Uku ndikulongosola mwachidule njira ziwiri zikuluzikulu zopezera mapepala m'zaka za zana la 16: imodzi yokhudzana ndi ukadaulo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambitsa makina opanga mapepala, ndipo winayo ndikupanga pepala lokha. zopangira.
Uku ndikulongosola mwachidule njira zikuluzikulu ziwiri zopezera mapepala m'zaka za zana la 16: imodzi yokhudzana ndi ukadaulo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambitsa makina opanga mapepala, ndipo winayo ndikupanga pepala lokha. zopangira.
Culhuacán Paper Mill idayamba mchaka cha 16th ndipo ndi gawo limodzi mwa zomangamanga za San Juan Evangelista Convent ndi Seminary Seminari.
Nyumbayi ili pa Av. Tláhuac, kum'mawa kwa Mexico City, pa Cerrada 16 de Septiembre, mdera lodziwika bwino ku Culhuacán.
Mphero iyi inali yofunikira kwambiri pantchito yolalikira yomwe oyendetsa mendicant adachita mtawuniyi mzaka za zana la 16. Ntchitoyi inali yoyang'anira dongosolo la Augustinian, lomwe mu 1530 linakhazikitsa Seminare ya Ziyankhulo za San Juan Evangelista.
Cholinga chachikulu chinali kuphunzitsa Amwenye chipembedzo chachikhristu, ndipo chifukwa cha izi kunali koyenera kukhala ndi masukulu ndi maseminare, pokhala achipembedzo omwe amayang'anira ntchito yayikuluyi. Ntchito zoterezi zimafunikira kukonzekera mabuku (ma mishoni, masalmo, katekisimu, ndi zina zambiri) zofunikira kuti athandize kumvetsetsa chipembedzo chatsopano cha nzika, komanso kuti anthu aku Spain aphunzire Chinawato.
Mabuku oyamba adapangidwa ngati ma codices, pamapepala amate, kutsatira chikhalidwe cha anthu amtunduwu; Koma ntchitoyi inkafunika mapepala ambiri, kuwonjezera pa kuti olamulira atsopano a viceregal adapanga zofunikira kupeza mapepala monga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Europe.
A Augustinians posakhalitsa adazindikira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wina womwe amadziwa kuti atha kuyendetsa mphero yomwe itha kupanga pepala lofunikira pazolinga zawo. Chifukwa chake, mu 1580 adagwiritsa ntchito mphero iyi, yomangidwa m'malo mwa nyumba ya masisitere pomwe adagwiritsa ntchito mathithi ndi kasupe woyendetsa gudumu, lomwe limadziwika kuti gudumu lamadzi.
Gudumu ili (chopanda kudziwika ndi mbadwa ngati njira yokokera) pakati pake panali cholumikizira chopingasa kumapeto kwake komwe kunali ma cams awiri omwe mosakanikirana adakweza mallet amitengo okhala ndi misomali kumapeto, omwe ntchito yake inali yochepetsera nsanza kuti zikhale zamkati mothandizidwa ndi madzi.
Makina osavuta awa amayimira gawo lofunikira ku America ndipo posakhalitsa anali ndi mapulogalamu ambiri.
Kuti mphamvu yama hayidiroliki idachokera kugwa kwamadzi komanso kuchokera ku kasupe momwe mphero iyi idamangidwapo idawonetsedwa ndikufukula zakale zomwe zidachitika mu 1982, pomwe zidawululidwa kuti ntchito yoyambayi ya zomangamanga zinali chifukwa cha ntchitoyo za chidziwitso chomwe mpaka nthawi imeneyo chimawerengedwa pa nkhani ya umakaniko ndi uinjiniya mdziko lakale lakale.
Kuti athe kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa madzi oyenera kuyendetsa gudumu, njira yokwezeka ndi chipata zinamangidwa, zomwe, zoyikidwa mita zingapo patsogolo pake, zimakhala ngati owongolera mphamvu zofunikira kuti zithandizire kapena kuimitsa njirayi. wa "akupera".
Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi kuti apeze mphamvu, zinali zofunikiranso pakuphwanya nsanza zakale - zopangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapepala -, zomwe zimachitika mumulu umodzi kapena zingapo mpaka zidasinthidwa kukhala zamkati zabwino kwambiri, zochita za odzaza, komanso pokonza "mphamvu" ya nsanza.
Kamodzi kofananako kamene kanapezedwa, kankagawidwa m'mafelemu okhala ndi ma gridi kuti asunge madzi ochulukirapo. Pambuyo pa opaleshoniyi, nkhungu yamapepala idachotsedwa, ndikukanikizidwa kuti ichotse chinyezi chonse ndipo adaiyika pazovala. Akakhala ouma, amapukutidwa ndi kupukutidwa ndi miyala, monga mwala wamtengo wapatali, kapena zopangira nkhuni, zomwe, nthawi ndi nthawi, ankazipaka ndi longow. Mchitidwewu, komabe, udaletsedwa, chifukwa polemba pansi pamatenda inki sinkauma kapena kuthamanga mosavuta.
Gwero: Mexico Unknown No. 295 / September 2001
