Kodi mukudziwa momwe makina osindikizira oyamba adakhazikitsidwa ku Mexico? Kodi mukudziwa Juan Pablos? Dziwani zambiri za munthu wofunikirayu ndi ntchito yake yosindikiza.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa makina osindikizira ku Mexico kunatanthauza ntchito yofunikira komanso yofunikira pakufalitsa malingaliro achikhristu akumadzulo. Adafuna kulumikizana kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zikukonzekera cholinga chofananira: kuganizira tanthauzo la chiwopsezo chokhala ndi nthawi yayitali ndikuthana ndi kukhazikika ndikutsimikiza zovuta zina zingapo. Monga anthu apakati, othandizira ndi olimbikitsa makina osindikizira mdziko lathu, tili ndi Fray Juan de Zumárraga, bishopu woyamba waku Mexico ndi Don Antonio de Mendoza, wolowa m'malo woyamba ku New Spain.
Omwe adasewera pakampaniyi ndi Juan Cromberger, wosindikiza waku Germany yemwe adakhazikitsidwa ku Seville, yemwe ali ndi nyumba yotchuka yosindikiza yomwe ili ndi likulu kuti akhazikitse kampani ku New Spain, ndi Juan Pablos, wogwira ntchito pamsonkhano wa Cromberger, yemwe anali wolemba kapena wolemba makalata Kuchokera pachikombole, anali ndi chidaliro kuti apeza makina osindikizira, ndipo adakondweretsanso kapena kukopeka ndi lingaliro losamukira ku kontrakitala yatsopano kuti akakhazikitse msonkhano wa omwe adamulemba ntchito. Mofananamo, adalandira contract yazaka khumi, gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu amapeza kuchokera kuntchito yake ndi ntchito za mkazi wake, atachotsa ndalama zoyendetsera ndikukhazikitsa makina osindikizira ku Mexico City.
Juan Pablos adalandira ma maravedi okwanira 120,000 kuchokera kwa Juan Cromberger kuti agule makina osindikizira, inki, mapepala ndi zida zina, komanso ndalama zoyendera ulendowu zomwe angachite ndi mkazi wake komanso anzawo ena awiri. Mtengo wokwanira pakampaniyo unali ma maravedís 195,000, kapena madepisi 520. Juan Pablos, wochokera ku Italiya yemwe dzina lake, Giovanni Paoli, yemwe timamudziwa kale m'Chisipanishi, adafika ku Mexico City limodzi ndi mkazi wake Gerónima Gutiérrez, pakati pa Seputembara ndi Okutobala 1539. Gil Barbero, wosindikiza komanso wogulitsa kapolo wakuda.
Mothandizidwa ndi omwe amamuthandiza, Juan Pablos adakhazikitsa msonkhano wa "Casa de Juan Cromberger" ku Casa de las Campanas, ya Bishop Zumárraga, yomwe ili pakona yakumwera chakumadzulo kwa misewu ya Moneda ndikutseka ku Santa Teresa la Antigua, yomwe ili ndi chilolezo lero Zowona, pamaso pa mtsogoleri wakale wa bishopu wamkulu. Msonkhanowu udatsegula zitseko zake mu Epulo 1540, Gerónima Gutiérrez pokhala wolamulira wanyumbayo osabweretsa malipiro, koma kukonza.
Kampani ya Cromberger
Anali Viceroy Mendoza amene anapatsa Juan Cromberger mwayi wapadera wokhala ndi makina osindikizira ku Mexico ndikubweretsa mabuku kuchokera ku magulu onse ndi sayansi; kulipira kwa ziwonetserozo kumangokhala kotala la siliva pa pepala, ndiye kuti, ma 8tivedís a 8.5 pa pepala lililonse ndi magawo zana a phindu m'mabuku omwe ndimabweretsa kuchokera ku Spain. Mwayi umenewu mosakayikira unayankha malinga ndi zomwe a Cromberger omwe, kuphatikiza pa kukhala waluso wogulitsa mabuku, anali ndi chidwi ndi migodi ku Sultepec, mogwirizana ndi Ajeremani ena, kuyambira 1535. Juan Cromberger adamwalira pa Seputembara 8, 1540, pafupifupi chaka chimodzi nditayamba bizinesi yosindikiza.
Olowa m'malo mwake adalandira kwa mfumu chitsimikiziro cha zomwe adagwirizana ndi Mendoza kwazaka khumi, ndipo satifiketi idasainidwa ku Talavera pa February 2, 1542. Patangopita masiku ochepa, pa 17 mwezi womwewo ndi chaka chomwecho, khonsolo ya Mexico City idapatsa Juan Pablos ulemu woyandikana naye, ndipo pa Meyi 8, 1543 adapeza malo oti amange nyumba yake mdera la San Pablo, mumsewu womwe udalunjika molunjika ku San Pablo, kuseri kwa chipatala cha Utatu. Izi zimatsimikizira kufunitsitsa kwa Juan Pablos kuti akhazikike ndikukhalabe ku Mexico ngakhale kuti bizinesi yosindikiza idalibe chitukuko, popeza panali mgwirizano ndi mwayi wapadera womwe udabweretsa zovuta ndikulepheretsa kuchita bwino. chofunikira pakukula kwa kampani. Juan Pablos iyemwini adadandaula pachikumbutso chomwe adalembera a viceroy kuti anali wosauka komanso wopanda ofesi, ndikuti adadzichirikiza chifukwa cha zandalama zomwe adalandira.
Zikuwoneka kuti bizinesi yosindikiza sinakwaniritse ziyembekezo za a Cromberger ngakhale zinthu zinali bwino. Mendoza, ndi cholinga chothandizira kuti makina osindikizira akhale okhazikika, adapereka ndalama zochulukirapo kuti alimbikitse chidwi cha olowa m'malo osindikiza nyumbayi posamalira malo ogwirira ntchito a abambo ake ku Mexico. Pa Juni 7, 1542, adalandira malo okwera pamahatchi okolola mbewu ndi malo owetera ng'ombe ku Sultepec. Chaka chotsatira (June 8, 1543) adakondedwanso ndi malo awiri amphero kuti apere ndi kusungunula chitsulo pamtsinje wa Tascaltitlán, mchere wochokera ku Sultepec.
Komabe, ngakhale anali ndi mwayi komanso mabungwewa, banja la a Cromberger silinatumize makina osindikizira monga oyang'anira amayembekezera; onse awiri a Zumárraga ndi a Mendoza, komanso Audiencia yaku Mexico, adadandaula kwa mfumuyo posagwiritsa ntchito zida zofunika kusindikiza, mapepala ndi inki, komanso kutumiza mabuku. Mu 1545 adapempha mfumuyo kuti ikakamize kuti banja la a Cromberger likwaniritse izi chifukwa cha mwayi womwe adapatsidwa kale. Makina osindikizira oyamba omwe adatchedwa "Nyumba ya Juan Cromberger" adakhalapo mpaka 1548, ngakhale kuyambira 1546 adaleka kuwoneka choncho. Juan Pablos adasindikiza mabuku ndi timapepala, tambiri tachipembedzo, pomwe mayina asanu ndi atatu amadziwika kuti adapangidwa mu nthawi ya 1539-44, ndi enanso asanu ndi limodzi pakati pa 1546 ndi 1548.
Mwina zodandaula ndi kukakamizidwa motsutsana ndi a Cromberger zidakomera kusamutsira atolankhani ku Juan Pablos. Mwiniwake wa izi kuyambira 1548, ngakhale anali ndi ngongole zazikulu chifukwa chazovuta zomwe kugulitsa kunachitika, adalandira kwa Viceroy Mendoza kukhazikitsidwa kwa mwayi womwe adapatsidwa kwa eni ake akale ndipo pambuyo pake a Don Luis de Velasco, woloŵa m'malo mwake.
Mwanjira imeneyi adasangalalanso ndi chilolezo chokhacho mpaka Ogasiti 1559. Dzinalo la Juan Pablos ngati wosindikiza limapezeka koyamba mu Chiphunzitso Chachikhristu m'zilankhulo zaku Spain ndi Mexico, lomaliza pa Januware 17, 1548. Nthawi zina adawonjezeranso za komwe adachokera kapena komwe adachokera: "lumbardo" kapena "bricense" popeza anali mbadwa ya Brescia, Lombardy.
Zinthu pamsonkhanowu zidayamba kusintha cha m'ma 1550 pomwe msindikiza wathu adalandira ngongole ya madola 500 agolide. Anapempha Baltasar Gabiano, wobwereketsa ndalama zake ku Seville, ndi a Juan López, oyandikana nawo achiwawa ochokera ku Mexico omwe amapita ku Spain, kuti amupeze anthu atatu, osindikiza, kuti azigulitsa ku Mexico.
Mu Seputembala chaka chomwecho, ku Seville, mgwirizano udapangidwa ndi Tomé Rico, wopanga makina osindikizira), Juan Muñoz wolemba nyimbo (wolemba) ndi Antonio de Espinoza, yemwe adayambitsa kalata yemwe angatenge Diego de Montoya ngati wothandizira, ngati onse atasamukira ku Mexico ndikugwira ntchito yosindikiza ya Juan Pablos kwa zaka zitatu, zomwe zimawerengedwa kuchokera pakubwera kwake ku Veracruz. Adzapatsidwa gawo komanso chakudya chapaulendo wawo wanyanja ndi kavalo kuti asamukire ku Mexico City.
Amakhulupirira kuti afika kumapeto kwa 1551; komabe, mpaka 1553 pomwe shopuyo inkapanga ntchitoyi pafupipafupi. Kukhalapo kwa Antonio de Espinosa kudawonekera pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe achiroma komanso otukwana ndi matabwa atsopano, kukwaniritsa ndi njira izi kuthana ndi kalembedwe ndi kalembedwe m'mabuku ndi zosindikizidwa tsiku lomwelo lisanafike.
Kuyambira gawo loyambirira la makina osindikizira omwe ali ndi dzina loti "kunyumba ya Cromberger" titha kunena izi: Mwachidule komanso mokhulupirika chiphunzitso chachikhristu mchilankhulo cha Mexico ndi Spain chomwe chili ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakukhulupirira kwathu koyera kwa Katolika kuti mugwiritse ntchito Amwenye achilengedwe awa ndi chipulumutso cha miyoyo yawo.
Amakhulupirira kuti iyi inali ntchito yoyamba kusindikizidwa ku Mexico, buku la Adult Manual lomwe masamba ake atatu omaliza amadziwika, lolembedwa mu 1540 ndikulamulidwa ndi gulu lazipembedzo la 1539, ndi The Relationship of the earthquake oopsa yomwe yachitikanso mu Guatemala City yofalitsidwa mu 1541.
Izi zidatsatidwa mu 1544 ndi Chiphunzitso Chachidule cha 1543 cholingidwira aliyense; wachitatu wa Juan Gerson yemwe ndikulongosola kwa chiphunzitso pamalamulo ndi kuvomereza, ndipo ali ndi chowonjezera luso lakufa bwino; Msonkhano wachidule womwe umafotokoza momwe maulendowo adzagwiritsire ntchito, wopangidwa kuti akalimbikitse zoletsa zovina zonyansa ndikukondwerera zikondwerero zachipembedzo, ndi Chiphunzitso cha Fray Pedro de Córdoba, cholunjika kwa amwenye okha.
Buku lomaliza lomwe linapangidwa ndi dzina la Cromberger, ngati nyumba yosindikizira, linali Chiphunzitso Chachidule cha Christian Alay de Molina, cha 1546. Mabuku awiri omwe adasindikizidwa popanda dzina la osindikiza, anali Chiphunzitso chachikhristu chowona kwambiri kwa anthu opanda erudition ndi makalata (Disembala 1546) ndi lalifupi Christian Rule kuti alamulire moyo ndi nthawi ya Mkhristu (mu 1547). Kusintha kumeneku pakati pa msonkhano wina ndi winayo: Cromberger-Juan Pablos, mwina chifukwa cha zokambirana zoyambirira kusamvana kapena kusakwaniritsidwa kwa mgwirizano womwe udakhazikitsidwa pakati pa zipani.
Juan Pablos, Gutenberg waku America
Mu 1548 Juan Pablos adafalitsa Malamulo ndikuphatikiza malamulo, pogwiritsa ntchito zida za Emperor Charles V pachikuto komanso m'mabaibulo osiyanasiyana a chiphunzitso chachikhristu, zida zankhondo zaku Dominican. M'mabuku onse a 1553, Juan Pablos adatsata kugwiritsa ntchito kalata ya Gothic komanso zolemba zazikulu pamakalata, zomwe zidafanana ndi mabuku aku Spain kuyambira nthawi yomweyo.
Gawo lachiwiri la Juan Pablos, wokhala ndi Espinosa pambali pake (1553-1560) linali lalifupi komanso lotukuka, ndipo chifukwa chake linabweretsa mkangano wokhudzana ndi kukhala ndi makina osindikizira okha ku Mexico. Kale mu Okutobala 1558, mfumuyo idapatsa Espinosa, pamodzi ndi oyang'anira ena atatu, chilolezo chokhala ndi bizinesi yake.
Kuchokera panthawiyi, ntchito zingapo za Fray Alonso de la Veracruz zitha kutchulidwa: Dialectica resolutionutio cum textu Aristótelis ndi Recognitio Summularum, kuyambira 1554; Physica speculatio, accessit compendium sphaerae compani ya 1557, ndi Speculum coniugiorum ya 1559. Kuchokera ku Fray Alonso de Molina Vocabulary mu Spanish ndi Mexico idawonekera mu 1555, ndipo kuchokera kwa Fray Maturino Gilberti Dialogue of Christian doctrine in the Michoacán, yofalitsidwa mu 1559.
Kutulutsa kwa makina osindikizira a Gutenberg. Yotengedwa m'kabuku kakang'ono ka Gutenberg Museum ku Mainz, Col. Juan Pablos Museum of Graphic Arts. Armando Birlain Schafler Foundation for Culture and Arts, AC Ntchitozi zili mgulu la zosungidwa ndi National Library of Mexico. Kusindikiza komaliza kwa Juan Pablos kunali Manual Sacramentorum, yomwe idatuluka mu Julayi 1560. Nyumba yosindikiza idatseka zitseko zake chaka chimenecho, chifukwa akukhulupirira kuti a Lombard adamwalira pakati pa mwezi wa Julayi ndi Ogasiti. Ndipo mu 1563 mkazi wamasiye wake adatsitsa makina osindikizirawo kwa Pedro Ocharte wokwatiwa ndi María de Figueroa, mwana wamkazi wa Juan Pablos.
Amadziwika kuti anali gawo loyamba la makina osindikizira pomwe a Cromberger ndi a Juan Pablos anali olemba, maudindo 35 a 308 ndi 320 omwe akuti ndi omwe adasindikizidwa mzaka za zana la 16, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchuluka komwe makina osindikizira anali nako theka lachiwiri la zaka.
Omasindikiza komanso ogulitsa mabuku omwe amapezeka munthawi imeneyi anali Antonio de Espinosa (1559-1576), Pedro Balli (1575-1600) ndi Antonio Ricardo (1577-1579), koma Juan Pablos anali ndiulemerero wokhala woyamba kusindikiza mu dziko.
Ngakhale makina osindikizira poyambira adasindikiza makamaka zoyambira ndi ziphunzitso muzilankhulo zakomweko kuti zizitsatira kuphatikizidwako kwa nzika, pofika kumapeto kwa zaka zana zapitazo zidakhala zitakhala ndi anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Mawu osindikizidwa adathandizira kufalikira kwa chiphunzitso chachikhristu pakati pa anthu amtunduwu ndikuthandizira iwo omwe, monga alaliki, ophunzitsa komanso alaliki, anali ndi cholinga chophunzitsa; ndipo, panthawi imodzimodziyo, idalinso njira yofalitsira zilankhulo zakomweko ndikukhala kwawo mu "zaluso", komanso mawu azilankhulozi, ochepetsedwa ndi ma friars kukhala zilembo za Chi Castile.
Makina osindikizira adalimbikitsanso, kudzera muntchito zachipembedzo, kulimbitsa chikhulupiriro ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu aku Spain omwe adafika ku New World. Olemba mabuku adayamba kutulutsa nkhani zamankhwala, zamatchalitchi ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe, sayansi yachilengedwe, kuyenda panyanja, mbiri ndi sayansi, kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe chambiri mikhalidwe momwe anthu ambiri amawonekera kuti amathandizira pakudziwitsa anthu onse. Cholowa cha zolembedwachi chikuyimira cholowa chamtengo wapatali pachikhalidwe chathu.
Stella María González Cicero ndi dokotala mu Mbiri. Pakadali pano ndi director of the National Library of Anthropology and History.
ZIMENE BAIBULO LIMANENA
Encyclopedia of Mexico, Mexico, kope lapadera la Encyclopedia Britannica de México, 1993, t. 7.
García Icazbalceta, Joaquín, Buku Lopatulika la ku Mexico la m'zaka za zana la 16, kope la Agustín Millares Carlo, Mexico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1954.
Griffin Clive, Los Cromberger.
Kuyenda Alexandre, AM Antonio de Espinosa, wosindikiza wachiwiri waku Mexico, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 1989.
Yhmoff Cabrera, Jesús, Zolemba zaku Mexico zaku 16th century ku National Library of Mexico, Mexico, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 1990.
Zulaica Gárate, Roman, Los Franciscanos ndi makina osindikizira ku México, México, UNAM, 1991.
