Dziwani chodabwitsa ichi chomwe chili ku Ciudad Universitaria. Mudzadabwa ...
Ogonjetsa oyamba adadabwitsidwa pomwe adasilira munda wosangalatsa momwe Moctezuma II adalima mbewu zosiyanasiyana kuchokera kumadera otentha, adasonkhanitsa mwanzeru ndikusamalira magulu awiri ozungulira ku Oaxtepec, Morelos. Ichi sichinali chokhacho chokhacho chokhazikitsa munda wamaluwa m'nthawi ya Pre-Puerto Rico, popeza panali ena, monga womwe unakhazikitsidwa ndi Nezahualcóyotl ku Texcoco, kapena womwe unali gawo lofunikira kwambiri ku ukulu wa Mexico-Tenochtitlan.
Anthu okhala ku Spain asanakhaleko ku Spain adachita bwino kwambiri pakuwona, kudziwa ndi kugawa mbewu, makamaka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, cha anthu ndi nyama, ndi mankhwala kapena kukongola kwawo; anayesetsa kusonkhanitsa zopereka zabwino kwambiri komanso zosiyanasiyana kudzera mu malonda, zokambirana, kapena ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito gulu lankhondo.
Izi zikutanthauza thandizo lalikulu ku Europe, popeza mitundu yambiri idatumizidwa kuchokera ku America, ina mwa iyo idapeza kufunikira ndi miyambo ku Old Continent ndipo idakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe chake, kuphatikiza zaluso zophikira. Mwachitsanzo, kupanga chokoleti cha ku Europe sikukadatheka popanda koko, yotumizidwa kuchokera ku Mexico ndi Central America, komanso mbale zaku Italiya sizingakhale zomwe zilibe tomato wochokera ku South America. Komabe, sizinachitike mpaka pakati pa zaka za zana la 16 pomwe minda yoyamba yamaluwa idakhazikitsidwa m'maiko aku Europe, omwe apeza chitukuko chachikulu, mpaka atapanga zopereka zokongola zapadziko lonse lapansi, monga za Kew Garden, Royal Botanical Garden yaku England.
Mexico yamasiku ano yatengera kuyamikiridwa, kukonda komanso kudziwa za zomera, zomwe zimapezeka m'mapaki ndi minda, komanso m'makonde ndi makonde akumidzi. Kuphatikiza pa miyambo yotchuka, pali malo mumzinda waukulu wa Mexico City womwe ndi woyenera kutsatira miyambo yathu: Botanical Garden ya Institute of Biology ya UNAM, m'malo mwa University City, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Federal District.
Yakhazikitsidwa pa Januware 1, 1959 chifukwa chophatikizika kwa mapulojekiti awiri - imodzi yokonzedwa ndi katswiri wazamisala Dr. Faustino Miranda ndipo inayo ya Dr. Efrén del Pozo-, Botanical Garden idapeza zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala malo odabwitsa. Ili pakatikati pa Pedregal de San Ángel Ecological Reserve, malo omaliza omaliza a zamoyo za ku Senecionetum, mtundu wazakudya zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zidakula m'dera lino kuphulika kwa phiri la Xitle, pafupifupi zaka 2,250 zapitazo. ndipo yomwe ili ndi kufunika kwakukulu kwachilengedwe komanso kwachilengedwe, monga zikuwonekera ndi mitundu iwiri yopezeka-ndiye kuti, imakula kokha m'malo osungidwa-: orchid ndi cactus (Bletia urban ndi Mammillaria san-angelensis, motsatana). Izi zimapangitsa kuti Botanical Garden ikhale malo okongola okongola, paradaiso, malo obiriwira komanso kupumula komwe, mukangolowa, mutha kupuma mpweya wosiyana, woyera komanso watsopano.
Mundawu ndi woposa malo obiriwira okha; Kupyola pamenepo mutha kupangaulendo wosangalatsa komanso wophunzitsa, kusilira mitundu yayikulu yazomera zomwe zikuwonetsedwa; Kuphatikiza apo, bungweli limapereka maulendo owongoleredwa, zokambirana, misonkhano, owonera, maphunziro komanso makonsati akale; Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi chipinda chakuwonetsera kwakanthawi, shopu, malo oimikapo magalimoto ndi laibulale yokongola kwambiri, yotseguka kwa anthu onse, pomwe zidziwitso zazomera ndi ulimi wamaluwa zimapezeka; zonsezi zikuzunguliridwa ndi malo okongola achilengedwe.
Komabe, Munda sindiwo malo okha oyendamo ndikuphunzira; Mmenemo, magulu a ofufuza ochokera m'magulu osiyanasiyana amagwira ntchito: akatswiri azomera, akatswiri azachilengedwe, akatswiri azomera, akatswiri azachipatala komanso akatswiri azachikhalidwe, kuti athe kufalitsa zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, kapena zomwe zili zofunikira kwambiri, ndikupulumutsa chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha zitsamba ndi mankhwala azikhalidwe zamdziko lathu lalikulu.
Botanical Garden ili ndi malo awiri osiyana: Faustino Miranda Greenhouse, yomwe ili pasukulu, ndi munda wakunja, kumwera chakumadzulo, kuseri kwa Olympic State of Mexico ´68. Munda wakunja wakonzedwa m'malo osiyanasiyana malingana ndi zomera zomwe zimawonetsedwa, potero zimamvetsetsa malowo. Pali magawo owuma komanso owuma pang'ono, National Agavaceae Collection, Doctora Helia Bravo-Hollis Desert Garden, zomera kuchokera kudera lakutentha, kuchokera m'nkhalango yotentha kwambiri, malo azitsamba zothandiza komanso zamankhwala komanso malo osungira zachilengedwe.
Dera lachilengedwe komanso louma kwambiri ndilofunika kwambiri, popeza pafupifupi 70% yamadera amtunduwu ali ndi zomera zamtunduwu. Gawoli lidagawika tazilumba tazunguliridwa ndi timiyala tomwe timatsogolera pakupeza zitsanzo zokongola za magulu osiyanasiyana azomera omwe adasinthidwa kukhala madera ochepa mvula, monga ma yucca, ndi maluwa ake osangalatsa komanso onunkhira, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika mbale zokongola; cacti, yochokera ku America kokha, imatiwonetsa mitundu yawo yosangalatsa, mitundu, maluwa okongola komanso mphamvu zakuchipatala ndi zamankhwala; ndi National Collection of Agaváceas, omwe oimira odziwika bwino amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakumwa ziwiri zodziwika bwino zaku Mexico: pulque ndi tequila, ngakhale pali mitundu ina yambiri m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Dera Lachipululu Dr. Helia Bravo-Hollis akuyenera kusamalidwa mwapadera, gulu labwino kwambiri la cacti lomwe limalandira dzina la m'modzi mwa omwe adakhazikitsa Munda wamaluwa komanso wogwirizira wokangalika mpaka pano, komwe tili ndi ngongole, limodzi ndi Dr. Hernando Sánchez, ntchito yabwino kwambiri The Cactaceae of Mexico; Gawoli lidapangidwa mogwirizana ndi boma la Japan, monga chitsanzo chosinthana ndi mayiko akunja. Gulu lofananalo lilipo mumzinda wa Sendai, 300 km kumpoto kwa Tokyo, Japan.
Mwina malo ochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi omwe amakhala otentha, omwe amaimiridwa ndi arboretum (kutanthauza "kusonkhanitsa mitengo yamoyo"), yomwe idayamba mchaka cha 1962. Lero lili ndi zitsanzo zazitali kwambiri zazitali kwambiri, zamasamba ndi masamba; polowa mmenemo, amadzetsa kumverera kwamtendere, mgwirizano ndi ulemu; Titha kusangalala kulingalira za mitengo ikuluikulu yamapiri, yomwe ku Mexico ndiyofunika kwambiri, osati chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe timapeza kwa iwo, koma chifukwa dzikolo lili ndi pafupifupi 40% yamitundu yapadziko lonse lapansi. Titha kuwonanso ma cypress, oyameles, sweetgum, mabingu - omwe ngakhale sanachokere ku Mexico, ali kale mbali ya maluwa athu, komanso mitundu ina yambiri yomwe ili ndi malo akulu pomwe mutha kupuma fungo la m'nkhalango, mverani nyimbo ya mbalame ndikumverera mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe.
Kutolere kwa mbewu zam'malo otentha kumagawidwa pakati pa Faustino Miranda Greenhouse ndi Manuel Ruiz Oronoz Greenhouse. Yotsirizira, yomwe mwayi wawo umapezeka ndi arboretum, idamangidwa mu 1966 ndi cholinga chokhala ndi mitundu yazomera zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalango zotentha. Mmenemo titha kupeza mitengo ya kanjedza, fern ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana, piñanonas, orchids, mitengo ya ceiba ndi mitundu ina yambiri, yopangidwa ndi malo osangalatsa kwambiri a masitepe, minda ndi miyala. Mukuya tikupeza dziwe lokhala ndi phanga laling'ono; phokoso lamadontho akugwa, kuphatikiza kutentha ndi chinyezi kumatipangitsa kumva kuti tili mkati mwa nkhalango yotentha komanso yamvula… mkatikati mwa Mexico City!
Zomera sizimangokhala ndi ntchito yotisangalatsa ife ndi mawonekedwe ake okongola komanso maluwa amitundu yosiyanasiyana onunkhira bwino; Ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa zimakhala zofunikira pakukonzanso chilengedwe, makamaka m'mizinda; koma kuwonjezera apo, timapeza zinthu zambiri kuchokera kwa iwo zomwe zimatilola kuti tikhale ndi moyo komanso, kuwonjezera apo, zimapangitsa miyoyo yathu kukhala yabwino. Pachifukwa ichi, pali malo akulu omwe adadzipereka kuti atiwonetse mbewu zina zogwiritsira ntchito, monga chakudya, zonunkhira, zomata, ulusi wachilengedwe ndi zokongoletsera, pakati pa ena.
Tchulani mwapadera za gawo lazomera, lomwe lili ndi mitundu yambiri yazitsanzo, osati kuyambira pano, komanso kuyambira kugonjetsako. Pankhaniyi, Botanical Garden yakhala ikuchita zopulumutsa kwazaka zambiri kwachikhalidwe chambiri chazitsamba m'malo ambiri mdziko lathu, chifukwa chake malowa akuimira zitsanzo zabwino za mitundu yazomera yomwe ili ndi mankhwala.
Botanical Garden yakhala ikugwira ntchito yofunikira kwa zaka zopitilira makumi atatu yophunzitsa ndikufalitsa chidziwitso chazachilengedwe; Kuphatikiza apo, imagwira ntchito yasayansi kuti ipeze mbewu zatsopano zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito komanso kupulumutsa miyambo yazitsamba yamtengo wapatali. Mwachidule, ikuyimira malo osangalalira athanzi, olimbikitsidwa kwambiri kwa ife omwe tikukhala mumzinda wokhala ndi anthu ambiri padziko lapansi.
GREENHOUSE FAUSTINO MIRANDA
M'dera la sukulu ya Ciudad Universitaria pali nyumba yomwe kuchokera kunja imawoneka ngati dome lalikulu lokhala ndi denga lowala, lokhala ndi mitengo komanso minda yabwino kwambiri. Ndi Faustino Miranda Wowonjezera kutentha, wa Botanical Garden ya Institute of Biology ya National Autonomous University of Mexico.
Wowonjezera wowonjezera kutentha wa 835 m2, wopangidwa ndikumangidwa mu 1959, adamangidwa ndi chiwonetsero chachikulu pamwamba pa dzenje lachilengedwe, chotulukapo chogawa mosiyanasiyana kwa thanthwe laphalaphala kuchokera ku kuphulika kwa Xitle, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pakugawana wowonjezera kutentha. Koma dzenje limeneli silinali lokwanira kukwaniritsa nyengo yotentha yotentha; Pachifukwa ichi, kunali koyenera kupanga chitsulo chachikulu chowoneka ngati chitsulo komanso fiberglass yomwe imakuta dziko lonse lapansi, ndipo imafika, pamtunda wokwanira, mita 16, osagwiritsa ntchito chilichonse kupatula makoma. Pokhala ndi denga lomwe limalola kudutsa kwa kuwala ndikuletsa kutenthedwa kwa kutentha, ndizotheka kukhalabe ndi kutentha kwambiri kuposa kunja, osasinthasintha pang'ono pakati pa usana ndi usiku, komanso chinyezi choyenera cha mbewu zotentha chimasungidwa .
The Faustino Mirada Greenhouse yatchulidwa ndi m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa ndi director woyamba wa UNAM Botanical Garden. Wobadwira ku Gijon, Spain, atapeza digiri ya Natural Sciences ku Central University of Madrid, adapita ku Mexico ku 1939, chifukwa cha nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Spain, ndipo nthawi yomweyo adayamba nawo kafukufuku ku Institute of Biology.
Ntchito yake yayikulu yasayansi, yoposa maudindo makumi asanu, yaunikira kwambiri chidziwitso cha zomera zathu, popeza adagwira ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana ku Republic, monga Chiapas, Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca, Yucatán, Nuevo León, Zacatecas ndi San Luis Potosí, pakati pa ena. Kafukufuku wake wamkulu kwambiri adayang'ana madera otentha ku Mexico, makamaka ku Lacandon Jungle.
Chidwi chake chachikulu pazomera ndi malo awo okhala mdziko lathu chidalumikizidwa mu Dimba la Botanical, makamaka mu wowonjezera kutentha, malo ophunzirira ndikusamalira chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri, komanso zomwe zasinthidwa kwambiri: nkhalango yotentha.
Chifukwa cha chinyezi chambiri komanso kutentha, komwe sikumagwera pansi pa 18 ° C, nkhalango yobiriwira nthawi zonse ndi yolemera kwambiri padziko lapansi pazachilengedwe, popeza ili ndi 40% yamitundu yonse yodziwika; komabe, akhala akuwadyera zopanda nzeru. Masiku ano mitengo ya nkhalango yamitengo ndi mahekitala 10 miliyoni pachaka, ndiye kuti hekitala imodzi imawonongedwa pamasekondi atatu aliwonse padziko lapansi! Akuyerekeza kuti mzaka makumi anayi sipadzakhala malo ofunikira azachilengedwe, komanso zachilengedwe zokhazokha zitha kutayika, komanso mpweya wabwino wamlengalenga udzaika pachiwopsezo, popeza nkhalango imakhala ngati wopanga oxygen wamkulu komanso wokhometsa dioksidi kaboni.
Kwa zaka zingapo zapitazi, ku Mexico tawona momwe madera akuluakulu a nkhalango ndi nkhalango awonongedwa nkhalango.
Chifukwa cha izi, Faustino Miranda Wowonjezera kutentha amatenga gawo lofunikira pokhala malo osungira zitsanzo za dziko labwino kwambiri m'nkhalango, komanso kukhala mbali yantchito yoyang'anira ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, zomwe zili ndi kuthekera kwachuma komanso mankhwala. , chakudya, ndi zina.
Mukamalowa mu Greenhouse wina amamva kudziko lina, popeza mbewu zomwe zimamera pamenepo sizimawoneka kumapiri: mitengo ya ceiba, mitengo ya khofi, ferns 10 m kutalika kapena mawonekedwe osayerekezeka, kukwera zomera ndipo, mwadzidzidzi, dziwe lokongola lomwe lili ndi masamba am'madzi, komanso nsapato za akavalo ndi ndere.
Ndikothekanso kuyendera njira zingapo; njira yayikulu imatitsogolera ku gulu lokongola lazomera zam'malo otentha; kudzera mwa sekondale timalowa mu zomera pamwamba pamiyala ya lava, timawona cicadas ndi mtedza wa paini, mitengo ya kanjedza ndi ma liana. Pafupifupi kumapeto kwa njirayi, pamtunda pali gawo limodzi la ma orchids, omwe, chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mopitilira muyeso chifukwa cha mitengo yokwera yomwe amafika pamsika wosaloledwa, akusowa mwachangu m'malo awo achilengedwe.
Gwero: Mexico Yosadziwika No. 250 / Disembala 1997
