Mbiri yakale ya Mexica idayamba pang'onopang'ono; Sigüenza Codex ndi imodzi mwanjira zamtengo wapatali kwambiri zomwe tadziwira mbali zina za moyo wa tawuni yamakolo iyi.
Ma codices, zikalata zachikhalidwe cha ku Spain zisanachitike zopangidwa ndi a tlacuilo kapena mlembi, zitha kukhala zachipembedzo, kugwiritsa ntchito ansembe azipembedzo zosiyanasiyana, adadziperekanso kuzinthu zachuma zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati boma kapena kulembetsa katundu ndi ena omwe adatumiza zochitika zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri. Anthu aku Spain atafika ndikukhazikitsa chikhalidwe chatsopano, kupanga manambala azipembedzo kunasowa; Komabe, timapeza zikalata zambiri zokhala ndi zithunzi zomwe zimatanthawuza madera ena, komwe amagawa katundu kapena kulembetsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Code Sigüenza
Codex iyi ndi nkhani yapadera, mutu wake ndiwokhudza mbiri yakale ndipo umafotokoza komwe Aaztec adachokera, maulendo awo komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa mzinda watsopano wa Tenochtitlan. Ngakhale idapangidwa pambuyo pa Kugonjetsedwa, imaperekabe mawonekedwe azikhalidwe zikhalidwe. Titha kunena kuti nkhani ngati kusamuka kwa Aztec inali yofunika kwambiri kwa anthu aja, omwe adafika m'chigwa cha Mexico akusowa mbiri yakale.
Pazolemba zonse maiko awiri osiyanasiyana amaphatikizana ndikuphatikizana. Kukula kwaumunthu kwa Renaissance, kugwiritsa ntchito inki yosamba popanda kuphwanya mzerewu, voliyumu, kujambula momasuka komanso zowoneka bwino, kumeta ndi kugwiritsa ntchito gloss mu zilembo zaku Latin, kumatsimikizira kukopa kwa ku Europe komwe kwakhala kale kofunikira pazokambirana zachilengedwe. kuti, kupatsidwa nthawi yomwe codex idapangidwa, ndizovuta kusiyanitsa. Komabe, miyambo yomwe idakhazikika kwazaka zambiri mu mzimu wa tlacuilo imapitilirabe mwamphamvu ndipo chifukwa chake timawona kuti ma glyphs osadziwika kapena oyimilira amayimiliridwabe ndi phirilo ngati chizindikiro chokhazikika; njirayo imawonetsedwa ndi zotsalira; makulidwe a mzerewu amapitilizabe kutsimikiza; kayendedwe ka mapu amasungidwa ndi East kumtunda, mosiyana ndi miyambo yaku Europe komwe North imagwiritsiridwa ntchito ngati poyambira; mabwalo ang'onoang'ono ndi chifaniziro cha xiuhmolpilli kapena mtolo wa ndodo amagwiritsidwa ntchito posonyeza kutha kwa nthawi; Palibe kopitilira muyeso, kapena kuyesera kupanga zithunzi ndipo dongosolo lakuwerenga limaperekedwa ndi mzere womwe umalemba njira yapaulendo.
Monga momwe dzina lake limasonyezera, Sigüenza Codex inali ya wolemba ndakatulo komanso katswiri wotchuka Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora (1645-1700). Chikalata chamtengo wapatali ichi chili mu National Library of Anthropology and History of Mexico City. Ngakhale kugonjetsedwa kwa Spain kudafuna kuthetsa kulumikizana kulikonse ndi zakale, codex iyi ndi umboni wowona wokhudzidwa kwawo, mawonekedwe azaka zam'mbuyomu komanso miyambo ya Mexica, yomwe, ngakhale idafooka, ikuwonekera m'zaka zonse zapitazi XVI.
Ulendo wayamba
Monga nthano yodziwika bwino ikunena, Aaziteki amachoka kwawo Aztlán pansi pa mulungu wawo Huitzilopochtli (mbalame yotchedwa hummingbird). Paulendo wautali amayendera malo osiyanasiyana ndipo tlacuilo kapena mlembi amatigwira dzanja kudzera kupindika kwa njirayo. Ndikulongosola kwa zokumana nazo, zopambana ndi zovuta, kulumikizana pakati pa nthano zamatsenga ndi mbiriyakale zimalumikizidwa kudzera pakuwongolera zakale pazandale. Mphamvu ya Aztec idafalikira kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa kwa Tenochtitlan, ndipo a Mexica adasinthanso nthano zawo kuti ziwoneke ngati anthu a makolo olemekezeka, akuti ndi mbadwa za a Toltec ndikugawana mizu yawo ndi a Colhuas, chifukwa chake a Colhuacan omwe amatchulidwa nthawi zonse. M'malo mwake, tsamba loyamba lomwe amapitako ndi Teoculhuacan, ponena za Culhuacan kapena Colhuacan wopeka, woyimiridwa ndi phiri lopotoka pakona yakumanja yamadzi anayi; Mkati mwa chakumapeto titha kuwona chilumba chomwe chikuyimira Aztlán, pomwe mbalame yayikulu imayimirira patali pamaso pa omutsatira, kuwalimbikitsa kuti ayambe ulendo wautali wopita kudziko labwino.
Amunawa amadzipanga okha, kaya ndi mafuko kapena kutsatira mtsogoleri wina. Khalidwe lirilonse limavala chizindikiro chawo chophatikizidwa pamutu wawo ndi mzere woonda. Wolemba bukuli adalemba mndandanda wamitundu 15 yomwe imachita ulendowu, lililonse likuyimiridwa ndi mfumu yake, limalekanitsa zilembo zisanu zomwe zimachoka koyamba motsogoleredwa ndi Xomimitl, yemwe akuyamba ulendo wopita ndi chizindikiro cha dzina lake, 'phazi lamanzere'; Amatsatiridwa ndi omwe mwina amatchedwa Huitziton, pambuyo pake Xiuhneltzin, wotchulidwa mu 1567 codex, kutengera dzina lake kuchokera ku xiuh-turquoise, Xicotin ndi Huitzilihuitl womaliza, wamkulu wa Huitznaha wodziwika ndi mutu wa hummingbird.
Anthu asanu awa afika ku Aztacoalco (aztlatl-garza, atl-agua, comitl-olla), pomwe nkhondo yoyamba idachitika kuyambira pomwe adachoka ku Aztlán, - malinga ndi chikalatachi- ndipo timawona piramidi ndi kachisi wowotchedwa, chizindikiro chogonjetsedwa zomwe zidachitika m'malo ano. Apa anthu kapena mafuko 10 amabwera palimodzi omwe amayenda mumsewu womwewo wopita ku Tenochtitlan, woyamba kutsogolera gulu latsopanoli sanazindikiridwe ndipo pali mitundu ingapo, zikuwoneka kuti ndiye wamkulu wa Tlacochalcas (kutanthauza kuti ali mivi imasungidwa), Amimitl (amene wanyamula ndodo ya Mixcóatl) kapena Mimitzin (dzina lomwe limachokera ku mimitl-arrow), lotsatira, lomwe pambuyo pake lidzagwire ntchito yofunika, ndi Tenoch (wa mwala wamtengo wapatali). ndiye mutu wa matlatzincas amawonekera (omwe amachokera kumalo a maukonde), amatsatiridwa ndi Cuautlix (nkhope ya chiwombankhanga), Ocelopan (yemwe ali ndi chikwangwani cha kambuku), Cuapan kapena Quetzalpantl amapita kumbuyo, kenako Apanecatl (njira zamadzi) amayenda, Ahuexotl (water willow), Acacitli (reed hare), ndi yomalizirayi yomwe mwina sinadziwike mpaka pano.
Mkwiyo wa Huitzilopochtli
Atadutsa ku Oztocolco (oztoc-grotto, comitl-olla), Cincotlan (pafupi ndi mphika wamakutu), ndi Icpactepec, Aaztec amafika pamalo pomwe amanganso kachisi. Huitzilopochtli, powona kuti otsatira ake sanadikire kufikira atafika m'malo opatulikawo, amakwiya ndipo ndi mphamvu zake zaumulungu amawatumizira chilango: nsonga za mitengo zikuwopseza kugwa mphepo yamphamvu ikawomba, cheza chomwe chimagwera kuchokera kumwamba chimawombana motsutsana ndi nthambi ndipo mvula yamoto imayatsa moto pakachisi, yemwe ali piramidi. Xiuhneltzin, m'modzi mwa mafumu, amwalira patsamba lino ndipo thupi lake lokutidwa limawoneka mu codex kuti alembe izi. Pamalo awa amakondwerera Xiuhmolpillia, chizindikiro chomwe chikuwoneka pano ngati mtolo wa ndodo pamiyendo yamiyendo itatu, ndikumapeto kwa zaka 52, ndipamene mbadwa zimadabwa ngati dzuwa lidzaukanso, ngati padzakhala moyo wotsatira tsiku.
Maulendowa akupitilirabe, amadutsa m'malo osiyanasiyana, nthawi yomwe imakhala ndi nthawi zokhala zosiyana kuyambira zaka 2 mpaka 15 pamalo aliwonse, zimawonetsedwa ndi mabwalo ang'onoang'ono mbali imodzi kapena pansi pa dzina lililonse. Nthawi zonse kutsatira mapazi omwe amalemba njira, motsogozedwa ndi mulungu wawo wankhondo, amapitiliza ulendo wopita kumalo osadziwika, akudutsa m'matawuni ambiri monga Tizaatepec, Tetepanco (pamakoma amiyala), Teotzapotlan (malo amiyala yamiyala), ndi zina zotero, mpaka kukafika ku Tzompanco (komwe zigaza zikumangiriridwa), tsamba lofunikira lomwe limabwerezedwa pafupifupi m'mbiri zonse zaulendo. Atadutsa m'matawuni angapo, amafika ku Matlatzinco komwe kuli njira ina; Anales de Tlatelolco akunena kuti Huitzilihuitl adataya njira kwakanthawi kenako adayanjananso ndi anthu ake. Mphamvu ya Mulungu ndi chiyembekezo cha malo olonjezedwa zimapereka mphamvu zofunikira kupitirizabe kuyenda, amayendera malo angapo ofunikira monga Azcapotzalco (anthill), Chalco (malo amiyala yamtengo wapatali), Pantitlan, (tsamba la mbendera) Tolpetlac (komwe ali los tules) ndi Ecatepec (phiri la Ehécatl, mulungu wa mphepo), onsewa adatchulidwanso mu Strip of the Haji.
Nkhondo ya Chapultepec
Momwemonso, amapita kumalo ena osadziwika mpaka nthawi ina atakhala ku Chapultepec (chapulín hill) komwe Ahuexotl (water willow) ndi Apanecatl (wa Apan, -water channels-) amagona atafa kunsi kwa phiri atakumana ndi a Colhuas, gulu lomwe lidakhazikika m'malo amenewa kale. Uku kunali kugonja komwe ena amathawira ku zomwe pambuyo pake zidzakhala Tlatelolco, koma panjira akumanidwa ndipo Mazatzin, m'modzi mwa atsogoleri aku Mexico, adadulidwa; andende ena amatengedwa kupita nawo ku Culhuacan komwe amafera atadulidwa mutu ndipo ena amabisala munyanjayo pakati pa ma tulares ndi mabedi abango. Acacitli (nzimbe hare), Cuapan (amene ali ndi mbendera) ndi munthu wina yemwe adanyamula mitu yawo kunkhalangoyi, apezeka ndikumangidwa pamaso pa Coxcox (pheasant), wamkulu wa Colhua, yemwe adakhala pampando wake wachifumu kapena pampando wachifumu amalandila msonkho kwa antchito ake atsopano, Aaziteki.
Nkhondo itatha ku Chapultepec, moyo wa Mexica udasinthika, adasandulika ndipo gawo lawo losamukasamuka lidatha. Tlacuilo amatenga zidziwitso zaposachedwa kuchokera paulendo wopita kumalo ochepa, kuphatikiza zinthu, kukonza njira ndikuwongolera mayendedwe a njirayo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pakadali pano muyenera kutembenuza chikalatacho mozama kuti mupitilize kuwerenga, ma glyphs onse omwe amabwera pambuyo pa Chapultepec ali mbali inayo, madambo ndi malo amadzi omwe amadziwika m'chigwa chapakati pa Mexico akuwonedwa mwa mawonekedwe azitsamba zakutchire zomwe zimazungulira malo omalizawa. Awa ndi malo okhawo omwe wolemba amadzipatsa ufulu wowjambula malowa.
Pambuyo pake, Aaziteki amatha kukhazikika ku Acolco (pakati pamadzi), ndipo atadutsa ku Contintlan (pafupi ndi miphika), amenyananso pamalo omwe ali pafupi ndi Azcatitlan-Mexicaltzinco ndi anthu ena osadziwika pano. Imfa, yoyimiriridwa ndi munthu wodulidwa mutu, imazunzanso anthu amwendamnjira.
Amayenda m'malire a nyanja ya Chigwa cha Mexico podutsa Tlachco, komwe kuli bwalo la mpira (malo okhawo omwe amapezeka mlengalenga), Iztacalco, komwe kuli nkhondo yomwe ikuwonetsedwa ndi chishango kumanja kwa nyumbayo. Zitatha izi, mayi wa olemekezeka, yemwe anali ndi pakati, ali ndi mwana, chifukwa chake malowa amatchedwa Mixiuhcan (malo oberekera). Atabereka, zinali zachizolowezi kuti mayi azisamba kopatulika, temacalli komwe kunachokera dzina la Temazcaltitlan, malo omwe anthu aku Mexico amakhala zaka 4 ndikukondwerera Xiuhmolpillia (kukondwerera moto watsopano).
Maziko
Pomaliza, lonjezo la Huitzilopochtli lakwaniritsidwa, amafika pamalo omwe mulungu wawo adawonetsa, amakhala pakatikati pa dziwe ndipo adapeza mzinda wa Tenochtitlan pano ukuyimiridwa ndi bwalo ndi nkhadze, chizindikiro chomwe chimayimira pakatikati ndikugawa madera anayi. : Teopan, lero San Pablo; Atzacoalco, San Sebastián; Cuepopan, Santa María ndi Morotlan, San Juan.
Anthu asanu amawoneka ngati omwe adayambitsa Tenochtitlan, pakati pawo ndi Tenoch yotchuka (yomwe ili ndi peyala yamwala) ndi Ocelopan (yemwe ali ndi chikwangwani cha tiger). Tiyenera kunena kuti njira ziwiri zamadzi zimamangidwa zomwe zimachokera ku Chapultepec kuti zithandizire mzindawo ndi kasupe yemwe amapezeka kuchokera pano, ndipo izi zikuwonetsedwa mu codex iyi yokhala ndi mizere iwiri yabuluu, yomwe imadutsa kudambo lamadzi, mpaka ikafika mzinda. Zakale zamakolo azikhalidwe zaku Mexico zidalembedwa m'malemba ojambulira omwe, monga iyi, amafalitsa mbiri yawo. Kuphunzira ndi kufalitsa maumboni ofunikirawa kumapangitsa onse aku Mexico kumvetsetsa komwe tidachokera.
Batia Fux
