Tikamayenda m'misewu ya likulu la Puebla, titha kupeza, monga m'mizinda ina ya atsamunda ku Mexico, nyumba zina zomanga zokhala ndi zokongoletsa zina zomwe zimakopa chidwi chathu: timangotchula za ziphuphu, nthawi zambiri ndi zipembedzo zachipembedzo.
Zomangamanga zamtunduwu zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wa zibowo, zomwe zimatha kumapeto mozungulira kapena molunjika, mozungulira, ndi zina zambiri. Amadzikongoletsa ndi zokongoletsa zomwe zitha kukhala zapamwamba kapena zosavuta, ndipo mkati, pamatope kapena mwala, ali ndi chosema choimira - makamaka chithunzi chachipembedzo cha woyera wina - chomwe chimasonyeza kudzipereka kwa eni kapena omanga.
Niches ali ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri mumapangidwe atsamunda aku Mexico, ngakhale m'mapangidwe amakono. Amachokera ku Spain mzaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndipo ndikugonjetsedwa kwa dziko lapansi latsopano amasamutsidwa kupita kumayiko awa pamodzi ndi zinthu zambiri komanso zojambulajambula za nthawiyo, zomwe zidalumikizana ndi zaluso zachilengedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa mtundu wina, wodziwika kuti luso. Akoloni aku Mexico.
Atatenga mzinda wa Tenochtitlan, Aspanya anali ndi njira yaulere yofutukula ulamuliro wawo ndikupeza mizinda yatsopano; Pankhani ya Puebla, malinga ndi a Fernández de Echeverría ndi Veytia, maziko awiri adapangidwa: yoyamba ku Barrio de I Alto pa Epulo 16, 1531, ndipo yachiwiri, pa Seputembara 29 chaka chomwecho ku Plaza chachikulu, komwe lero kuli tchalitchi chachikulu cha Puebla.
Chiyambireni kwake, mzindawu udakhala mpando wofunikira wamalonda ndiopangira zinthu, komanso kukhala mutu wa dera lalikulu laulimi. Kudalira malo ena ocheperako - monga Atlixco, Cholula, Huejotzingo ndi Tepeaca zikupitilirabe lero - idakhala gawo lalikulu kwambiri m'tawuni kum'mawa kwa Mexico City nthawi ndi pambuyo pa Colony, makamaka chifukwa cha njira zake malo pakati pa likulu la New Spain ndi doko lalikulu la viceregal.
Anthu zikwizikwi achikhalidwe (ochokera m'matawuni oyandikana nawo monga Tlaxcala, Cholula ndi Calpan) adasamukira ku maziko ake, omwe adamanga nyumba zazing'ono zamatabwa ndi adobe zanyumba ndi ntchito zaboma, komanso tchalitchi. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 16, pafupifupi mabulogu 120 amtunduwu anali atagwiridwa kale, ndi dongosolo laling'ono lokhudza malo, zomwe zidakakamiza anthu amtunduwu kusiya madera awo ndikupita kudera lamzindawu; Komabe, chifukwa chakukula kwatawuni, anthu ena aku Spain adapezeka kuti akufunika kukhala m'maderamo, omwe adadzakhala gawo lofunikira mzindawo.
Kukula kwa mizinda ya Puebla sikunafanane. M'zaka za zana la 16, poganizira nthawi yoyambira, kukulirakulira kunapangidwa kuchokera pachimake choyambirira, ndipo kukula kumachedwa pang'onopang'ono ndikukhazikika. Kumbali inayi, m'zaka za zana la chisanu ndi chiwiri ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, kukula kudakulirakulira, ndikukula mumzinda wachiwiri wa viceroyalty, pankhani yazopanga, chikhalidwe ndi malonda. Ndi mzaka zapitazi zapitazi pomwe likulu la Spain lidzafikira madera akomweko.
M'zaka zonse za zana la 19, kukula sikunafanane chifukwa cha miliri ndi kusefukira kwamadzi mzaka zam'mbuyomu, komanso nkhondo zosiyanasiyana komanso kuzingidwa komwe mzindawu udapirira. Komabe, kuchuluka kwake kwakukula kunayambiranso kuchulukanso kuyambira zaka khumi zachinayi, pomwe nyumba zambiri zamakono zidamangidwa pakatikati pa mzinda wa Puebla. Ndi zina mwa nyumbazi zomwe zidalowa m'malo mwa nyumba zakale zomwe timapeza zipolopolo zambiri, kupulumutsa ziboliboli pamiyala ndikuphatikizira m'malo awo atsopano. Chifukwa chake, zomangamanga zidaposa chidwi cha ku Mexico, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizisirire lero.
Mbiri
Chiyambi cha niche chitha kupezeka koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 16, pomwe ziwonetsero zonse zadziko lakale zidalimbikitsidwa ndi chipembedzo cha Katolika. Kwa anthu a nthawi imeneyo kunali kofunikira kwambiri kuwonetsa kudzipereka kwawo kwa ena, ndipo njira imodzi yochitira izi inali kudzera pazisamba zazinyumba. Kubwezeretsanso zinthu kunayambanso panthawiyi, potengera mitundu yama Greek ndi Chiroma, yomwe imadziwonetsera pazikhalidwe zonse, makamaka pazosema, zojambula ndi zomangamanga. Ndizotheka kuti ziphuphu ndizowonjezera pazipembedzo za m'matchalitchi. Poyamba titha kuwona mitundu iwiri yazoyimira zachipembedzo: kujambula ndi chosema. Ziphuphu zina zimangokhala ndi chithunzi chokhazikika, chopanda dzenje, chomwe chimalowetsa m'malo openta pazipilala kapena chofanizira chimodzimodzi. Komabe, titha kuwona kuti ali ndi umunthu wodziyimira pawokha kapena mtengo, mosiyana ndi zida zamaguwa.
Chitukuko
Ponena za maluso a niches, kusintha kwa kalembedwe komwe kudachitika mu Colony kumawonekeramo. M'zaka zonse za zana la 16, adawonetsa mawonekedwe achi Gothic, owonetsedwa makamaka pamiyala, miyala yamatabwa ndi kusema. M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri palibe kusintha kwakukulu, koma pang'onopang'ono mawonekedwe amtundu wa baroque amayambitsidwa kuchokera ku Spain; Zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za chosemacho zimapangidwa kumapeto kwa zaka zana lino, pogwiritsa ntchito kalembedwe kachilengedwe. Pofika m'zaka za zana la 18, ziboliboli zidapangidwa zomangamanga, ndipo Baroque ndi mtundu wake waku Mexico wotchedwa Churrigueresque adalowa m'malo awo abwino kwambiri. Ndikumapeto kwa zaka zana lino pomwe neoclassicism imabuka ndipo magawo ambiri a Puebla amapangidwa.
Kufotokozera
Zina mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri mzindawu zitha kuwoneka pamphambano pakati pa misewu ya 11 Norte ndi Reforma avenue, imodzi mwanjira zazikulu zopezera mbiri yakale. M'mbuyomu, Reforma Avenue inkadziwika kuti Guadalupe Street, dzina lomwe limaperekedwa ndi zomangamanga za Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe, koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 18. Munthawi imeneyo panali mlatho wawung'ono womwe umagwira kuwoloka kwa diso la San Pablo, koma cha m'ma 1807 adaganiza zosintha madzi amcherewo ndipo adachotsedwa. Kumbali yakumpoto kwa ngodya iyi, munyumba yomangidwa mzaka za m'ma 1940, titha kuwona umodzi mwa zipilala zokongola kwambiri mzindawu. Ndi chithunzi cha Namwali wa Guadalupe wopangidwa mwapamwamba, wopangidwa ndi awiri amapaulendo okongoletsa kwambiri; Imathandizidwa ndi maziko ammbali ziwiri okutidwa ndi zojambula za Talavera ndikukhala ndi mpanda wapadera. Ndizowona kuti kusankha kwa chithunzichi kudakhudzidwa ndi dzina la Guadalupe lomwe nsewuwo unali nawo. Panjira ya kumwera, moyang'anizana ndi yapita ija, munyumba yanthawi yomweyo, mkati mwake mudamangidwa kansalu komwe adayikapo chosema cha Angelo Woyera Mkulu, atanyamula lupanga lamoto m'manja mwake. Kutsegulira ndi mawonekedwe a ogival ndipo ali ndi bwalo la piramidi; chinthu chonsecho ndi chojambulidwa choyera, chosakongoletsa. Pamphambano ya Avenida Manuel Ávila Camacho ndi Calle 4 Norte, timakumananso ndi zipilala zingapo mofananamo ndi zomwe zidachitika kale. Yoyamba ili pakona ya nyumba yosanjikizana. yemwe façade yake idakutidwa ndi njerwa ndi zojambulajambula zochokera ku Talavera, makamaka pamayendedwe a Poblano. Niche ndi yosavuta; Imakhalanso ndi mawonekedwe a ogival ndipo imapangidwa yoyera, yopanda zokongoletsa: chithunzi chachikulu ndi chosema chapakati cha San Felipe Neri.
Manuel Ávila Camacho avenue kale anali ndi mayina awiri: choyamba, kuyambira Januware 1864, amatchedwa msewu wa Ias Jarcierías, liwu lachi Greek lomwe limatanthauza: "ngalawa ndi zingwe za sitima". Ku Puebla, jarciería amatengedwa motanthauza "cordelería", chifukwa chamabizinesi osiyanasiyana amtunduwu omwe amapezeka mzindawu koyambirira kwa zaka zapitazo. Pambuyo pake, msewuwo udatchedwa City Hall Avenue.
Ponena za Calle 4 Norte, dzina lake m'mbuyomu linali Calle de Echeverría, chifukwa eni nyumba zomwe zili mdera lino koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 18 (1703 ndi 1705) amatchula Kaputeni Sebastián de Chavarría (kapena Echeverría) ndi Orcolaga, yemwe anali meya mu 1705, komanso mchimwene wake General Pedro Echeverría y Orcolaga, meya wamba ku 1708 ndi 1722.
Niche ina ili pakona yotsatira, mumayendedwe amachitidwe a neoclassical. Mosiyana ndi mphako yomwe munthu wamkulu adayikidwapo, mmenemo timawona chithunzi cha Holy Cross chomwe chidapangidwa bwino, chopangidwa ndi chidutswa choduladula. Pansi pake titha kuwona chokongoletsera chapadera, ndipo mbali zonse ziwiri, mitu ya mikango inayi. Kupitilira mumsewu womwewo 4 Norte ndi ngodya 8 Oriente, tikupeza nyumba yosanjikiza inayi yomangidwa mkati mwa zaka za zana lino, pomwe panali malo akuluakulu ooneka ngati ogival, opangidwa ndi ma pilasters owala, momwe titha kuyamikirira chosema cha Saint Louis, King of France; Pansi pa njirayi pali chithunzi cha angelo awiri omwe akuimba zida zoyimbira; mawonekedwe onse amatha ndi chidutswa chaduladula.
Apanso ku Calle 4 Norte, koma nthawi ino pakona ya Calle 10 Oriente (yemwe kale anali Chihuahua), malo ena a nyumba yansanjika ziwiri yomangidwa koyambirira kwa zaka zapitazi ili. Monga chinthu chokongoletsera, timaganizira chosema cha Namwali wa Guadalupe ndi khanda Yesu kumanja kwake lamanzere; kutsegula kumene amapezeka ndi mawonekedwe a ogival, ndipo mawonekedwe onse amayambiranso ndi kuphweka.
Sitikudziwa kwakanthawi omwe anali olemba ziboliboli zokongola ngati izi, koma titha kutsimikizira kuti ndi ojambula enieni (aku Spain kapena nzika) omwe amakhala m'matawuni oyandikana ndi mzinda wa Puebla, malo ofunikira kwambiri omwe adasiyanitsidwa ndi luso lawo. atsamunda, monga zilili ku Atlixco, HuaquechuIa, Huejotzingo ndi Calpan, pakati pa ena.
Zithunzi zomwe zafotokozedwazi ndi zitsanzo chabe za zomangamanga zamtunduwu zomwe titha kuziwona likulu lokongola la Puebla. Tikukhulupirira kuti asazindikiridwe ndikulandiridwa moyenera pophunzira mbiri yakale yaukoloni ku Mexico.
Chitsime: Mexico mu Time No. 9 Okutobala-Novembala 1995
