Nyengo yamvula ikapezeka kumapiri akumwera chakumadzulo kwa Chihuahua, a Tarahumara amabalalika m'minda yawo yakutali. Kubwerera kunyumba kumaphatikizapo ntchito zolemetsa kwambiri pantchito zaulimi, koma amadziwa kuti zabwino zoyesayesa izi ndizabwino.
Mbewu zikakhwima ndipo nthawi yokolola yatsala pang'ono kututa, anthu amakumananso pamalo oyambira madera awo kuti achite zikondwerero ndi miyambo yosonkhana: nthawi yakwana yokondwerera moyo wabwino wachuma womwe umayimira kupeza zipatso za dziko lapansi ndikuyamba kaphwando komwe kumayambira kumapeto kwa nthawi ya February kapena Marichi, nthawi pamene ntchito yaulimi ikuyamba nyengo yatsopano.
Zikondwerero zazikuluzikuluzikuluzi zimaperekedwa kwa cKwezani oyera mtima oyang'anira, kukumbukira madeti ofunikira kwambiri a Pasaka wa Khrisimasi ndi kulemekeza Namwali Maria, m'modzi mwa milungu yotchuka kwambiri ya Katolika m'derali (popemphedwa ndi Guadalupe kapena Namwali wa Loreto). Nthawi imeneyi, gulu lamwambo limawoneka kuti limatenga nawo mbali pazokondwerera: ili pafupi matachines, ovina omwe amapereka zisudzo kwa Namwali.
Ngakhale masiku otsegulira ndi kutsekera kwamachitidwe a Makina zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri, kutengera dera lomwe likufunsidwa, momwe miyambo imakhalira kwambiri imafika pachimake panthawi yomwe imatha pakati pa Disembala 12 (phwando la Namwali wa Guadalupe) ndi Januware 6 (phwando la Mafumu Oyera).
BUNGWE
Okonza magulu Makina kuyimbidwa chapeyo kapena chapeyones. Ndi omwewo amayitanitsa ophunzirawo ndikuwatsogolera. Ali ndi mphamvu yolangiza mamembala omwe samatsatira malangizo awo komanso ngati chizindikiro cha mphamvu imeneyo amanyamula chikwapu.
Mlandu wa Chapeyoko wazunguliridwa ndi aura ya ulamuliro ndi kutchuka; Omwe amapanga gululi ndi akatswiri pamiyambo, ndipo ali ndiudindo waukulu wotsogolera kuchititsa bwino zovina. Pulogalamu ya chapeyo samavala suti ya Matachin, koma amanyamula chimodzi chigoba yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yamatabwa, yokhala ndi ndevu ndi masharubu opangidwa ndi ubweya wa akavalo kapena ubweya wa mbuzi. Kuvina kukachitika, chapeyo tulutsani ena Kufuula momwe amawonetsera ovina zosintha zina pamagwiridwe ake.
Atsogoleri ena ovina amadziwika pansi pa dzina la mafumu; kuvina ndi Makina Pochita zosinthazi, amatumikira monga aphunzitsi a ophunzira atsopano komanso osadziwa zambiri, komanso amasangalala ndi kutchuka kwakukulu m'deralo.
Chiwerengero cha mamembala a gulu la Makina zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri; Kutengera kwakukulu zimadalira mphamvu yakusonkhanitsa kwa omwe akukonzekera, kuchuluka kwa miyambo yomwe anthu akukambirana, komanso kuthekera kwachuma kwa anthu. Yotsirizira ndi chifukwa chakuti aliyense Matachín ayenera kugula zovala zake ndi zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi miyambo.
Zimakhala zachilendo kwa iwo omwe amachita ngati Makina chitani kwa a Kutalika kwa zaka zitatu zotsatizana, koma nthawi yakukhalayi ndiyosinthanso. M'madera ena momwe mestizo amakhudzidwa kwambiri, monga Cerocahui Y Morelos, azimayi atha kukhala mbali ya magulu a Makina; komabe, chofala kwambiri ndikuti awa amangophatikiza amuna.
VALANI
Zovalazo zimakhala ndi zovala zoyambira mestizo: malaya, mathalauza, nsapato ndi masokosi (Zomalizazi zimadutsa nsapato komanso zokwanira mathalauza). Pa mchiuno, kuphimba m'chiuno ndi matako, ndi womangidwa bandana yokongola, yemwe nsonga yake imakhala pakati pa miyendo yofanana ndi lamba. Kuti amalize kuvala, amayikidwanso angapo ofiira kapena maluwa nsalu za thonje, kuyambira mapewa mpaka mawondo.
Mwinanso mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri pazovala za Makina ndi korona kuti azinyamula pamutu pawo njoka ndi misozi zomwe amanyamula m'manja mwawo. Korona amapangidwa ndi magalasi, kapena ndi maluwa a maluwa zomwe zingapangidwe ndi nsalu, pepala kapena pulasitiki; popachika a ma slats ambirimbiri. Komanso ndi bandana, kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi gawo lina la nkhope kumaphimbidwa, kuwonetsa maso ndi mphuno zokha.
Pulogalamu ya Makina amanyamula ndi dzanja lawo lamanja a phokoso akuweyulira mowirikiza, pomwe kumanzere amanyamula palmilla (mtundu wa zimakupiza womwe ungathenso kukhala ngati trident), womwe umapachikidwa maliboni achikuda ndi nsalu kapena maluwa apulasitiki. Chinthu ichi chimatchedwa sikawa, kuti mu chilankhulo cha tarahumara zikutanthauza "maluwa", mawu osonyeza mphamvu ya kuchita zabwino. Zikhulupiriro zabodza zimafotokoza izi Makina adalengedwa kuti akhale asirikali a Namwali, ndikufalitsa zochitika zabwino kudzera m'mavinidwe awo ndi mphamvu zopanda pake, zomalizazi zimaperekedwa ndi chizindikiro cha duwa.
NYIMBO
Zida zoimbira zomwe zimatsatira kuvina kumeneku ndi vayolini, kumene tarahumara amamuyitana phokoso, Y gitala kapena gitala yokhala ndi zingwe zisanu ndi ziwiri analamula pamlingo wa mabass atatu ndikukwera anayi pansi. Mwinanso lamuloli likugwirizana ndi tanthauzo lamwambo lomwe laperekedwa ku manambalawa, chifukwa kwa anthu amtunduwo atatu ndi chiwerengero chachimuna ndi chinayi chija chachikazi.
Chiwerengero cha oyimba sichinakhazikitsidwe mwina, koma ndikofunikira kuti pakhale osachepera m'modzi gitala ndi violin awiriwa. Chotsatirachi ndi chida chopangira kwambiri mu nyimbo popeza ili ndi udindo wa bweretsani magawo a nyimbo, pomwe gitala imenya kumenya. Kuphatikiza apo, phokoso la ziphuphu onyamula ovina amapanga gawo lina la nyimbo lomwe limawathandiza kuzindikira masitepewo.
ZOCHITIKA
Magule amaseweredwa ndimaphunziro apamwamba kapena oyeserera. Malo omwe thupi limakhazikika, pomwe sitepeyo imadziwika ndi mapazi. Zolemba zodziwika bwino kwambiri zadziwika "Mitanda" (kusinthana kwa malo pakati pa mizere iwiri yomwe gulu la ovina lagawanika): "Otsitsa" (mafumu adutsa pakati pa mizere iwiri, mozungulira ovina aliwonse) ndi "Mafunde" (Kusintha kwa mamembala am'mizere, omwe amawazungulira anzawo kwinaku akukhalabe m'malo mwake mosemphanitsa). Kuphatikiza apo, gulu lina limakhala ndi mayendedwe omwe ovina aliyense amadzipangira okha.
Magwiridwe amayamba liti mamembala a gululi amapangidwa mu atrium ya tchalitchicho, moyang'anizana ndi mtanda waukulu. Kwa nyimbo mafumu amawomba mafunde awo Y Makina amayamba kusintha kwawo. Mizere imazungulira mtanda kuyilonjera, ndipo patsogolo pake imayika zikwangwani zinayi zikutembenukira kulikonse. Kenako amalowa mu tchalitchi kukapatsanso moni mafano opatulika ngati ulemu komanso chidwi chachipembedzo.
Magule pitirizani usiku wonse, zidutswa zisanu ndi zinayi zopuma zimapangidwa. M'mawa tónari (msuzi wophika wopanda mchere) amagawidwa, ndipo atadya chakudya cham'mawa cholimbikitsa Makina kusinthika kwawo kumayambiranso.
Zikondwererozi zimachitika pafupifupi nthawi zonse maulendo momwe olamulira a m'deralo, malembedwe (atsikana atatu kapena atsikana omwe amanyamula zithunzi zopatulika) ndi anthu onse.
Maulendo aliwonse amatsegulidwa ndi zidutswa zitatu za makina, amene amautsogolera pamodzi ndi oimba awo. Ngati pali wansembe kwanuko, misa imachitika; koma bwanji ngati simungaphonye ndi matchulidwe a nawésariNdiye kuti, maulaliki omwe akuluakulu amapereka kuti alimbikitse aliyense kuti azichita bwino, azigwira ntchito chaka chonse ndikumbukira kufunikira kwa mwambowu womwe ukukondwerera.
Kuti athetse magwiridwe awo, Makina amasankhidwa pochita chidutswa momwe ovinawo, adapangidwira mizere iwiri yoyang'anizana, amasinthana kukhudza kwa ma palmillas awo ndi mapazi akupanga a kulumikizana ndi wovina patsogolo pawo. Izi zimachitika mu atrium ndipo zimabwerezedwa mkachisi.
MACHITIDWE ENA OCHOKA KUMWAMBA
Pulogalamu ya yaquis ndi mayos Sonora alinso ndi magulu a Makina, amenenso amapembedzera Namwaliyo. KU pakati pa july Mwambo wofunikira kwambiri komanso wokongola wa yaquis pamodzi mazana a Makina ndi akuluakulu achipembedzo a Midzi isanu ndi itatu. Cholinga cha kuyimbira ndikupereka zomwe akuchita kwa Namwali wa Njira, yemwe malo ake opatulika amapezeka mtawuni yotchedwa Loma de Bácum.
Kwa iwo kumpoto tepehuanos, oyandikana nawo tarahumara, ngakhale ali osiyana nthambi ya banja lachinenero alireza, gawanani nawo kuvina kwamakina, mwa zikhalidwe zina zambiri. Ndizodabwitsa, komabe, kuti pakati pa magulu ena azikhalidwe m'dera lakumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mexico, miyambo ya Makina yatayika kapena mwina sinakhaleko.
Kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa United States, dera lokhala ndi zikhalidwe zambiri zofananira kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mexico, mafuko adagawanika pansi pa dzinali Keresan, Taos, Tewas ndi Tiwas, sasunga kugwiritsa ntchito kuvina kokha, komanso nthano zina zakomwe idachokera. Amati adayambitsidwa kuchokera kumwera ndi Moctezuma, mulungu waku India yemwe adavala zovala zaku Europe komanso yemwe adaneneratu za azungu, ndikuchenjeza amwenye kuti agwirizane nawo, koma osayiwala miyambo yawo komanso miyambo yawo.
ZOYAMBIRA ZA MATCHINES
Pulogalamu ya Chiyambi cha ku Ulaya zovina Makina ndi magule ena okhudzana ndi awa - otchedwa "Magule Ogonjetsera" kapena kuchokera "Atsogoleri Ndi Akhristu"- zikuwonekeratu. M'makhothi a World Old zochitika za matinchi mkati France, kupha ku Italy ndi moriskentänzer ku Germany. Ngakhale mawu achiarabu mudawijjihen, zikutanthauza chiyani "Iwo amene abwera maso ndi maso" kapena "Iwo amene adadzikongoletsa" - mwina potengera kugwiritsa ntchito maski - atha kunena kuti kuvina kunachokera ku Chiarabu.
Malongosoledwe a nthawi imeneyo amapereka makina ngati nthabwala omwe adachita milandu kukhothi. Nthawi zambiri anali amuna omwe adavina mozungulira modumpha ndikudziyesa ndewu ndi malupanga onyodola; ankavala zipewa ndi mabelu ndipo ankatsatira kayendedwe ka chitoliro.
Masewero ndi miyambo yomwe imapanga "Magule Ogonjetsera", adayambitsidwa ku Mexico ndi Amishonale achikatolika, omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito ngati chothandizira kulimbikitsa ntchito yawo yolalikira, pozindikira kukonda kwakukulu komwe anthu amtunduwu anali nako gule, nyimbo ndi nyimbo. Ndizotheka kuti poyambirira amishonale adafuna kuchita sewero lakugonjetsa kwa Akhristu pa Mfumu ya Aztec Montezuma chifukwa cha maofesi a Malinche, omwe amadziwika kuti anali oyamba kulowa Chikhristu ku Mexico wakale.
Zachidziwikire, anthu amtunduwu adayamba kuwonjezera zikhalidwe zawo povina komanso poyimbira. Kulandilidwa kwa izi kunali kwakuti olamulira olowa m'malo mwawo adaletsa kuphedwa kwawo mu akachisi kapena mnyumba zamatchalitchi, poopa kupanduka komanso chifukwa chakuwona zina mwaziwonetserozi zachikunja; Komabe, njira zopondereza izi zidangopambana kuti magule azichita kutali kwambiri ndi mphamvu yaku Spain, mwachitsanzo, m'nyumba za Amwenye akulu. Izi zidakondweretsanso kusakanikirana ndi zinthu zatsopano za chikhalidwe cha mbadwazo. Kutengera pa Makina, tanthauzo loyambirira lophunzitsidwa ndi Amishonale aku Franciscan ndi Jesuit adatheratu pakati pa mbadwa zakumpoto chakumadzulo. Zomwe zidapangidwa pazovala ndi zovala zidasinthidwanso kuti zigwirizane ndi zokonda ndi zokongola zomwe anthu amtunduwu amakondwerera. Nthawi yomweyo, kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba yamalamulo kunasiyidwa ndipo ntchito za anthu ena zidaperekedwanso (monga mafumu, Malinche ndi nthabwala). Pulogalamu ya Kuvina kwa Matachin potero adakhala chiwonetsero cha chikhalidwe chofanana ndi Midzi yakomweko kuchokera kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mexico.
Movina M'magawo Ena a Mexico
Pali mitundu ingapo ya Kuvina kwa Matachin kudera lamayiko, momwe omwe amavina nawonso amatero poyamikira zabwino zomwe alandila kapena ngati kulipira chifukwa chalamulo kapena lonjezo loperekedwa kwa oyera mtima. Zitsanzo zina zikuwonetsa kuti kuvina kumeneku ndichikhalidwe chomwe chidapitilira malire amitundu, kuyambira pamenepo zimachitika m'magulu angapo a mestizo ochokera kumpoto kwa Mexico.
Pakati pa magule omwe angaganiziridwe mitundu ya Makina Pali, mwachitsanzo, wa ku Coahuila wotchedwa "Chitsime chamadzi", popeza ili ndi dzina lamzinda wa Saltillo momwe umaperekedwa ngati msonkho kwa Khristu Woyera Apachikidwa. Ku Aguascalientes, Nayarit, Durango, ndi kumwera Sinaloa, lOsewera sanyamula njoka kapena mitengo ya kanjedza, koma amanyamula uta ndi muvi, ndipo womalizirayo amatcha dzina la "Kuvina Kwa Uta". Pulogalamu ya kum'mwera tepehuanos ali ndi kuvina uku ngati chimodzi mwazopereka zawo zopatulika. Ku Zacatecas, makamaka mu boma la Guadalupe, ndi gule wa pempho la mvula ndi chonde, dzina la matlachin yemwe amalandira kuvina mderali amatanthauzira monga "Munthu wodzibisa". Ku Guerrero, kuvina kumalumikizidwa ndi Kuzungulira kwa "Moor ndi Akhrisitu", mosiyanasiyana "Santiagos"; the kulandidwa kwa Yerusalemu ndi a Moor ndikutulutsa komweko ndi kufa komweko ndi Wopambana Yakobo. Pomaliza, ku Tlaxcala, kuvina ndikosiyana kwambiri, koma kuli kofanana ndi mitundu ina ya Makina: pamenepo magulu a ovina adayitana "Litters" amavina osagwirizana ndi choreography yomwe idakonzedweratu ku mayimbidwe a mariachis, kuvala ndi zidole zazikulu zopangidwa ndi makatoni ndi pepala la china lokhala ndi nyama, ndikupanga nthabwala ndi zoseketsa kwa omvera, zomwe zimawabweretsa pafupi ndi mtunduwo magulu azisangalalo.
Gwero: Mexico Unknown No. 263 / Januware 1999
