México Desconocido ikufotokoza nkhaniyi yokhudza mwambo wosintha wa Preciado Regalo, mwana wamamuna wa Olmec ku La Venta, mzaka 750 nthawi yathu ino isanafike ...
Kukhazikika kwa nyenyezi mu dome usiku ndi kutalika kwa mthunzi wa dzuwa paulendo wake wamasana kunawonetsa kuti dziko lapansi linali ndi pakati ndi moyo watsopano; kamodzinso chilengedwe chidakula mwa kukonzanso kwamuyaya.
Ku La Venta, yotchuka Likulu la Olmec dera lakumwera kwa Gulf, kum'mawa chochitika chaulemerero cha chaka cha 750 isanafike nthawi yathu ino, wachisanu ndi chitatu wa Jaguar Claw KingdomAmayenera kukondwerera ndi zikondwerero zokongola zapagulu zokondwerera ndi ulemu. Amayembekezera, inde, a ulendo wa atsogoleri onse ndi nzika zambiri zaku dera lozungulira, lomwe La Venta ndiye likulu lawo lamwambo.
Zaka zoposa mazana atatu zapitazo, pamene San Lorenzo anali likulu lalikulu lachigawo cha OlmecLa Venta sinali chabe malo achiwiri omwe ali pachilumba chomwe, m'nyengo yamvula, chidazunguliridwa ndi madzi. Koma m'nyengo yadzuwa anazungulira madambo kumwera ndi kum'mawa, ndi mitsinje iwiri yoyenda kumpoto chakumadzulo ndi kumadzulo. Chilichonse chomwe chidabweretsedwa pakatikati, kuphatikiza miyala yayikulu komanso yolemetsa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mzipilala zake, miyala yamiyala ndi madengu mamiliyoni ambiri apadziko lapansi pomanga nsanja zake zambiri ndi piramidi yayikulu yomwe idalamulira malo am'mbali mwa nyanja Adabweretsedwera pakati kudzera mumtsinje wakumadzulo, womwe unali wozama kwambiri.
Zonse zomangamanga za La Venta, kuphatikiza kupezeka kwa zipilala komanso kuyika maliro ndi zoperekera pansi, kutsatira a malingaliro potengera mzere wongoyerekeza, potengera mawonekedwe azakuthambo omwe amafanana ndi 8 ° kumadzulo kwenikweni kwa maginito kumpoto. Alendo ku malowa ankachita chidwi ndi madothi mamiliyoni mamiliyoni ambiri, ndipo ntchito yofunikira pomanga nyumbayo. Koma chomwe chinawadabwitsa kwambiri chinali kukula ndi kukongola kwa zipilalazo, chosema mwangwiro, makamaka mitu yayikulu olmec mtundu wazithunzi, zomwe zimawoneka kuti chilengedwe chokha chidazilemba. Pambuyo pake anazindikira izi mwalawo kunalibe ku La Venta kapena malo ozungulira, ndikuti amayenera kubweretsa kuchokera kutali, pogwiritsa ntchito anthu ambiri, kuwoloka nkhalango, mitsinje ndi madambo ... Zinali zosangalatsa kwambiri!
KUKONZEKERETSA KWAMBIRI
Pulogalamu ya kukonzekera pachikondwerero chachikulu tsopano iwo anali ndi masabata. Posinthana ndi madengu a chimanga, achinyamata ambiri adalonjeza kutsuka mabwalo ndi misewu; Ogwira ntchito adalembedwa ntchito kuti akonze, kupaka pulasitala, ndi kupenta milu ndi nsanja zofiira. M'nyumba zokhalamo za anthu olemekezeka, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa piramidi yayikulu, nyama zambiri zamchere zouma, kamba, kalulu, ng'ona, nsomba ndi galu zidasungidwa kale, zonse zidabweretsedwedwa m'mabwato apansi. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama izi zimaperekedwa ndi mbewu, makamaka chimanga, tubers, timadziti ndi zipatso zokoma. Iwo anali atawira kale chakumwa chochuluka chopangidwa ndi chimanga, chomwe adayika mumitsuko yayikulu yadongo, ndikuisunga mumchenga kuti kutentha kuzizire komanso kosalekeza. Jaguar claw adalamula kuti mwambo wachipembedzo Choyambirira chinali kuchitika paguwa lansembe kum'mawa kwa nsanja yayikulu yakumpoto chakumwera, pafupi ndi nyumba zokhalamo zapamwamba. Iye adachijambula kuti chikondwerere chake chaka choyamba ngati wansembe wamkulu-wolamulira. Koma motsutsana ndi miyambo, m'malo mojambulidwa pachiphiphiritso chokhala ndi chithunzi cha mwana wopanga anthropomorphic, adadziwonetsera yekha atagwira chingwe chomangirizidwa kwa wogwidwa kuti agogomeze mphamvu zake ngati mtsogoleri wachipembedzo komanso wachipembedzo, zomwe zimayankhulidwa ndikutsutsidwa ndi akuluakulu. wachipembedzo. Anzake ndi omutsatira, kuphatikiza wosema ziboliboli wa La Venta, adamuwona ngati wopanga zatsopano.
Koma wofunikira kwambiri wa La Venta Sanali Jaguar Claw, Mkulu Wansembe Wamkulu-Kazembe, koma "nkhope yamnyamata" wachinyamata, yemwe anali atawona kale nyengo khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi zakusintha kwa nyengo ndikukhala mdera lanyumba yogona a Jaguar's Claw iyemwini. Kupambana kwa madyererowa kunadalira momwe gulu lolemekezedwera limapiririra miyambo yachipembedzo, popeza ambiri mwa iwo adamwalira adakali aang'ono. Omwe adakwanitsa kufikira ukalamba adalandiridwa ndi chithunzi chamwala chachikulu (mutu waukulu wa Olmec).
NKHANI YA MPHATSO YAMTENGO WAPATALI
Anthu "nkhope ya mwana", kapena nkhope yamwana, ndi zomwe lero timatcha ana omwe ali ndi Down Syndrome ndi ena okhudzana ndi mongolism. Zinali zopatulika pakati pa ma Olmec chifukwa chilengedwe chidawasankha ndikuwapanga kukhala osiyana ndi ena. Mphatso Yamtengo Wapatali, nkhope yapano ya La Venta, idaperekedwa ndi mayi wina wachikulire ku sekondale, yomwe ili pa ola limodzi kuchokera ku La Venta. Amayi ake anamupatsa dzina Mphatso yamtengo wapatali chifukwa adalandira kuchokera kuzachilengedwe mochedwa.
Kukhala mwana wamba, ali ndi zaka ziwiri adawonetsa kale mawonekedwe a nkhope yamwana: Mutu wokulirapo wokhala ndi sutures yotseka pang'onopang'ono, tsitsi lochepa komanso locheperako, maso owoneka ngati amondi okhala ndi mapangidwe omveka bwino a Mongoloid, nsagwada zazikulu, chithunzi cha palatal, lilime lalikulu, lalifupi ndi lalifupi khosi, miyendo yayifupi komanso yotakata, maliseche osatukuka komanso mzere umodzi m'manja. Sanalankhule kapena kuyenda, ndipo amayi ake okalamba okha ndi omwe amamvetsetsa kulira komwe amapanga. Pomwe zidadziwika kuti anali nkhope yeniyeni ya mwana, wansembe ndi wothandizira adamutengera kuphanga kumapiri akumadzulo akutali, komwe adamupatsa miyambo yoyeretsera, adabaya septum yake yamkati kapena khungwa ndi ma khutu ndipo anazungulira mutu wake ndi zibowo zamatabwa kuti apatse mawonekedwe apadera a nkhope yamwana. Kuti tiwonjezere kusiyana uku, amameta mitu yawo ndipo nthawi zina amavala zipewa zoteteza.
Mphatso Precious anayenda bwino. Wansembe yemwe amakhala naye adamuphunzitsa moleza mtima, kumamuphunzitsa kuti akhale phee kwa nthawi yayitali, kukhala chete atavala masks pakamwa ndi zovala zolemera, ndikupirira atakoka magazi. Chopweteka kwambiri komanso chovuta kwambiri kumuphunzitsa chinali kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali zokometsera pakamwa pokonzekera miyambo. Masks awa adamupweteka kwambiri mpaka adampatsa zakumwa zoledzeretsa zamankhwala kuti athetse. Tsiku lina, ali kale mchaka chake cha khumi cha moyo, wansembe-wolamulira wa La Venta adabwera kudzamuwona, chifukwa nkhope yakukhanda yolemekezeka ya likulu idafa ndi bala lomwe limapangidwa ndi magazi lomwe silinapole. Patatha milungu iwiri akuwona adapita naye ku La Venta komwe adamupangira nkhope yayikulu ya mwana, ndipo adayamba kujambula chithunzi chake kuti aperekeze ambuye akufa pamaulendo awo kubwerera ku Mtima wa Phiri.
TSIKU LA MWAMBO WAMKULU
Pamene potsiriza inadza tsiku lalikulu la kukonzanso ndi kubereka, anthu ambiri ankapita maulendo kukapereka nsembe zawo pamwamba pa mapiri, mapanga ndi malo opatulika pomwe madzi amatuluka m'mapiri opanda phokoso.
Ku La Venta, dzuwa lisanatuluke, omaliza omalizaAtachita miyambo yayitali yakudziyeretsa, adamaliza miyambo yawo yotaya magazi patadutsa masiku angapo akudziletsa pakudya. Pafupifupi aliyense iwo ankavala zovala zawo zabwino kwambiri, atavala zipewa kumutu, zina mwamaonekedwe anyama, zokutidwa ndi miyala yowala ndi nthenga zamitundu; jade, njoka za njoka ndi ziboda za obsidian ndi zokongoletsera, zambiri zomwe zimawoneka ngati duwa kapena zopanda kanthu zokhala ndi mitu yachipembedzo, zina zopangidwa ndi dongo kapena matabwa. Amunawa adavala masiketi afupiafupi, akabudula, komanso malamba m'chiuno ndi malamba ndi zinsalu mumitundu yosiyanasiyana; alendo ochokera kumwera adavala masiketi afupiafupi omwe adakokedwa mpaka m'chiuno ndikumasonkhanitsidwa, akumavumbula mbali ina ya malambawo. Olemera ndi amphamvu anali kuvala mikanda ya jade yotembenuka mosiyanasiyana, yopingasa yamakona kapena yozungulira yokhala ndi zithunzi za anthropomorphic. Olemekezeka ena adavala zovala zazitali, ena amakhala ndi nthenga, koma thonje wachikuda wolimba kwambiri wokhala ndi mipiringidzo yamitundu yosiyanasiyana m'mphepete mwake. Olemekezeka a La Venta nthawi zonse amabwera opanda nsapato, koma alendo awo ambiri, makamaka ochokera kumwera, amavala nsapato zazitali. Azimayiwa anali atavala miinjiro italiitali, yambiri ya thonje wonyezimira, komanso maluwa m'mutu mwawo. Jaguar claw, wansembe wamkulu komanso wokondwerera, adavala chisoti chachivundikiro chomangidwa pamapepala chomwe chidayima pagulu lokhala ndi cholemba wokhala ndi nkhope ya anthropomorph wokhala ndi ma rectangles awiri okhala ndi ma slits ooneka ngati "V" mbali iliyonse yazizindikiro. Adavala mahedwe a jade ndi pectoral yayikulu yaying'ono yokhala ndi chidutswa "V" chosonyeza chiwonetsero chonse cha anthropomorph. Ankavala lamba wokhala ndi lamba wamkulu komanso chomangira lamba wokhala ndi chizindikiro cha mipiringidzo yodutsa, kapena mtanda wa St. Andrew. Chovala chake chidamalizidwa ndi Cape yoyera yomwe idatsikira kumapazi, komwe kunali buluu wamtambo. Mwa njira ya Olmec, anali wopanda nsapato.
Kunja pakati anthu adadzazana m'malo onse ndipo chiyembekezo chidakula.
Kunali m'mawa pomwe kulira kwa zipolopolo kunalengeza kuyamba kwa mwambowo. Pakung'ung'uza pang'ono pang'ono ng'oma yayikulu yachikopa, gulu lija lidayamba kuwonekera. Modzipereka, pang'onopang'ono, anayeza Jaguar claw, pa udindo wake monga wansembe woyamba. Kenako, kudabwa kwa aliyense, bedi lokhala ndi denga lidatuluka, lotseguka, atanyamula Mphatso Yamtengo Wapatali, atavala malamba okhaokha ndipo atakhala miyendo ili pamiyendo pamiyendo yamaluwa ndi zipolopolo. Kumbuyo kwa zinyalalazo kunabwera ansembe ndi othandizira, osankhika a La Venta ndi alendo awo, ndipo pamapeto pake atsogoleri am'madera moyenera.
Mgwirizanowu utafika mbali yakumwera kwa nsanja yomwe inali maziko a piramidi, zinyalazo zidakwezedwa pamwamba pake ndikuikidwa m'njira yoti aliyense athe kuwona nkhope yamwana asanasandulike. Kenako, wotsatiridwa ndi mkulu wa ansembe, nkhope ya khanda idatengedwa kupita kukanyumba kofolera ka kanjedza, kamene kanamangidwa kumapeto kwa piramidi pamwambo wapaderawu. Zinkaimira khomo lolowera kuphiri lopatulika, pomwe nkhope yamwana wakhanda idavala mwinjiro wakale wakale wa zoomorphic, komanso komwe mayendedwe aliwonse anali ndi mphamvu zamatsenga.
Mothandizidwa ndi antchito ake, mkulu wa ansembe adayamba ndikulowetsa chidutswa cha fupa mu septum yamphongo ya nkhope ya mwana kusunga mlomo wakumwamba kutembenuka. Kenako adayika fayilo ya chigoba chokwawa pakamwa zomwe zidawonetsa zipsinjo zakumtunda pakati pa zapansi kuti zizisiyanitsa ndi za mphonje. Kenako adayika fayilo ya otsetsereka mtanda ndi gulu lalitali m'chiwuno ndi chomangira chomangira chomwe chidalinso ndi chizindikiro cha mipiringidzo yodutsa. Nthawi yomweyo anabwera nthenga yabwino kwambiri Idafika mpaka m'chiuno mwake mwakuti idangofika pansi pomwe amakhala. Pamapeto pake adayika chovala pamutu, chizindikiro chofunikira cha zoomorph ya reptilian. Pansi pa chisotichi munali kansalu kachikopa kokhala ndi "galasi" la hematite pakati komanso nsidze ziwiri zamtundu wa jade m'mbali. Kuchokera pagululo, ndikubwerera m'mbuyo, korona wamutu udatha m'makona anayi opangidwa ndi ma slits awiri omwe adapangidwa ngati mtanda. Kumbuyo, ndikutuluka pansi pa gulu lachikopa, chinsalu chotalika kwambiri, chokhala ndi nthiti zam'mbali zomaliza ndi ma slits, chidaphimba mapewa. Kumbali zonse ziwiri za chovala kumutu, kuyambira kumtunda kuposa chikopa chachikopa mpaka kumapewa, mapewa osindikizidwa am'makutu ake adakutidwa. "Kusintha" uku kunayimira ulendo wamunthu wakhanda kupita pakatikati pa phiri lalikulu lachilengedwe., yoyimiridwa ndi zoomorph ya reptilia, komwe idasandulika kapena "kusandulika" kukhala gulu lanthito, lomwe limafotokoza za umodzi pakati pa chilengedwe ndi umunthu.
Phokoso la zitoliro, mabelu a zipolopolo komanso ngodya zaphokoso zinalengeza kwa omwe analipo kuti mgwirizanowu ukupitilira "paguwa" la Jaguar's Claw, nthawi ino ndikutayira zinyalala kutsogolo ndikutsatiridwa wapansi ndi mkulu wa ansembe. Kusokonezedwa kwa nyimboyo chinali chizindikiro kuti afika pa "guwa." Pang'ono ndi pang'ono adayika zinyalala pa "guwa", makatani adachotsedwa ndipo anthropomorph adawonekera pamaso pa anthu. Momwe kukuwa kwa anthu kudabwerako, antchito aja adayamba kufukiza ndipo Jaguar claw adapereka mwana nsembe, akuyika mutu ndi miyendo yake patsogolo pa "guwa la nsembe", kuyimira kufa kwamwambo wa nkhope yamwana. Pambuyo pakudziyeretsa kwina, adatsanulira madzi amtengo wapatali pansi ngati chopereka, ndipo nthawi yomweyo adayika chipolopolo chocheperako, chofanana ndi mitten, kudzanja lamanja la anthropomorph. Momwemonso, mwambo wamasewera udatha ndi nyali yophiphiritsa mdzanja lina la anthropomorph. Kum'mawa mwambo wobereka, zomwe zimaphatikizapo madzi ndi moto, zikuyimira chilengedwe m'chiwonetsero chake chachikulu cha moyo ndi imfa.
Zikumbutso zambiri za La Venta zimakumbukira mphindi ino ya mwambo waukulu wokonzanso.
Pambuyo pa miyambo imeneyi, olemekezeka ndi alendo awo adabwerera kumalo okhalamo kuti ayambe zikondwererozo, kusiya anthropomorph pa "guwa" kuti azisilira. Pamene anthu amapita patsogolo kuti aziwone, chakudya ndi zakumwa zinagawidwa. Chakudya chitatha, makatani omwe anali pankhondopo adatsitsidwa ndipo anthropomorph adatengeredwa kuchipinda chake m'nyumba yachifumu ya wansembe-wolamulira. Madzulo omwewo, pachakudya chachikulu pabwalo la nyumba yachifumu ya Jaguar Claw, m'modzi mwa alendo omwe adachokera kumadera akutali kumadzulo, komwe mapiri amasuta, adakondana ndi m'modzi mwa ana aakazi a Jaguar's Claw. Anali mwana wa mbuye wachipembedzo chaching'ono chotchedwa Chalcatzingo.
