Kodi Rosario de la Peña y Llerena anali ndani kwenikweni, ndipo ndimikhalidwe yanji komanso mikhalidwe yaumwini yomwe idamulola kuti akhale gawo la zolemba zamamuna komanso-zapamwamba kwambiri, molingana ndi machitidwe azikhalidwe ndi machitidwe omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito?
Amakondweretsedwa ndi kuwala kwamadzulo
Mapiri ndi nyanja zimamwetulira
Ndipo ndiwopikisana ndi dzuwa,
Zolemba za phazi lake, phosphorescent,
Kutulutsa nkhata pamphumi yonyada
Osati kuchokera kwa mngelo, kuchokera kwa mulungu.
Umu ndi m'mene anzeru Ignacio Ramírez adafotokozera mu 1874 mayi yemwe anazunguliridwa pakati pa anzeru aku Mexico a m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu: olemba ndakatulo, olemba ziwonetsero, atolankhani ndi oyankhula omwe adamusankha ngati "malo osungira zakale" a zolembera zolembedwa za iwo zaka, zomwezi lero timazizindikira mu mbiri yakale yadziko ngati nthawi yopitilira kukondana.
Koma kodi Rosario de la Peña y Llerena anali ndani kwenikweni, ndipo ndimikhalidwe yanji komanso mikhalidwe yamunthu yomwe idamulola kuti akhale olamulira a zolembalemba zamwamuna komanso-zapamwamba kwambiri, molingana ndi malamulo azikhalidwe ndi machitidwe omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito?
Amadziwika kuti adabadwira mnyumba ku Calle Santa Isabel, nambala 10, ku Mexico City, pa Epulo 24, 1847, ndikuti anali mwana wamkazi wa Don Juan de Ia Peña, mwini malo olemera, komanso a Doña Margarita Llerena, yemwe Anamuphunzitsa iye limodzi ndi abale ndi alongo m'malo olumikizana ndi anzawo komanso kupititsa patsogolo zolembalemba, popeza anali ogwirizana m'njira zosiyanasiyana ndi zolembedwa komanso ndale za nthawiyo, monga wolemba waku Spain a Pedro Gómez de la Serna ndi Marshal Bazaine, wa Ufumu wa Maximilian.
Momwemonso, tikabwereranso kumasamba omwe adalembedwa ku Mexico kumapeto kwachitatu chomaliza cha zaka zapitazi, ndizosadabwitsa kupeza pafupipafupi - lero wina anganene mosafanana- momwe chithunzi cha Rosario chimawonekera mu ntchito ya olemba ndakatulo abwino kwambiri am'nthawiyo, omwe nthawi zonse ankati "ayi kokha ngati chizindikiro cha chinthu chachikazi, koma monga chinthu changwiro cha kukongola ".
Mosakayikira, Rosario ayenera kuti anali mkazi wokongola kwambiri, koma ngati tiwonjezera pa izi mphatso za talente, kukoma kwabwino, malangizo osamalitsa, chithandizo chokhwima komanso kukoma mtima komwe kumadziwika ndi omwe amamukonda komanso abwenzi ake, komanso chidziwitso chokhudza udindo wake pazachuma. a banja lake, zonsezi, komabe, zikadakhala zosakwanira, osati zapadera, kuti zitsimikizire kutchuka kwa mtsikanayo yemwe dzina lake, ngakhale sanakhale wolemba, limalumikizidwa mosagwirizana ndi mbiriyakale yamakalata am'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.
Zochitika zina ziwiri - imodzi yolemba mbiri yakale komanso ina yosemphana ndi zomwe - ikadakhala chinsinsi cha kutchuka kwake. Choyamba, chofotokozedwera kuchokera pamalingaliro azikhalidwe zomwe zimakondana, chimalimbikitsa kusakanikirana kwenikweni komanso zopeka, komanso malingaliro opembedza mafano polemekeza munthu wamkazi, momwe malingaliro ake anali opitilira muyeso weniweni pakufunafuna umunthu. za kukongola. Ponena za chachiwiri, zidachitika panthawi yodzipha kwa wolemba wotchuka kwambiri a Manuel Acuña, zomwe zidachitika mchipinda momwe iye, monga wophunzira, amakhala mnyumba yomwe panthawiyo inali ya School of Medicine. Nkhani ya izi idalengezedwa tsiku lotsatiralo, Disembala 8, 1873, komanso kutulutsa koyamba kwa ndakatulo yake ya "Nocturno", nyimbo yotchuka kwambiri pachikondi chokhumudwitsa chomwe nyimbo ya ku Mexico idachita zomwe wolemba wake, malinga ndi kudzipereka, adawululira zambiri za ubale womwe umayenera kukhala pakati pa iye ndi Rosario de la Peña. Nthawi zina, nkhaniyi sikadakhala chabe mphekesera yosangalatsa, koma idakulitsidwa ndimalo owopsa a imfa ya wolemba ndakatulo wachichepereyo, idakhala malo otentha pazokambirana zonse. Kuphatikiza apo, malinga ndi a José López-Portillo, nkhaniyi idakhala yayikulu, yadziko lonse, ndipo idalankhulidwa mdziko lonse la Republic, kuyambira kumpoto mpaka kummwera komanso kuchokera kunyanja mpaka ku Ocean; Osati zokhazo, koma, pomalizira pake kupitirira malire a gawo lathu, zidafalikira kumayiko onse olankhula Spain ku kontrakitala. Ndipo ngati sizinali zokwanira, adadutsa nyanja ya Atlantic, ndikufika ku Europe komwe, komwe nkhaniyi idachitidwa ndi atolankhani omwe anali okhudzana ndi zochitika zaku Spain-America panthawiyo. Dziko lakwawo la mzindawu lidatulutsanso nkhani yayitali yomwe idasindikizidwa ku Paris Charmant, likulu la France (…) momwe zidanenedwa kuti kutha kwachisoni kwa wolemba ndakatulo waku Coahuila kudachitika chifukwa cha kusakhulupirika kwa wokondedwa wake. Acuña, malinga ndi wolemba nyuzipepalayi, anali pachibwenzi ndi Rosario ndipo anali pafupi kumukwatira, pomwe adakakamizidwa kuchoka ku Mexico pazifukwa zamalonda, ndipo posafuna kumuwona atakumana ndi zoopsa zosungulumwa, adamusiya atasungidwa kuchokera kwa bwenzi lodalirika; ndipo iye ndi iye, akuchita kusayamika kwakuda kwambiri, adamvetsetsana kuti azikondana pakadakhala wolemba ndakatulo. Chifukwa chake atabwerera kuchokera kuulendo wake wachisoni, adapeza osakhulupirika atakwatirana kale, kenako ndikukwiya ndi kukhumudwa komanso kupweteka, adapempha kuti adziphe.
Imfa inali itapatsa mnzake mwayi ndipo ochepa anali ndi mwayi wokwanira kumukana. Chifukwa chake, Rosario de Ia Peña - kuyambira nthawi imeneyo amatchedwa Rosario la de Acuña - adadziwika ndi mbiri yakukongoletsa komanso kukopa komwe kudapitilira malire azaka zake ndikuti, ngakhale m'zaka zapakati pa makumi asanu ndi atatu zapitazi, adakhalanso ndi moyo. Kuwonetsa kusindikizidwanso kwa zomwe tafotokozazi ndi López-Portillo, yemwe - ngakhale adalonjeza cholinga chotsimikizira mkazi uyu - adatenganso nawo gawo potanthauzira molakwika za "Nocturno" wotchuka, ndipo nayo, kuipitsa dzina a Rosario povomereza kuti chidwi chatsoka chitha kupezeka m'mavesi ake, "munthawi yobwezera, ndipo pamapeto pake sichidziwika ndipo mwina kuperekedwa".
Komabe, palibe mzere umodzi wochokera ku "Nocturno" womwe umatsimikizira izi; Kulikonse komwe anthuwo adayamba mavesi ake, zikuwonekeratu kuti anali kuyambitsa chilengezo chachikondi kwa mayi yemwe samadziwa zochepa, mwina palibe, za izi, monga amamuwuzira:
Ine
Ndikufuna
ndikuuzeni kuti ndimakukondani,
Ndikukuuzani kuti ndimakukondani
ndi mtima wanga wonse;
Kuti ndimavutika kwambiri,
kuti ndimalira kwambiri,
Kuti sindingathenso kutero,
ndikulira komwe ndikukupemphani,
Ndikukupemphani ndipo ndalankhula nanu m'malo
zachinyengo changa chomaliza.
Ndipo akuwonjezeranso mu stanza IV:
Ndikumvetsa kuti kupsompsona kwanu
sayenera konse kukhala anga,
Ndikumvetsetsa izi pamaso panu
Sindidzadziwonanso ndekha,
Ndipo ndimakukondani, ndikupenga kwanga
ndi zigumula zamoto
Ndimadalitsa kunyoza kwanu,
Ndimakonda kupatuka kwanu,
Ndipo m'malo mokonda zochepa,
Ndimakukonda koposanso.
Ponena za ndime yolembedwa ndi López-Portillo ngati umboni wa ubale womwe udakwaniritsidwa (Ndipo malo anu opatulika atakhala kale / atamalizidwa, / Nyali yanu yoyatsidwa, / chophimba chanu paguwa lansembe, […]), ndi wolemba ndakatulo yemwe yemwe amatiuza kuti izi sizinali zina koma kufotokozera zakulakalaka kwake chikondi, monga zikuwonetsedwa ndi mayina omwe amagwiritsa ntchito pansipa -kulota, chidwi, chiyembekezo, chisangalalo, chisangalalo, kuyesetsa-, kuwunikira chiyembekezo chokha, chidwi chikhumbo chofuna:
IX
Mulungu akudziwa kuti izo zinali
maloto anga okongola kwambiri,
Kufunitsitsa kwanga ndi chiyembekezo changa,
chisangalalo changa ndi chisangalalo changa,
Mulungu amadziwa bwino kuti palibe chilichonse
Ndasindikiza kudzipereka kwanga,
Koma pokukondani kwambiri
pansi pa malo osekerera
Zomwe zidandikupsompsona
pomwe adandiona ndikubadwa!
Komabe, pankhani yakukondana pambuyo pake (ndipo ngakhale m'masiku athu ano), vuto lakuchenjereredwa kwazimayi komanso kudziimba mlandu lidafalikira mosavuta kuposa momwe amafotokozera kudzipha chifukwa cha matenda a hyperesthesia; kotero kuti mawu omwe, molingana ndi a Carlos Amézaga aku Peruvia, adayimirira poteteza namwaliyu, koposa zonse, umboni wake mokomera kusalakwa kwake, adabisidwa pansi pamawu a enawo, kaya anali mamembala odziwika a a Liceo Hidalgo - omwe adamuweruza pagulu loyambirira lomwe lachitika chifukwa cha kudzipha kwa Acuña- kapena ena mwa omwe amadziwika kuti amusilira, omwe adapitilizabe kumangirira chifanizo cha Rosario, ngakhale chauchiwanda ndi zolemba zawo mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka zana lino .
Tizindikira izi, titha kuganiza kuti ndakatulo yolembedwa ndi Acuña komanso mbiri ya amuna anzake, zidawononga Rosario weniweni, m'modzi mwa azimayi enieni omwe sanatchulidwepo mbiriyakale, osatha kudzipangira yekha mbiri. Ndizosadabwitsa kudziwa kuti ngakhale anali ndi nzeru zomveka bwino, adakhala wachisoni, wosadalira, wodandaula komanso wopanda nkhawa, monga Martí adamufotokozera: "inu mukukayika kwanu konse ndikukayika kwanu konse ndikuyembekeza kwanu konse pamaso panga." Sizimadabwitsanso kusakwatiwa kwake - ngakhale ali ndi atsikana ambiri - atakhala pachibwenzi kwanthawi yayitali kwa zaka zopitilira khumi ndi chimodzi ndi wolemba ndakatulo Manuel M. Flores, yemwenso adadwala matenda ake ndi imfa yake.
Galasi labodza la kuwala ndi mthunzi wokhala pamunthu wake weniweni, adabisala mpaka lero zomwe zinawunikira zifukwa zingapo zomwe zidapangitsa Acuña kudzipha, pomwe zomwe sanafune - ndipo mwina sizikudziwika - kumulakalaka Rosario kunali kokha chifukwa chimodzi chimodzi. Zambiri ziyenera kuti zinafunika kuganizira za chisankho chakupha cha mnyamatayo, kudzipatula kwanthawi yayitali kunyumba kwake komanso kumwalira kwa abambo ake pomwe kulibe - monga momwe amayamikirira mobwerezabwereza pantchito yake - komanso kusakhulupirika kwa wolemba ndakatulo Laura Méndez, yemwe anali naye akulimbikitsidwa kwa zaka zambiri ubale wachikondi, mpaka kukhala ndi mwana naye miyezi iwiri asanadziphe.
Mwachiwonekere, uyu anali wokonda yemwe, paulendo wa Acuña kunja kwa mzindawu, adamunyengerera mchikondi ndi wolemba ndakatulo Agustín F. Cuenca, mnzake wa onse, omwe adamupatsa chidwi cha wokondedwa wake. kuti mutchinjirize ku "ngozi za anthu." Izi zidanenedwa ndi mbiri yakale ndi Rosario, malinga ndi López-PortiIlo, ngakhale zinali zosagwirizana ndikuti nthawi zonse amakhala ndi makolo ake ndi abale ake, zomwe zikadapangitsa kuti ntchito ya Acuña ku Cuenca isakhale yofunikira kwambiri. Mbali inayi, izi zitha kufotokozedwa bwino ngati anali wolemba ndakatulo uja, ngati wina angaganize kuti anali mayi wosakwatiwa ndipo, kuwonjezera apo, anali kutali ndi dera lakwawo: tawuni ya Amecameca.
Pa tsiku lokumbukira kubadwa kwake kwa zaka 50, Rosario de la Peña adapitilizabe kutsimikiza kuti ndi wosalakwa kwa ochepa omwe amafuna kuti amumve, chifukwa chake, akuwonetsa kulingalira ndipo, ngakhale ali ndi chiweruzo chokhazikika, adauza Amézaga, ku Kuyankhulana kwapadera, komwe adadziwitsidwa pambuyo pake ndi iye: "Ndikadakhala m'modzi mwa azimayi achabechabe, nditha kulimbikira, ndikunamizira kuti ndikumva chisoni, kuti ndipatse chidwi buku lomwe ndimakhalamo ngwazi. Ndikudziwa kuti pamitima yokondana palibe chokopa chachikulu kuposa chilakolako chokhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa monga zomwe ambiri amati ndi Acuña; Ndikudziwa kuti ndikusiya, mosabisa, ndikuwuza opusa, koma sindingakhale wophatikizira pachinyengo chomwe chimakhalapo ku Mexico ndi mfundo zina. Zowona kuti Acuña adapereka Nocturno yake kwa ine asanadziphe yekha […] koma ndizowona kuti Nocturno uyu anali chinyengo chokha cha Acuña chotsimikizira kufa kwake; chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe akatswiri ojambula amakhala nazo kumapeto kwa moyo wawo […] Kodi ndikadakhala nthano ya ndakatulo usiku wawo watha, chimodzi mwazinthu zabwino zomwe zimagwira nawo chowonadi, koma zomwe zili ndi maloto ambiri malingaliro osamveka bwino a delirium? Mwina Rosario de Acuña alibe chilichonse changa kunja kwa dzinalo! […] Acuña, wokhala ndi luntha la dongosolo loyamba, wokhala wolemba ndakatulo wamkulu, adabisala mkatikati mwa kukhumudwa kwake mwakachetechete, kunyansidwa kwakukulu kwa moyo komwe kumapangitsa kudzipha, pomwe malingaliro ena amaphatikizidwa. .
Umboni uwu ndiye chokhacho chomwe tapeza ndi mawu ake, chokhudza kukhalapo kwake nthawi zonse amawonekera kudzera pakuwona kwa ena. Komabe, chidwi chomwe chimapitilira mawu awa - choyankhulidwa zaka zopitilira 100 zapitazo - ndikuwonjezeredwa mpaka lero kwa chithunzi chachinyengo chake, akutiuza kuti nkhani ya Rosario de la Peña sinamalizidwe, ndikuti ntchito ya Kuunikira nkhope yanu yeniyeni kuseri kwa kalilore sikumangokhala kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kuti muiwale.
