M'masiku am'mbuyomu ku Spain, kudera lomwe dziko la Mexico lili pano, komanso zakale zomwe zidayamba zaka 30 zikwi zapitazo, magulu osiyanasiyana aanthu okhala ndi mayanjano osiyanasiyana andale komanso chikhalidwe adakhalako mpaka nthawi ya kulumikizana ndi chikhalidwe cha Spain.
Pakati pawo padzakhala pakati, ngakhale sichitha, chotchedwa Oasisamerica. Okhazikika oyamba anali ndi "chikhalidwe chapamwamba" chomwe kufotokozera kwawo kwakukulu, pasitepe pomwe Conquest isanachitike, inali Triple Alliance, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Empire of Moctezuma. Momwemonso, magulu a Arido-America - ngakhale adakhala gawo loyambira kusamuka komwe, pamapeto pake, kungapangitse kuti zomwe zikuchitika ku Mesoamerican zitheke - zidatsalira ndikukula kwachikhalidwe komanso magulu otsika malinga ndi mitundu ya mabungwe. zandale zimakhudzidwa. A Oasisamericans adasinthasintha pakati pa awiriwo, pomwe nthawi yomweyo anali oyimira pakati awo. Mwanjira ina, panthawi yolumikizana, anthu achilengedwe anali ojambula amitundu yambiri komanso azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana okhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pazigawo zake. Komabe, mdera lapamwamba kwambiri la ku America kunali gawo lofanana lazikhalidwe. Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zidasiyanitsa gawo labwino m'magulu awo chinali - kuwonjezera pakupezeka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma CaIendaries, mtundu wamaboma ndi mitundu ingapo yamakonzedwe akumizinda - kupanga zojambula zojambula zomwe zidalemba, mwa zina, zachipembedzo-caIendáricos. , andale, ankhondo, owombeza, owerengera, mibadwo, cadastral ndi mapu, omwe mwa njira yofunika (nthawi zina) adachitira umboni zakudziwika kwamphamvu kwakale.
Malingana ndi Alfonso Caso, mwambo umenewu umachokera m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri kapena lachisanu ndi chitatu cha nthawi yathu ino, ndipo malinga ndi Luis Reyes umalumikizidwa ndi zojambula m'mapanga, nyumba zadothi ndi zojambula pakhoma zomwe zili ndi zaka zosachepera zikwi ziwiri. Malinga ndi malingaliro a Kirchhoff, chidziwitso chachiwiri chimatipatsa mwayi wophatikiza zomwe akatswiri ofukula zakale amafufuza ndi zolemba kapena zolemba.
Zolemba za Pictographic, mawonekedwe apaderadera azikhalidwe zaku Mesoamerica mmaiko aku America tsopano, zidapitilirabe kwambiri munthawi ya atsamunda, makamaka ngati njira yololeza mwayi wakale, madandaulo kapena malire, kutsimikizika kwa mibadwo, komanso zikumbutso zina. zantchito zoperekedwa kwa Korona ndi anthu am'deralo komanso mafumu awo.
Mulimonsemo, monga a Luis Reyes ananenera, kupezeka kwa maumboni ojambulidwa panthawi ya Colony kumawonetsa mizu yolimba komanso mphamvu yaku India yolemba, yomwe idasintha ndikusintha koma idapitilira nthawi yonse ya atsamunda. Zikuwonetsanso kuvomereza ndikuzindikira atsamunda za chikhalidwe cha amwenye.
Monga zolembedwa zakale zakale, maumboniwa amakhala ngati mlatho, popeza kumbuyo kumatilumikizitsa ndi omwe amapanga zotsalira zakale (ngati zida izi kapena malo owoneka bwino) ndikupita patsogolo, ndi magulu azikhalidwe zamakono. Malinga ndi Paul Kirchhoff, zimatipangitsa kuti tiwerenge mbiri yakale yaku Mesoamerican (mozama), kuyesa kumanganso kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka pano. Kuti izi zitheke, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale, olemba mbiri komanso akatswiri anthropology amayenera kugwirizanitsa zoyesayesa zawo; ngakhale kuli kofunikira kuwonjezera kuti, kuchokera ku 1521, kuti amvetsetse bwino, zikufunika kuti aganizire a Spaniards, ndipo pambuyo pake, malinga ndi nthawi yawo yolowetsedwa mgulu la atsamunda, Afirika ndi Asiya.
Ntchito yofalitsa ma codees ku America imabweretsa pamodzi zoyesayesa za anthu ndi mabungwe ambiri. Omalizawa ndi National Institute of Anthropology and History, Benemérita University of Puebla, Center for Research and Higher Study in Social Anthropology ndi General Archive of the Nation.
Pakumaliza ntchitoyi, kudzera pakuphunzira ndikufalitsa nkhani, kupulumutsidwa kwa maumboni amtundu wachikoloni otsatirawa kwatheka:
Tlatelolco Codex, yophunzitsidwa koyambirira ndi mphunzitsi Perla Valle, imalongosola za chikhalidwe, zandale komanso zachipembedzo komanso momwe tsankho labwinoli lidaloweredwera m'magulu azikoloni omwe, momwe kwakukulu, mawonekedwe akale amachitidwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito. pre-Columbian, makamaka pankhani zandale komanso zachuma.
Mapu a Coatlichan, owunikiridwa ndi aphunzitsi a Luz María Mohar, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apulasitiki, ngakhale ali ndi zochitika zina zaku Europe, atha kuonedwa kuti ndi chitsanzo cha kulimbikira kwamachitidwe amtunduwu komanso nkhawa yake yolanda malo okhala madera ake osiyanasiyana zandale komanso malo omwe amawazungulira.
Yanhuitlán Codex, yophunzitsidwa ndi aphunzitsi a María Teresa Sepúlveda ndi Herrera, (yofalitsidwa limodzi kwa nthawi yoyamba, zidutswa ziwiri zodziwika bwino), imafotokoza makamaka mbiri yakale komanso zachuma zomwe zidachitika ku Yanhuitlán ndi matauni ena oyandikana nawo, ku nthawi zoyambirira zamakoloni pakati pa 1532 ndi 1556.
Cozcatzín Codex, yophunzitsidwa koyambirira ndi mphunzitsi Ana Rita Valero, chitsanzo chimodzi chazosiyanasiyana zamakalata achikoloni, ili ndi mbiri yakale, mibadwo, zachuma komanso zakuthambo. Ndi gwero lodziwika bwino ku Tenochca monga zikuwonetsedwa, mwazinthu zina, ndikufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane za "nkhondo yapachiweniweni" pakati pa Mexica: Tenochcas ndi Tlatelolcas, zomwe zimakhala zomaliza mwatsoka.
Mapu a Cuauhtinchan nambala 4, owunikidwa ndi aphunzitsi Keiko Yoneda, mwina ndiye wojambula kwambiri waku Europe kuderali, malo abwino potengera kulemera kwa maumboni azithunzi zachikoloni. Cholinga chake chachikulu ndikuwonetsa malire pakati pa Cuauhtinchan ndi nyumba zakale komanso zoyandikana zisanachitike ku Spain, ndi mzinda wa Puebla de los Ángeles, panthawiyo. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito ya mtundu wa codees waku America, ndikofunikira kuumirira, kukuwonetsa ubwino ndi kuyanjana kwamabungwe apakati komanso kufunikira kwa ntchito zamayiko osiyanasiyana, kuti apulumutse bwino zomwe zalembedwa, zithunzi komanso zolemba, zofunikira pa kukhazikitsanso mtsogolo kwa gawo labwino la mafuko achikhalidwe omwe akutenga nawo mbali pakupanga gulu lachikoloni, omwe mbadwa zawo pakadali pano ndizamagawo ofunikira ku Mexico yathu iyi, mwamwayi, monga poyambira, mitundu yambiri komanso miyambo yambiri.
Gwero Mexico mu Nthawi No. 8 August-September 1995
