Fray Bernardino de Sahagún angawonedwe ngati wofufuza wamkulu wazonse zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha Nahua, kuthera moyo wake wonse pakupanga ndikulemba miyambo, njira, malo, machitidwe, milungu, chilankhulo, sayansi, zaluso, chakudya, mabungwe azachuma, ndi zina zambiri. a otchedwa Mexica.
Popanda kufufuzidwa kwa Fray Bernardino de Sahagún tikadataya gawo lalikulu la chikhalidwe chathu.
MOYO WA FRAY BERNARDINO DE SAHAGÚN
Fray Bernardino adabadwira ku Sahagún, ufumu wa León, Spain pakati pa 1499 ndi 1500, adamwalira ku Mexico City (New Spain) mchaka cha 1590. Dzina lake loti Ribeira ndipo adalisintha kukhala la kwawo. Anaphunzira ku Salamanca ndipo adafika ku New Spain mu 1529 ndi Friar Antonio de Ciudad Rodrigo ndi abale ena 19 ochokera ku Order of San Francisco.
Anali ndi kupezeka kwabwino kwambiri, monga ananenera Fray Juan de Torquemada yemwe akuti "okhulupirira achipembedzo okalamba adamubisa kuti akazi asawone."
Zaka zoyambirira zokhalamo adakhala ku Tlalmanalco (1530-1532) kenako anali woyang'anira nyumba yachifumu ya Xochimilco ndipo, kuchokera pazomwe zimaganiziridwa, komanso woyambitsa wake (1535).
Anaphunzitsa Latinidad ku Colegio de la Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco kwa zaka zisanu kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa, pa Januware 6, 1536; ndipo mu 1539 iye anali wowerenga m'nyumba ya masisitere yomwe inali pafupi ndi sukuluyi. Atapatsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za Order yake, adadutsa chigwa cha Puebla ndi dera lomwe limaphulika (1540-1545). Atabwereranso ku Tlatelolco, adakhalabe ku nyumba ya masisitere kuyambira 1545 mpaka 1550. Anali ku Tula mu 1550 ndi 1557. Anali wofotokoza zigawo (1552) komanso mlendo wokhala ndi Holy Gospel, ku Michoacán (1558). Kusamutsidwa kupita ku tawuni ya Tepepulco mu 1558, idakhala komweko mpaka 1560, ndikudutsanso mu 1561 kupita ku Tlatelolco. Kumeneku kunakhalako mpaka 1585, chaka chomwe adapita kukakhala ku nyumba yachifumu ya Grande de San Francisco ku Mexico City, komwe adakhala mpaka 1571 kuti abwererenso ku Tlatelolco. Mu 1573 analalikira ku Tlalmanalco. Anakhalanso wofotokozera zigawo kuyambira 1585 mpaka 1589. Adamwalira ali ndi zaka 90 kapena kupitirirapo, ku Grande Convent ku San Francisco de México.
SAHAGÚN NDI NJIRA YAKE YOFUFUZIRA
Ndi mbiri yodziwika ngati munthu wathanzi, wamphamvu, wolimbikira ntchito, woganiza bwino, wanzeru komanso wachikondi ndi Amwenye, zolemba ziwiri zimawoneka zofunikira pamakhalidwe ake: kupirira, kuwonetsedwa mzaka 12 zakulimbikira kwambiri pofuna malingaliro ake ndi ntchito yake; ndi chiyembekezo, chomwe chimasokoneza maziko azomwe zidachitika m'mbiri yakale ndikuwonetsa zowawa.
Anakhala munthawi yosintha zikhalidwe ziwiri, ndipo adatha kuzindikira kuti Mexica ikasowa, kutengeka ndi azungu. Adalowa zovuta zamdziko lachiyanjano ndiumodzi, kudziletsa komanso luntha. Anakhudzidwa ndi changu chake monga mlaliki, chifukwa chokhala ndi chidziwitsocho adayesetsa kuthana ndi chipembedzo chachikunja ndikusintha mbadwa zawo ku chikhulupiriro cha Khristu. Kwa zolemba zake monga mlaliki, wolemba mbiri komanso wazolankhula, adapereka mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuwongolera, kukulitsa ndikulemba ngati mabuku osiyana. Adalemba mu Nahuatl, chilankhulo chomwe anali nacho bwino, komanso m'Chisipanishi, ndikuwonjezera Chilatini. Kuchokera mu 1547 adayamba kufufuza ndikusonkhanitsa zikhalidwe, zikhulupiriro, zaluso ndi zikhalidwe za anthu aku Mexico akale. Kuti agwire bwino ntchitoyi, adayambitsa ndikuyambitsa njira zamakono zofufuzira, monga:
a) Adalemba mafunso mu Nahuatl, kugwiritsa ntchito ophunzira apamwamba a Colegio de la Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco mu "romance", ndiye kuti, mu Latin ndi Spanish, pomwe anali akatswiri mu Nahuatl, chilankhulo chawo.
b) Anawerengetsa amwenyewa omwe amatsogolera madera oyandikana nawo, omwe amamutumizira achikulire omwe amamuthandiza kwambiri ndipo amadziwika kuti Sahagún Informants.
Othandizirawa adachokera m'malo atatu: Tepepulco (1558-1560), komwe adapanga First Memorials; Tlatelolco (1564-1565), komwe adapanga Zikumbutso ndi scholia (matembenuzidwe onsewa amadziwika ndi omwe amatchedwa Matritense Codices); ndi La Ciudad de México (1566-1571), pomwe Sahagún adapanga chatsopano, chokwanira kwambiri kuposa choyambacho, nthawi zonse amathandizidwa ndi gulu lake la ophunzira ochokera ku Tlatelolco. Mawu omasulira achitatuwa ndi Mbiri yakale yazinthu zaku New Spain.
ZIKHALIDWE ZABWINO ZA NTCHITO YAKE
Mu 1570, pazifukwa zachuma, adaumitsa ntchito yake, ndikukakamizidwa kuti alembe chidule cha Mbiri yake, yomwe adatumiza ku Council of the Indies. Nkhaniyi yatayika. Kuphatikizanso kwina kunatumizidwa kwa Papa Pius V, ndipo kumasungidwa ku Vatican Secret Archives. Mutu wake ndi Wolemba Mwachidule wamasiku olambira mafano omwe Amwenye aku New Spain adagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yakusakhulupirika kwawo.
Chifukwa cha chidwi cha ma friars a Order yomweyo, a King Felipe II adalamula kuti asonkhanitse, mu 1577, matembenuzidwe onse ndi zolemba za Sahagún, kuwopa kuti amwenyewo apitilizabe kutsatira zikhulupiriro zawo ngati angasungidwe mchilankhulo chawo. . Pokwaniritsa lamuloli, Sahagún adapatsa wamkulu wake, Fray Rodrigo de Sequera, mtundu wa zilankhulo zaku Spain ndi Mexico. Mtunduwu udabweretsedwa ku Europe ndi Abambo Sequera mu 1580, womwe umadziwika kuti Manuscript kapena Copy of Sequeray ndipo umadziwika ndi Florentine Codex.
Gulu lake la ophunzira omwe amalankhula zilankhulo zitatu (Chilatini, Chisipanishi ndi Chinawato) anali a Antonio Valeriano, ochokera ku Azcapotzalco; Martín Jacobita, wochokera kudera la Santa Ana kapena Tlatelolco; Pedro de San Buenaventura, wochokera ku Cuautitlán; ndi Andrés Leonardo.
Okopera ake kapena ma pendolistas anali a Diego de Grado, ochokera mdera la San Martín; Mateo Severino, wochokera mdera la Utlac, Xochimilco; ndi Bonifacio Maximiliano, wochokera ku Tlatelolco, ndipo mwina ena, omwe mayina awo atayika.
Sahagún ndiye adayambitsa njira yovuta yofufuzira za sayansi, ngati siyoyambirira, popeza Fray Andrés de Olmos anali patsogolo pake panthawi yomwe amamufunsa, anali wasayansi kwambiri, chifukwa chake amadziwika kuti ndiye kholo la kafukufuku wamakhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Americana, kuyembekezera zaka mazana awiri ndi theka za Abambo Lafitan, omwe amadziwika kuti amaphunzira za Iroquois ngati katswiri woyamba wamaphunziro. Anakwanitsa kusungitsa nkhokwe zosaneneka kuchokera mkamwa mwa ophunzitsa, zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha ku Mexico.
Magulu atatuwa: aumulungu, amunthu komanso wamba, azikhalidwe zakale zapakatikati pa mbiri yakale, zonse zili muntchito ya Sahagún. Chifukwa chake, pali ubale wapamtima panjira yotenga ndi kulemba Mbiri yake ndi ntchito ya, mwachitsanzo, Bartholomeus Anglicus wotchedwa De proprietatibus rerum ... mu zachikondi (Toledo, 1529), buku lomwe limadziwika kwambiri munthawi yake, komanso ndi ntchito Wolemba Plinio Wamkulu ndi Albertoel Magno.
SuHistoria, yomwe ndi buku lamakedzana, losinthidwa ndi chidziwitso cha Renaissance ndi chikhalidwe cha Nahuatl, ikupereka ntchito zamanja osiyanasiyana komanso masitaelo osiyanasiyana, popeza gulu lawo la ophunzira lidalowererapo kuyambira 1558, mpaka 1585 Mmenemo, kuyanjana kwake, ndi chizolowezi chojambula zithunzi, kwa omwe amatchedwa Sukulu ya Mexico-Tenochtitlan, kuyambira pakati pa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndi mawonekedwe a "Aztec otsitsimutsidwa" amatha kuwonekera momveka bwino.
Zonsezi zidakwaniritsidwa, mpaka Francisco del Paso y Troncoso - katswiri wodziwika bwino wa Nahuatl komanso wolemba mbiri wamkulu - adafalitsa zoyambirira zomwe zidasungidwa ku Madrid ndi ku Florence motsogozedwa ndi Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España. Kutulutsa pang'ono kwa ma Codices matritenses (5 vols., Madrid, 1905-1907). Voliyumu yachisanu, yoyamba pamndandanda, imabweretsa mbale 157 zamabuku 12 a Florentine Codex omwe amasungidwa mu Laibulale ya Laurentian ku Florence.
Zolemba zomwe zidapangidwa ndi Carlos María de Bustamante (3 vols, 1825-1839), Irineo Paz (4.vols., 1890-1895) zimachokera ku buku laHistoriade Sahagún, lomwe linali mnyumba ya ansembe ku San Francisco de Tolosa, Spain. ) ndi Joaquín Ramírez Cabañas (mavoliyumu 5, 1938).
Buku lathunthu kwambiri m'Chisipanishi ndi la Bambo Ángel María Garibay K., wokhala ndi mutuwo Mbiri yakale yazinthu zaku New Spain, lolembedwa ndi Bernardino de Sahagún komanso kutengera zolembedwa mchilankhulo cha Mexico zomwe amwenyewa adakumana (5 vols., 1956).
