Chichonal – chomwe chimatchedwanso Chichón– ndi phiri lamiyala yolimba kwambiri yokwana 1,060 m yomwe ili kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Chiapas, m'dera lamapiri lomwe limaphatikizaponso matauni a Francisco León ndi Chapultenango.
Kwa zaka zopitirira zana limodzi mapiri ophulika akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Mexico adakhalabe oopsa kwambiri. Komabe, usiku wa Lamlungu, pa Marichi 28, 1982, nthawi ya 11:32 masana, phiri lomwe silimadziwika mpaka pano lidadzuka mwadzidzidzi: El Chichonal. Kuphulika kwake kunali kwamtundu wa Plinian, ndipo kunali kwamphamvu kwambiri kwakuti mphindi makumi anayi chipilala chomwe chidaphulikacho chidakwirira 100 km m'mimba mwake komanso pafupifupi 17 km kutalika.
M'mawa kwambiri pa 29, mvula yamaphulusa idagwa m'maiko a Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche ndi gawo la Oaxaca, Veracruz ndi Puebla. Kunali koyenera kuthamangitsa anthu masauzande ambiri m'derali; eyapoti inatsekedwa, monganso misewu yambiri. Minda ya nthochi, koko, khofi ndi mbewu zina zinawonongedwa.
M'masiku otsatira, kuphulikako kunapitilira ndipo mpweya waphulika unafalikira pakatikati pa dzikolo. Pa Epulo 4 padali kuphulika kwamphamvu komanso kwanthawi yayitali kuposa kwa Marichi 28; Kuphulika kwatsopano kumeneku kunatulutsa gawo lomwe linalowa mu stratosphere; Patangotha masiku ochepa, gawo lakuthwa kwambiri la phulusa linazungulira dziko lapansi: linafika ku Hawaii pa Epulo 9; kupita ku Japan, pa 18; kukafika ku Nyanja Yofiira, pa 21 ndipo pamapeto pake pa 26 Epulo imawoloka Nyanja ya Atlantic.
Pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri zitachitika izi, El Chichonal tsopano ndiwokumbukira kwakutali pamalingaliro onse a gulu, mwanjira yoti kwa achinyamata ambiri ndi ana zimangoyimira dzina la phiri lomwe limapezeka m'mabuku azakale. Pofuna kukumbukira tsiku lokumbukiranso la kuphulika ndikuwona momwe El Chichonal ilili, tidapita kumalo osangalatsawa.
Ulendo
Poyambira ulendowu ndi Colonia Volcán El Chichonal, kamudzi komwe kanakhazikitsidwa mu 1982 ndi omwe adapulumuka kukhazikika koyambirira. Pamalo awa tidasiya magalimoto ndikulemba ntchito yamnyamata wina kuti atitsogolere pamwambowu.
Kuphulika kuli pamtunda wamakilomita 5, chifukwa chake nthawi ya 8:30 m'mawa tidayamba kugwiritsa ntchito m'mawa wozizira. Tayenda pafupifupi theka la kilomita pomwe Pascual, yemwe amatitsogolera, akuwonetsa esplanade yomwe tidadutsa nthawi imeneyo ndikuti "Nawu anali tawuni isanaphulike." Palibe chilichonse chodziwika bwino chomwe kale chinali gulu lolemera la anthu 300.
Kuyambira pano zikuwonekeratu kuti chilengedwe chachilengedwe chidasinthidwa kwambiri. Pomwe kale panali minda, mitsinje ndi nkhalango zowirira momwe nyama zimachulukirachulukira, lero kuli mapiri ndi zigwa zazikulu zokutidwa ndi miyala, timiyala ndi mchenga, wokutidwa ndi masamba ochepa. Mukamayandikira phirili kuchokera mbali yakum'mawa, malingaliro aulemerero alibe malire. Malo otsetsereka samafika kupitirira 500 m ya kusagwirizana, chifukwa chake kukwera kumakhala kosalala ndipo pofika leveni koloko m'mawa tili kale mamita 300 kuchokera pamwamba pa phirilo.
Chigwacho ndi "mbale" yayikulu kilomita imodzi m'mimba mwake m'munsi mwake ndi nyanja yokongola yamadzi obiriwira achikasu. Pamphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanja timawona fumaroles ndi mitambo ya nthunzi yomwe imatuluka fungo la sulufule. Ngakhale panali mtunda wautali, titha kumva bwino nthunzi yothinikizika ikuthawa.
Kutsikira pansi pa phangalo kumatitengera mphindi 30. Zimakhala zovuta kulingalira za malo okwezeka otere; kukula kwa "mbale" titha kuyerekezera ndi pamwamba pa mabwalo khumi a mpira, okhala ndi makoma otsetsereka omwe akukwera 130 m kutalika. Kununkhiza kwa sulfa, fumaroles ndi mitsinje yamadzi otentha kumatikumbutsa za zithunzi za dziko lakale lomwe tayiwala kale.
Pakatikati penipeni pa nyanjayi, nyanjayi imanyezimira ngati mwala wamtengo wapatali padzuwa. Makulidwe ake ndi 500 mita kutalika ndi 300 mulifupi komanso akuya pafupifupi 1.5 m omwe amasiyanasiyana kutengera nyengo yowuma ndi yamvula. Kuchuluka kwa madzi kumakhala chifukwa cha mchere, makamaka sulfure, ndi matope omwe amachotsedwa mosalekeza ndi fumaroles. Anzanga atatu samaphonya mwayi wopita ndikudumphira m'madzi ofunda, omwe kutentha kwawo kumasintha pakati pa 33º ndi 34ºC, ngakhale nthawi zambiri kumakwera 56º.
Kuphatikiza pa kukongola kwake, kuyenda kwa phirili kumatipatsa zodabwitsa, makamaka kumpoto chakum'mawa, komwe magwiridwe antchito akuwonjezeka ndi maiwe ndi akasupe amadzi otentha; fumaroles omwe amatulutsa mpweya wotulutsa hydrogen sulfide; solfataras, momwe mpweya wa sulfure umachokera, ndi ma geys omwe amapatsa chidwi. Tikamayenda m'derali timasamala kwambiri, chifukwa kutentha kwa nthunzi kumakhala 100 ° C, koma nthawi zina kumadutsa madigiri 400. Chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kutengedwa pofufuza "vaporizing floor" - ma jets oyenda nthunzi omwe amatuluka m'ming'alu ya thanthwe - popeza kulemera kwa munthu kumatha kubweretsa mavuto ndikuwonetsa madzi otentha omwe akuyenda pansi pake.
Kwa anthu okhala m'derali, kuphulika kwa El Chichonal kunali koopsa ndipo kudakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoipa. Ngakhale ambiri a iwo adasiya katundu wawo munthawi yake, ena adadabwitsidwa ndi kufulumira kwa zodabwitsazi ndipo adadzipatula chifukwa chamvula ya tephra ndi lappilli - phulusa ndi zidutswa zamiyala - zomwe zidaphimba misewu ndikulepheretsa kutuluka. Kugwa kwa phulusa kunatsatiridwa ndi kuthamangitsidwa kwa ma pyroclastic, maphulusa oyaka moto, zidutswa zamiyala ndi gasi zidasunthidwa mwachangu kwambiri ndikuthamangira kutsetsereka kwa phirilo, ndikubisa midzi ingapo pansi pa mita 15. ya ma rancherías ambiri, monga mizinda ya Roma ya Pompeii ndi Herculaneum, yomwe mu AD 79 anavutika ndi kuphulika kwa phiri la Vesuvius.
Pakadali pano El Chichonal amadziwika kuti ndi phiri lophulika pang'ono ndipo, pachifukwa ichi, akatswiri ochokera ku Institute of Geophysics of UNAM amayang'anira bwino mpweya wotentha, kutentha kwa madzi, zochitika zam'madzi ndi zina zomwe zingachenjeze zakuchuluka kwa kuphulika kwa mapiri komanso kuthekera kwa kuphulika kwina.
Pang'ono ndi pang'ono moyo wabwerera m'deralo; mapiri omwe azungulira phirili adaphimbidwa ndi zomera chifukwa chakuchuluka kwa phulusa komanso nyama zomwe zidakhalapo zadzaza nkhalango. Pafupi pang'ono, magulu atsopano amabwera ndipo ali ndi chiyembekezo kuti El Chichonal, nthawi ino, adzagona kwamuyaya.
MALANGIZO OTHANDIZA
Pichucalco ili ndi malo omwetsera mafuta, malo odyera, mahotela, malo ogulitsa ma pharmacies ndi masitolo. Ndikosavuta kusunga pano ndi zonse zomwe mungafune, chifukwa m'malo otsatirawa ntchito ndizochepera. Ponena za zovala, ndibwino kuvala mathalauza ataliatali, malaya a thonje kapena T-sheti, kapu kapena chipewa, ndi nsapato kapena nsapato za tenisi zokhala ndi zidendene zotchinga mwendo. Mu thumba laling'ono, wokwera aliyense ayenera kunyamula osachepera malita anayi amadzi ndi chakudya chodyera; chokoleti, masangweji, maapulo, ndi zina zambiri, ndipo kamera siyenera kuyiwalika.
Wolemba nkhaniyo akuyamikira thandizo lofunika lomwe kampani ya La Victoria yachita.
MUKAPITA KU EL CHICHONAL
Kuchoka mumzinda wa Villahermosa, tengani msewu waukulu wa feduro ayi. 195 kulowera ku Tuxtla Gutiérrez. Panjira mupeza matauni a Teapa, Pichucalco ndi Ixtacomitán. Kumapeto kwake, tsatirani njira yopita ku Chapultenango (22 km) mpaka mukafike ku Colonia Volcán El Chichonal (7 km). Kuyambira pano muyenera kuyenda makilomita 5 kuti mukafike kuphulika.
Gwero: Mexico Yosadziwika No. 296 / October 2001
