M'munda wa mbiriyakale yapadziko lonse yamadera aku Spain ku America, gawo lotsogola lomwe, kuyambira pachiyambi, madera aku Mexico ku New Spain adapeza mogwirizana ndi Asia ndikodziwika bwino.
M'munda wa mbiriyakale yapadziko lonse yamadera aku Spain ku America, gawo lotsogola lomwe, kuyambira pachiyambi, madera aku Mexico ku New Spain adapeza mogwirizana ndi Asia ndikodziwika bwino.
Poterepa, kuyankhula za Acapulco ngati likulu la America ku traffic ku Asia sikokokomeza, ngakhale kuti sitima yomwe idachokera ku Philippines idagwa mosaloledwa m'madoko ena paulendo wake wapanyanja kuchokera ku Alta California.
Zachidziwikire, Acapulco inali doko lachiwiri lofunikira kwambiri ku viceroyalty ku Mexico ndipo ngati malo abwino idakwaniritsa ntchito ziwiri, pokhala doko lomaliza lamalonda aku Pacific ku America komanso kulumikizana molunjika ndi Philippines, popeza galeon yomwe idadutsa kuzilumbazi inali mgwirizano wamitundu yonse yolumikizirana pakati pa Europe-New Spain-Asia. Chifukwa chake, kulongosola kwina ndikofunikira kuti timveketse bwino mbiri yakale ya Acapulco.
Choyamba chimakhudza kudziwika kwa doko ngati malo okhawo ovomerezeka ku America paulendo womaliza wa Manila Galleon, chifukwa mu Okutobala 1565 Andrés de Urdaneta adafika ku Acapulco atapeza mphepo yabwino yomwe idathandizira ulendo wa abwerera kuchokera ku Manila kupita ku New Spain, ngakhale zili zosangalatsa kudziwa kuti mpaka 1573 ndi pomwe adasankhidwa kukhala malo okhawo ovomerezeka kuti agulitse ndi Asia, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ochita nawo malonda aku New-Puerto Rico pamalonda aku Pacific, omwe amawopa kuti nkhanizo Anthu aku Asia sangafunike kwambiri madera.
KUWERENGA KWA ACAPULCO
M'mbuyomu, mwayi woperekedwa ndi madoko ena a New Spain omwe akuyang'ana Pacific, monga Huatulco, La Navidad, Tehuantepec ndi Las Salinas, anali atayeza. Komabe, pankhondoyi padutsa Acapulco pazifukwa zingapo.
Kuchokera pamenepo njira yoyendera inali yayifupi, yochitidwa komanso yodziwika kuyambira pomwe dziko la Philippines lidagonjetsa Philippines komanso kufunafuna kubwerera ku New Spain; chifukwa choyandikira ku Mexico City, popeza zonse zomwe zimayambira ku Asia komanso makina oyang'anira zimayenda mwachangu, ndikuthandizira kulumikizana ndi Veracruz; Chitetezo cha malowa, mphamvu zake zazikulu komanso malonda ake ndi madoko ena aku Central ndi South America monga Realejo, Sonsonate ndi Callao; Mofananamo, malowa adayikidwiratu m'chilengedwe, chomwe chimapereka zinthu kuchokera kumadera akutali (Mexico, Puebla ndi Veracruz) kuti zithandizire sitimayo, kukonza galeon, kupezeka kwa doko ndi zomwe anapempha Kazembe Wamkulu waku Philippines kuti kukhalabe aku Spain ku Asia; pomaliza, mwina chifukwa china chinali cholumikizidwa ndi lingaliro loti Acapulco anali "wabwino kwambiri komanso wotetezeka padziko lonse lapansi"; Komabe, inali "doko lalikulu lamalonda" pomwe galeon yochokera ku Asia idalowa, ndikutsegulidwa kwa Acapulco Fair kudayamba posachedwa.
Mwakutero, kuti asagwire ntchito zopanda pake, ziyenera kudziwika kuti Acapulco sinali malo okonzera zombo, koma mabwato adabwezeretsedwamo, ku Manzanillo Beach, nthawi zina zombozo zidatumizidwa ku El Realejo (Nicaragua) komanso kwa zaka zana XVIII amatchulidwanso ku San Blas.
Ntchito yomanga zida zonyamula Pacific zamphamvu idapangidwa ku Philippines, pogwiritsa ntchito nkhalango zosagwirizana zomwe zidachokera, zomwe zidakokedwa kuchokera mkatikati mwa nkhalango kupita padoko la Cavite, komwe nzika zaku Malawi zolimbikira zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri ndi mapulaneti. Zinthu zomwe zidatumizidwa ku Manila kuchokera ku Southeast Asia zidafika kwa iye; Nthawi yomweyo, zopangidwa ku Europe zomwe, malinga ndi nthawiyo, zimachokera ku Seville ndi Cádiz, komwe adaonjezerako chikondwerero cha pachaka cha Acapulco Fair, komwe amalonda adagula. wa malonda ambiri aku Asia. Pachifukwachi, inali malo oyenera kuti awukiridwe ndi "adani" a korona, monga achifwamba amatchedwa m'masiku atsamunda; chifukwa chake, woyang'anira nthawi zonse woyang'anira kuteteza doko anali wofunikira.
Panali njira ziwiri zofunika. Yoyamba inali yotchedwa "sitima yochenjeza", yotsekedwa (yotumizidwa) koyamba kuchokera ku Acapulco mu 1594 poyambitsa Consulate of Mexico City, chifukwa cholandidwa kwa Galleon Santa Ana mu 1587 ku Cabo San Lucas ndi Ndi Thomas Cavendish. Cholinga cha bwato laling'ono ili, monga dzina lake limatanthawuzira, kuchenjeza galeon yomwe imabwera kuchokera ku Philippines za kuyandikira kwa "adani", kuti sitimayo ipewe kuukira komwe kungachitike; Iyeneranso kusamalira mayendedwe apadoko. Njira yachiwiri yodzitchinjiriza inali nyumba yachifumu ya San Diego, yomwe ntchito yake sinamangidwe mwachangu, ndipo mwazifukwa zina zomwe zitha kufotokozera kuchedwa kumangidwa kwake ndikuti koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 17 linga silinali lofunika kwambiri ku Pacific Ocean.
Pamwambapa njira zodzitchinjiriza, kufunsira asitikali kuti ateteze ma galle kunapambana, chifukwa kunkaganiziridwa kuti kutalika, umbuli ndiulendo woyipa kuchokera ku Europe kupita ku Pacific Ocean zitha kupangitsa kuti doko la Acapulco likhale kutali ndi ziwonetsero zakunja.
Kwa nthawi yomwe njira zodzitchinjiriza za Acapulco zinali zakanthawi, zimangokhala ndi ngalande zopangika bwino komanso redoubt yofanana ndi linga lakale.
NYUMBA YA SAN DIEGO NDI MA PIRATES
Koma zomwe zidachitikazo zidapitilira malingaliro a olamulira atsopano aku Spain, chifukwa mu Okutobala 1615 Voris van Spielbergen adalowa mu Bay of Acapulco, ali ndi ubale wosazolowereka, popeza Dutchman, wopanda chakudya, adatha kusinthana akaidi aku Spain omwe adanyamula Ndimapeza chakudya chatsopano. Kwa nthawi yomwe njira zodzitchinjiriza za Acapulco zinali zakanthawi, zimangokhala ndi ngalande zopangika bwino komanso redoubt yofanana ndi linga lakale.
Zowonadi, chisokonezo chachikulu chomwe chidabwera chifukwa cha kubwera kwa "adani" Achiprotestanti ndi kugwidwa kwa gulu lina lankhondo kunayambitsa chiyambi chofunikira pakufunika kwa linga la San Diego, chifukwa chake, wolowa m'malo wa New Spain, Marqués de Guadalcázar , adalamula kuti pakhale chikhazikitso china kwa mainjiniya a Adrián Boot, omwe anali pantchito panthawiyo ku ngalande ku Mexico City. Komabe, Boot adakana pempholi chifukwa chakuchepa kwake komanso kuchepa kwake, pachifukwa ichi adatumiza projekiti yolimba yomwe inali ndi magulu ankhondo asanu, ndiye kuti nsanja zisanu zomwe zidalumikizidwa ndi ziwonetsero zimabweretsa mawonekedwe apakati.
Tsoka ilo lingaliro ili lidakambiranidwabe pamsonkhano womwe udachitika pa Disembala 4, 1615 kuti ayesere kukwaniritsa mgwirizano, akuumirira kuti ungachitike. Bajeti yomanga nyumbayi idayerekezeredwa kuti ndi 100,000 pesos, pomwe kuchuluka kwawo kumayenera kuperekedwa kuti apite kukafanana ndi El Morro, phiri pomwe linga limamangidwa.
Kumayambiriro kwa 1616 ntchito zomanga nyumbayi zinali zisadayambebe, pomwepo nkhani zatsopano zomwe zidabweretsedwa ku New Spain zidadziwitsa zakupezeka kwa zombo zisanu zomwe zimayesa kuwoloka Strait of Magellan. Apanso chitetezo cha doko chidasinthidwa kukhala choyambirira, popeza mavuto omwe adakumana nawo zaka zapitazo sayenera kukhala zochitika mobwerezabwereza. Kuda nkhawa konseku kunapangitsa kuti lingaliro la Boot livomerezedwe ndi lamulo lachifumu la Meyi 25, 1616.
Ntchito yomanga nyumba yachifumu ku San Diego idayamba kumapeto kwa 1616 mpaka Epulo 15, 1617. Khomalo latsopanoli linali ndi ntchito imodzi, yopewera ziwombankhanga padoko. Nyumbayi inali yodziwika, poyamba, chifukwa chokhala "chipinda choyambirira chosakhala chokhazikika pamtunda, komanso chodziwika ndi magulu ankhondo m'malo mwa zipilala. Anali ndi ma bonnet asanu ndipo mawonekedwe ake anali kutali ndi masiku onse ”. Chivomerezi cha 1776 chinawononga kwambiri mpandawo, chifukwa chake dongosololi lidakonzedwanso ndikumaliza mu 1783.
Zowonadi, zolowa mdani zidawononga ndalama zochulukirapo pankhondo, kotero Spielbergen atachoka ku Acapulco, wolowa m'malo ku New Spain adawerengetsa msonkho wapadera wa 2% pazogulitsa zonse zomwe zidalowa padoko, kotero Pamene "ntchito ya gulu la Acapulco idakhazikitsidwa, gawo limodzi lokha limapatsidwa mlandu chifukwa chomangirira malonda aku Philippines osati kwakanthawi pomwe ntchitoyi imatha".
Zikuwonekeratu kuti olamulira achi Mexico, ndi Acapulco, anali pakatikati pa malowa. Ma galleti adanyamuka ulendo wopita ku Philippines kumapeto kwa Marichi kukafika ku Manila patatha miyezi itatu ngati kuyenda bwino, ndi mphepo yabwino, osagunda sitima yapamadzi iliyonse, osamira kapena kugwera pansi osatayika. Kubwerera ku New Spain kunali kovuta kwambiri ndipo kunatenga nthawi yayitali, pakati pa miyezi 7 ndi 8, chifukwa sitimayo inali yodzaza ndi katundu wovomerezeka komanso zoletsa wamba, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuyenda mwachangu. Anangula nawonso adakwezedwa kuchokera ku Manila mu Marichi kuti agwirizane ndi ma prows kupita ku America, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphepo zomwe zidalipo ku Southeast Asia, mvula, sitimayo idatenga masiku 30 mpaka 60 ikudutsa Nyanja ya Philippine Inland kukafika ku Strait of San Bernardino (pakati pa Luzón ndi Samar), kuti akwaniritse kufanana kwa Japan, ndikupita ku New Spain, mpaka kukafika ku Alta California, komwe adadutsa gombe la Pacific kuti akalowe ku Acapulco.
Katundu, ANTHU NDI Zikhalidwe
Mwachidule, ndizodziwika bwino kuti zombo zochokera ku Philippines zidanyamula gulu la katundu lomwe linali lofunika kwambiri ku America: silika, zaluso ndi zokongoletsa, mipando, marquetry, dongo, dothi, nsalu za thonje, storages, sera, golide, ndi zina zambiri. etc. Omwe amatchedwa "Amwenye achi China", akapolo ndi antchito ochokera ku Asia nawonso adafika ku Port of Acapulco; ndi mawonetseredwe azikhalidwe, zina zomwe pakadali pano ndi miyambo yaku Mexico ndikulimbana ndi tambala waku India, dzina la zakumwa monga Tuba, waku Philippines, yemwe dzina lake likadali ku Acapulco ndi Colima, ndi mawu ngati Parián, anali malo opita ku Philippines kuti anthu achi China azikhala ndi kugulitsa.
Zolemba, mtovu, siliva, ma jekete, vinyo, viniga, ndi zina zambiri zidakwezedwa m'mabwalo a Acapulco kuti akwaniritse zosowa za anthu wamba aku Spain, achipembedzo komanso ankhondo okhala ku Asia; Asitikali nawonso adayenda, omwe mwa iwo adatsutsidwa ndikuimbidwa milandu yosiyanasiyana monga kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, uhule ndi ufiti, omwe adateteza koloni yaku Asia kuzilonda zaku Dutch, English, Japan ndi Muslim pazilumba za Mindanao ndi Joló; Momwemonso, zombozi zinali ndi makalata pakati pa peninsular, New Spain ndi akuluakulu aku Philippines.
M'malo mwake, ubale wosangalatsa, wokonda chidwi komanso wobala zipatso ku Europe-New Spain-Asia zidatheka chifukwa cha zombo zomwe zidalima m'nyanja yayikulu kuchokera kumapeto ena a Pacific Ocean kupita mbali inayo, ndi Acapulco ndi Manila ngati madoko omaliza a dera. kulumikizana momasuka komanso molunjika padziko lonse lapansi kwa ufumu wamphamvu waku Spain panthawiyo.
Source: Mexico mu Time # 25 Julayi / Ogasiti 1998
