M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, chifukwa chakufunika komwe mbiri yakale imapeza munthawi yomwe chikumbumtima cha dziko lidayendetsedwa pandale, kuwunikanso zakale za ku Spain zisanachitike ku Spain.
Kuwunikaku ndikupititsa patsogolo zochitika zam'mbuyomu, makamaka nthawi yomwe Europe isanagonjetse dziko lathu, ndi zotsatira za mabungwe azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana omwe amabala zipatso panthawiyi.
Choyamba, kufunikira kwa National Museum kuyenera kuwunikiridwa; Izi, kuyambira pakukhazikitsidwa kwake m'nyumba yachifumu yokongola ya nthawi ya Felipe V, yomwe ili m'misewu ya La Moneda, Historic Center ya likulu la Mexico, idakhala malo osungira zinthu zambiri zakale komanso zakale zomwe zidapulumutsidwa ku incuria; kuphatikiza pa zomwe zidaperekedwa ndi anthu payekhapayekha komanso zomwe monga chidwi cha maphunziro zidalandiridwa kuchokera kumadera akutali, zokumbidwa ndi mabungwe asayansi a nthawi imeneyo.
Mwanjira imeneyi, anthu ophunzira komanso chidwi adachita chidwi ndi zipilala zamakedzana ku Mexico, zomwe tanthauzo lawo lobisika limadziwika pang'onopang'ono. China chomwe chinathandizira kufalitsa azikhalidwe zamakedzana chinali kufalitsa zolemba zakale zomwe zidatchulapo za nthawi ya Spain isanachitike, monga adanenera a Fausto Ramírez, yemwe akuwonetsa pakati pa mabuku akulu agulu loyamba la Mexico mzaka zambiri , yemwe mlembi wake anali Alfredo Chavero, Ancient History and the Conquest of Mexico, lolembedwa ndi Manuel Orozco y Berra, komanso nkhani zochititsa chidwi komanso zojambulidwa bwino za m'mabwinja zomwe zalemeretsa Anaies a National Museum. Kumbali ina, zolemba zakale ndi nkhani ndi ma code omwe adadziwitsa owerenga za nzika zamtundu wawo komanso mawu awo ofunikira kwambiri apulasitiki anali atasindikizidwa kale.
Malinga ndi akatswiri a zaluso zaku Mexico zaku 19th century, Boma lidapanga pulogalamu yomwe ingafune zojambula zingapo kuti zithandizire malingaliro aboma, chifukwa chake idalimbikitsa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi a Academia de San Carlos kuti kuti atenga nawo mbali pakupanga ntchito zomwe mitu yawo idalongosola bwino za dziko lathu ndikuti azipanga zochitika zowoneka bwino kwambiri m'mbiri zomwe pang'ono ndi pang'ono zimapeza ulemu. Nyimbo zotchuka kwambiri ndi izi: Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, wolemba Félix Parra, Senate wa Tlaxcala ndi Discovery of pulque, pakati pa ena.
Za Ida Rodríguez Prampolini ”Zojambula zazikulu pamutu wazikhalidwe zomwe zidapangidwa kumapeto kwa zaka zana zapitazi ndi ojambula ochokera ku sukuluyi, zimafanana kwambiri ndi malingaliro owunikiridwa a a Creole omwe adapeza ufulu, kuposa amestizo omwe, monga gulu lomwe likumenyana, adayamba kulamulira pambuyo pa nkhondo zosintha komanso zozizwitsa za omasula mozungulira Benito Juárez. Gulu la Creole lomwe lidayamba kulamulira pambuyo pa nkhondo yodziyimira pawokha lidawona kufunikira kotsimikizira mbiri yakale yolemekezeka komanso yolemekezeka kuti itsutsane ndi mbiri yakale yomwe amakhala ngati achilendo komanso oponderezedwa ”. Izi zitha kufotokoza izi zapadera zofananira ndi mitsempha yakomweko, malinga ndi wolemba yemweyo, imafikira mpaka zaka khumi zapitazi za 19th century ndipo imafika pachimake ndi kujambula kwa wojambula Leandro Izaguirre El torment de Cuauhtémoc, yojambulidwa mu 1892, tsiku lomwe Academia de San Carlos imatha, pafupifupi, ndikupanga izi zofananira.
Mbiri yofunika iyi yonena za zaluso zaku Mexico zomwe zisanachitike ku Puerto Rico zimatipatsanso mwayi wojambula zithunzi zokongola za chrome zomwe zikuwonetsa buku lotchedwa La Virgen del Tepeyac, lolembedwa ndi Spanish Fernando Álvarez Prieto, losindikizidwa ku Barcelona ndi I. F. Parres y Cía. Akonzi.
Ntchitoyi ili ndi mavoliyumu atatu omwe ma mbale 24 adalowetsedwa omwe amapereka moyo ku nkhani yolemetsa, yolembedwa kalembedwe ka nthawi imeneyo; Mutuwo, monga dzina lake likusonyezera, waperekedwa pakufotokozera zochitika ndi nkhani zosiyanasiyana mozungulira maonekedwe a Namwali wa Guadalupe. Kupyolera m'masamba ake, owerenga amatha kuphunzira za chipembedzo chakale - pamenepo, kutsimikiza kumayikidwa pazomwe wolemba adaziona ngati zopanda pake: kupereka anthu nsembe - ndipo mwazikhalidwe zina za nthawiyo, izi zimalumikizidwa ndi nkhani zosangalatsa, kusakhulupirika ndikukonda zomwe lero zikuwoneka zosaganizirika - monga za wankhondo womveka waku Aztec wokhala ndi mayi waku Spain komanso mwana wamkazi wa Tenochca wolemekezeka wokhala ndi Knight yodziwika bwino.
Tikufuna kuwonetsa chisomo ndi utoto, komanso luso la zithunzizi zomwe, monga tingaganizire, ziyenera kuti zidakondweretsa owerenga; Zojambulazo zili ndi zojambulajambula za Lavielle de Barcelona monga chizindikiro chawo chopangira, momwemo zitha kuwoneka kuti akatswiri ojambula osiyanasiyana omwe amalamulira mosiyanasiyana amalowererapo, ena mwa iwo akuwonetsa luntha. Kuchokera pagulu lalikululi tawonetsa za iwo omwe mutu wawo wakale waku Puerto Rico nthawi yomweyo umangotanthauza kukhulupirira mbiri yakale ya Mexico makamaka zomwe zachitika atagonjetsedwa dzikolo ku Europe. Zithunzizi zili ndi mfundo zolumikizirana ndi zojambula zazikulu zamafuta zomwe tatchulazi.
Kumbali imodzi, pali omwe amatchula zopeka zosewerazi: mwana wamkazi wachifumu, wansembe "wankhanza", wachinyamata wolimba mtima komanso wankhondo wankhondo. Zovala zake ndizofanana ndi zovala zamasewera: chovala cha wankhondo wa chiwombankhanga chimagwira ntchito kwambiri, mapiko a mbalame yodya nyama, oyerekeza ndi nsalu, amasunthira kulimba mtima kwake, nanga bwanji zovala za wansembe, malaya ndi siketi yayitali, yoyenera zovala za ochita zisudzo mzaka zapitazi
Zochitikazo zimaika otchulidwa mumzinda wopanda tanthauzo, momwe zinthu zokongoletsera za Mayan ndi Mixtec zimatengedwa momasuka komanso osadziwa bwino malo ofukula mabwinja ndipo zomangamanga zabwino zimalumikizidwa nawo momwe nyumbazo zimawonetsera zokongoletsa mwanjira ina Mwanjira imeneyi titha kuwamasulira ngati ma frets kapena pafupifupi ma frets, kuphatikiza pazomwe zimatchedwa "ma lattices abodza" omwe, tikudziwa, amazindikira nyumba za Mayan za kalembedwe ka Puuc.
Tchulani mwapadera za zipilala zosemedwa ndi miyambo ina yomwe idapezeka munyimbozo: nthawi zina wolembayo anali ndi chidziwitso chowona - zifanizo ndi zotengera zamwambo za nthawi ya Aztec- motero adazitengera; nthawi zina amatenga zithunzi zamakalata monga chithunzi, pomwe adapereka magawo atatu. Mwa njira, cholinga chomwecho chitha kuwonedwa pazithunzi zamafuta za akatswiri ophunzira.
M'mabuku omwe amafotokoza zochitika zakale, njira zosiyanasiyana zofotokozera zimayamikiridwa; Mosakayikira izi ndichifukwa cha magwero osiyanasiyana azidziwitso. Chitsanzo choyamba, momwe kukumana pakati pa Moctezuma ndi Aspanya kuli kofananira, nthawi yomweyo kumabweretsa mutu womwe amisili aku Mexico adalemba omwe amatchedwa "zowonetsera zakugonjetsa" zomwe zidakongoletsa nyumba za omwe adapambana, ambiri mwa iwo anali anatumizidwa ku Spain. Pazosema, munthu pakati pa Aroma ndi achiaborijini ku Amazon amaperekedwa kwa Lord of Tenochtitlan ndi mnzake.
Ponena za kuphedwa kwa Cuauhtémoc, mgwirizano womwe analemba a Gabriel Guerra, komanso a Leonardo Izaguirre ndi wojambula wathu wosadziwika, ndiwodabwitsa.Amagwiritsa ntchito mutu wa njoka yamphongo yayikulu yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati malo opumulira amfumu achizunzo. Zachidziwikire, gwero lake louziridwa ndikulemba kofananira kwa buku lomwe tatchulali la Mexico mzaka zambiri, zomwe zidasindikizidwanso ku Barcelona.
Pomaliza, chithunzi chosangalatsa chakuwuluka kwa Quetzalcoatl kuchokera kumayiko aku Mexico chikuwonekera, zomwe zimayika mawonekedwe mumzinda wa Palenque - monga kalembedwe ka Waldeck - amangomizidwa m'malo opululu osatheka, owonetsedwa ndi mbewu zambiri za xerophytic, Zina mwazomwe sizikanatha kusowa maguey, pomwe chidole chomwe Quetzalcoatl adamwa chidachotsedwa, chifukwa chotaya chifanizo chake champhamvu.
Apa Quetzalcoatl ndi mtundu wachiyuda wachikhristu wokhala ndi tsitsi lalitali loyera komanso ndevu zomwe zimavala zisudzo, zofanananso kwambiri ndi za wansembe waku Yudeya wakale, wokutidwa ndimitanda yovuta yomwe idapangitsa olemba mbiri oyamba kuganiza kuti Quetzalcoatl ndi mtundu wa Saint Thomas, theka Viking, yemwe adayesa, koma osachita bwino, asanafike maulendo aku Columbian, kuti asinthe Amwenye akhale Chikhristu.
M'mabuku ambiri am'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi muli chuma chobisika cha zithunzi chomwe chidakondweretsa owerenga ndikuwonetsa zakale zomwe zidamasuliridwa bwino: adatsutsa anthu akale ndikulungamitsa kugonjetsedwa kwa aku Europe, kapena adakweza kulimba mtima ndikuphedwa kwa ngwazi zawo m'manja mwa Mgonjetsi waku Spain.
