwa gombe.
Kumbali yawo, akazembe a Aztec adalangizidwa kuti athetse Cortés, chifukwa chake sanamutengere njira zodziwika bwino zomwe zimalumikiza pakati pa Mexico ndi gombe, koma m'misewu yokhotakhota; Chifukwa chake, kuchokera ku Jalapa adasamukira ku Coatepec ndipo kuchokera kumeneko adapita ku Xicochimalco, mzinda wachitetezo womwe uli kumtunda kwa mapiri.
Kuyambira pamenepo, kukwera kunayamba kuvuta kwambiri, mayendedwe adawadutsa m'mapiri oyenda bwino ndi zigwa zakuya, zomwe, pamodzi ndi kukwezeka, zidapha imfa ya akapolo amtundu wina omwe Cortés adabweretsa kuchokera ku Antilles ndipo kunalibe. ankakonda kutentha koteroko. Iwo pamapeto pake anafika pamwamba pa phiri, lomwe adabatiza ngati Puerto del Nombre de Dios, komwe adatsikira. Adadutsa ku Ixhuacán, komwe adakumana ndi kuzizira koopsa komanso nkhanza zanthaka yaphulika; kenako adafika ku Malpaís, dera lozungulira phiri la Perote, kudutsa madera amchere kwambiri omwe adawatcha El Salado. Anthu a ku Spain adadabwa ndi chidwi cha madzi owawa omwe amapangidwa ndi mapiri omwe anaphulika, monga Alchichica; powoloka Xalapazco ndi Tepeyahualco, gulu lankhondo laku Spain, lituluka thukuta kwambiri, ludzu komanso kopanda njira, lidayamba kusowa mtendere. Atsogoleri aku Aztec adayankha mwachangu pempho lamphamvu la Cortés.
Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwenikweni kwa malo amchere adapeza anthu awiri ofunikira komwe amapangira chakudya ndikupumula kwakanthawi: Zautla, m'mbali mwa Mtsinje wa Apulco, ndi Ixtac Camastitlan. Kumeneko, monga m'matawuni ena, Cortés adalamulira kwa olamulira, m'malo mwa mfumu yake yakutali, kuti abweretse golide, yemwe adasinthana ndi mikanda yamagalasi ndi zinthu zina zopanda pake.
Gulu loyendetsa maulendo linali likuyandikira malire a nyumba ya Tlaxcala, pomwe Cortés adatumiza nthumwi ziwiri mwamtendere. A Tlaxcalans, omwe adapanga dziko la quadripartite, adapanga zisankho ku khonsolo, ndipo pomwe zokambirana zawo zidachedwa, aku Spain adapitilizabe kupita patsogolo; Atadutsa mpanda waukulu wamwala adakumana ndi Otomi ndi Tlaxcalans ku Tecuac, momwe adataya amuna ena. Kenako adapitilira ku Tzompantepec, komwe adalimbana ndi gulu lankhondo la Tlaxcala motsogozedwa ndi wamkulu wachinyamata Xicoténcatl, mwana wa wolamulira dzina lomweli. Pomaliza, gulu lankhondo laku Spain lidagonjetsa ndipo Xicoténcatl iye adapatsa mtendere kwa ogonjetsawo ndikuwatsogolera kupita ku Tizatlán, likulu lamphamvu panthawiyo. Cortés, podziwa chidani chakale pakati pa a Tlaxcalans ndi Aaztec, adawakopa ndi mawu okopa ndi malonjezo, ndikupangitsa a Tlaxcalans, kuyambira pamenepo, ogwirizana nawo mokhulupirika.
Njira yopita ku Mexico tsopano inali yolunjika kwambiri. Anzake atsopanowa adapempha anthu aku Spain kuti apite ku Cholula, likulu lofunika lazamalonda komanso lachipembedzo m'zigwa za Puebla. Atayandikira mzinda wotchuka, anali okondwa kwambiri, akuganiza kuti kuwala kwa nyumbazi kunali chifukwa chakuti anali wokutidwa ndi golide ndi siliva lamellae, pomwe kunali kupukuta kwa stuko ndi utoto zomwe zidapangitsa chinyengo.
Cortés, anachenjeza za chiwembu chomwe a Cholultecas amamuchitira, akulamula kuphedwa koopsa komwe a Tlaxcalans amatenga nawo mbali. Mbiri ya izi idafalikira mwachangu kudera lonselo ndikupatsa olandawo halo yoyipa.
Paulendo wawo wopita ku Tenochtitlan amadutsa ku Calpan ndikuima ku Tlamacas, pakati pa Sierra Nevada, mapiri ataphulika m'mbali; pamenepo Cortés adalingalira masomphenya okongola kwambiri m'moyo wake wonse: pansi pa chigwacho, atazunguliridwa ndi mapiri okutidwa ndi nkhalango, panali nyanja, zokhala ndi mizinda yambiri. Awa anali mathero ake ndipo palibe chomwe chingatsutsane kuti mukakomane naye tsopano.
Asitikali aku Spain atsikira mpaka kukafika ku Amecameca ndi Tlalmanalco; m'matawuni onse awiri a Cortés amalandira miyala yamtengo wapatali yagolide ndi zinthu zina zamtengo wapatali; pambuyo pake azungu adagwira m'mbali mwa Nyanja ya Chalco, padoko lotchedwa Ayotzingo; kuchokera kumeneko adayendera Tezompa ndi Tetelco, kuchokera komwe adawona chilumba cha Míxquic, ndikufika kudera la chinampera ku Cuitláhuac. Iwo adayandikira Iztapalapa pang'onopang'ono, komwe adalandiridwa ndi Cuitláhuac, mchimwene wake wa Moctezuma komanso mbuye wa malowo; ku Iztapalapa, komwe kunali pakati pa chinampas ndi phiri la Citlaltépetl, adakwaniritsa mphamvu zawo ndipo, kuphatikiza chuma chamtengo wapatali, amayi angapo adapatsidwa.
Pomaliza, pa Novembala 8, 1519, gulu lankhondo lotsogozedwa ndi Hernán Cortés lidadutsa mseu wa Iztapalapa m'chigawo chomwe chimayambira kum'mawa mpaka kumadzulo, mpaka mphambano ya gawo lina la msewu womwe udutsa Churubusco ndi Xochimilco, kuchokera pamenepo udadutsa panjira yomwe idachoka kumwera kupita kumpoto. Kutali ma piramidi ndi akachisi awo amatha kusiyanitsidwa, atakutidwa ndi utsi wama braziers; Kuyambira gawo ndi gawo, kuchokera pa mabwato awo, mbadwazo zidadabwitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe aku Mzungu ndipo, makamaka, ndi kulira kwa akavalo.
Ku Fort Xólotl, yomwe idateteza khomo lakumwera ku Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Cortés adalandiranso mphatso zosiyanasiyana. Moctezuma adawonekera pampando wanyansi, atavala mokongola komanso ali ndi ulemu; Pamsonkhano uwu pakati pa wolamulira wamba ndi kaputeni waku Spain, anthu awiri ndi zikhalidwe ziwiri adakumana pomaliza pake zomwe zingalimbitse nkhondo yayikulu.
Chitsime:Ndime za Mbiri No. 11 Hernán Cortés ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa Mexico / Meyi 2003
