Tidzasimba zakupezeka kwa mitu yayikulu kwambiri ya Olmec wolemba a Matthew W. Stirling pagombe la Gulf of Mexico, pakati pa 1938 ndi 1946.
PAKUSAKA MUTU WA OLMEC
Chiyambire kukumana kwake ndi fanizo la a super yade chigoba -Ameneyo amayimira "mwana akulira" - a Matthew W. Stirling amakhala akulota akuwona mutu waukulu, yojambulidwa mofanana ndi chigoba, chomwe José María Melgar anatulukira mu 1862.
Tsopano anali pafupi kukwaniritsa maloto ake. Dzulo lake, anali atafika m'tawuni yokongola ya Tlacotalpan, komwe Mtsinje wa San Juan umakumana ndi Papaloapan, pagombe lakumwera kwa Veracruz, ndipo adatha kulemba ntchito wowongolera, kubwereka akavalo, ndi kugula zofunikira. Chifukwa chake, monga Don Quixote wamakono, anali wokonzeka kupita ku Santiago Tuxtla, kukafunafuna mwayi wofunika kwambiri pamoyo wake. Linali tsiku lomaliza la Januware 1938.
Polimbana ndi tulo tomwe timayamba chifukwa chakutentha kotentha komanso kayendedwe ka kavalo wake, Stirling adaganizira zakuti Mutu wa Melgar sunafanane ndi mitundu iliyonse yoyimira dziko la pre-ColombianKomano, sanakhulupirire kuti mutu ndi nkhwangwa, zomwe zinachokera ku Veracruz, zofalitsidwa ndi Alfredo Chavero, zikuyimira anthu akuda. Mnzake Marshall mchombo, ochokera ku American Museum of Natural History ku New York, adamutsimikizira kuti nkhwangwa ngati ya Chavero ankayimira mulungu wa Aaziteki Tezcatlipoca mu mawonekedwe ake a jaguar, koma Sindimaganiza kuti zidapangidwa ndi Aaziteki, koma ndi gulu lakunyanja lotchedwa Olmecs, ndiye kuti, "Anthu okhala m'dziko la mphira". Kwa iye, kupezeka kwa Nyalugwe wa Necaxa Wolemba George Vaillant mu 1932, adatsimikizira kumasulira kwa Saville.
Tsiku lotsatira, patsogolo pa mutu waukulu wa Olmec wa Hueyapan, Stirling anaiwala zotsatira za kuyenda kwa mahatchi maola khumi, osagwiritsidwa ntchito kugona tulo, ndikumveka kwa nkhalango: ngakhale theka linaikidwa m'manda, mutu wa Olmec unali wosangalatsa kwambiri kuposa zithunzi ndi zojambula, ndipo sanabise kudabwitsidwa kwake powona kuti chosemacho chinali pakati pa malo ofukula mabwinja okhala ndi milu yadziko lapansi, imodzi mwazitali pafupifupi mita 150. Kubwerera ku Washington, zithunzi zomwe adapeza za mutu wa Olmec ndi zipilala zina ndi zaphindu zidathandiza kwambiri kupeza ndalama zothandizira kufukulidwa kwa Tres Zapotes, yomwe Stirling idayamba mu Januware chaka chotsatira. Munali munthawi yachiwiri ku Tres Zapotes pomwe Stirling adatha kuyendera mutu waukulu kwambiri womwe Frans Blom ndi Oliver Lafarge adachita mu 1926. Stirling, pamodzi ndi mkazi wake, komanso wofukula mabwinja a Philip Druker komanso wojambula zithunzi Richard Steward, adapitilira kummawa mgalimoto yake munjira yomwe ingangoyendedwa nthawi yadzuwa. Atawoloka milatho itatu yowopsa, adafika ku Tonalá, kuchokera komwe adapitilira paboti kukafika kunyanja ya Blasillo, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo, akuyenda wapansi kupita ku La Venta. Powoloka dambo pakati pa malowa ndi pakamwa pamtsinje adakumana ndi gulu la akatswiri ofufuza miyala akufunafuna mafuta, omwe adawatsogolera ku La Venta.
Tsiku lotsatira adalandira mphotho yakuvuta kwa mseu: miyala yosema yayikulu idatuluka pansi, ndipo pakati pawo panali mutu wovundukulidwa ndi Blom ndi Lafarge zaka khumi ndi zisanu zapitazo. Chisangalalo chidadzetsa chiyembekezo ndipo nthawi yomweyo adakonza zokakumba. Nyengo yamvula ya 1940 isanayambe, ulendowu wa Zosangalatsa La Venta yomwe ili ndi anakumba zipilala zingapo, kuphatikiza mitu inayi yayikulu ya Olmec, onse ofanana ndi a Melgar, kupatula mtundu wa chisoti ndi mtundu wa ma earmuff. Ili m'dera lomwe mwala sapezeka mwachilengedwe, mitu iyi ya Olmec inali yosangalatsa kukula kwake -Yayikulu kwambiri pa mamitala 2.41 ndipo yaying'ono kwambiri pa ma 1.47 mita- komanso pakuchita kwake modabwitsa. Stirling adamaliza kuti anali zithunzi za olamulira a olmec ndipo pomwe amafukula zipilalazi zolemera matani angapo, funso lakuchokera kwawo ndikusamutsidwa kwake kudayamba kukhala kovuta kwambiri.
Chifukwa cholowa kwa United States pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse a Stirlings sanathe kubwerera ku La Venta mpaka 1942, ndipo adawayanjananso, chifukwa mu Epulo chaka chimenecho zozizwitsa zodabwitsa zinachitika ku La Venta: a sarcophagus yokhala ndi jaguar yosema ndi manda wokhala ndi zipilala za basalt, Zonse ndi zopereka zokongola za jade. Patadutsa masiku awiri zinthu zofunika izi, Stirling adachoka kupita ku Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, kuti akakhale nawo patebulo lozungulira la Mayan ndi Olmecs lomwe limakhudzana kwambiri ndi zomwe anapeza.
Apanso limodzi ndi mkazi wake ndi Philip Drucker, kasupe wa 1946 adapeza Stirling akuyendetsa kufukula m'matawuni a San Lorenzo, Tenochtitlán ndi Potrero Nuevo, m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Chiquito, womwe umakhala mumtsinje wa Coatzacoalcos wapamwamba. Apo adapeza ziboliboli zazikulu khumi ndi zisanu za basalt, zonse mumayendedwe oyera a Olmec, kuphatikiza mitu isanu yayikulu kwambiri komanso yokongola kwambiri ya Olmec. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri, chotchedwa "El Rey", chinali chokwera mita 2.85. Ndi zotsatirazi Stirling anamaliza zaka zisanu ndi zitatu akugwira ntchito mwakhama pa zofukulidwa zakale za Olmec. Zomwe zidayamba ndichisangalalo cha mnyamatayo chifukwa chobisa pang'ono chojambulidwa mosadziwika, adamaliza mu kupezeka kwachitukuko chosiyana kotheratu yemwe, malinga ndi Dr. Alfonso Caso, anali "Chikhalidwe cha amayi" cha onse amtsogolo aku America.
MAFUNSO OKHUDZA MITU YA OLMEC
Mafunso omwe Stirling adafunsira za chiyambi ndi mayendedwe amiyala ya monolithic anali mutu wa maphunziro asayansi a Philip Drucker ndi Robert Heizer mu 1955. Kudzera pofufuza tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tachotsedwa pamiyala, zinali zotheka kudziwa kuti mwalawo unachokera kumapiri a Tuxtlas, opitilira 100 makilomita kumadzulo kwa La Venta. Ndizovomerezeka kuti miyala yayikulu yamapiri yamapiri, yolemera matani angapo, idakokedwa ndi nthaka kwa mtunda wopitilira makilomita 40, kenako ndikuyiyika pamiyala ndikunyamulidwa ndi mitsinje ya Mtsinje wa Coatzacoalcos mpaka pakamwa pake; kenako m'mphepete mwa gombe kupita ku Mtsinje wa Tonalá, ndipo pamapeto pake mumadutsa Mtsinje wa Blasillo kupita ku La Venta nthawi yamvula. Kamwala kameneka akadadulidwa, kanali komweko chosemedwa molingana ndi mawonekedwe ofunidwa, monga chithunzi chokulirapo cha wokhala pansi, ngati "guwa la nsembe", kapena ngati mutu waukulu. Popeza mavuto aukadaulo okhudzana ndi kudula ndi kunyamula ma monoliths - mutu womalizidwa umalemera matani 18 pafupifupi - akatswiri ambiri aganiza kuti ntchito yotereyi ingakhale yopambana chifukwa olamulira amphamvu amalamulira anthu ambiri. Potsatira malingaliro andale, asayansi ambiri adavomereza kutanthauzira kwa Stirling kuti mitu yayikulu kwambiri ya Olmec inali zithunzi za olamulira, ngakhale kutanthauza kuti kapangidwe ka zisoti zawo amazizindikira ndi dzina. Pofotokoza zomata, mapiko, ndi mabowo amakona amakona m'mitu yambiri, akuti akuti atamwalira wolamulira chithunzi chake chinawonongeka, kapena "adaphedwa mwamwambo" wolowa m'malo.
Pali mafunso ambiri mozungulira matanthauzidwe awa, kuphatikiza a Stirling. Kwa anthu omwe adasowa kulemba, kuganiza kuti dzina la wolamulira lidalembetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka chisoti ndikunyalanyaza kuti zambiri mwazi ndizosavuta kapena zikuwonetsa mawonekedwe osadziwika. Pazizindikiro zodula mwadala kapena kuwononga, awiri okha pamitu khumi ndi isanu ndi umodzi alephera kuyeserera kuti awasandutse zipilala zotchedwa "maguwa". Mabowo, zopindika zooneka ngati chikho ndi mikwingwirima yomwe imawoneka pamitu iliponso mu "maguwa", ndipo awiri omalizawa - makapu ndi striae - amapezeka m'miyala ya malo opatulika a Olmec a El Manatí, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa San Lorenzo, Veracruz.
Malinga ndi Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa zaluso za Olmec ndi chifanizo, mitu yayikulu kwambiri ya Olmec sinali zithunzi za olamulira, koma za achinyamata komanso achikulire, otchedwa nkhope yamwana ndi asayansi, omwe adakhudzidwa ndi kobadwa nako malformation yomwe masiku ano imadziwika kuti Down Syndrome ndi ena okhudzana nayo. Mwina akuganiziridwa zopatulika ndi a Olmec, anthu oyang'ana nkhope za ana awa amapembedzedwa pamiyambo yayikulu yachipembedzo. Chifukwa chake, zilembo zooneka pazithunzi zanu siziyenera kuwonedwa ngati zodula ndi kuwononga, koma umboni wa zochitika zamwambo, monga kupatsa zida ndi zida zamagetsi mphamvu, kuzipukuta mobwerezabwereza pachipilala chopatulika, kapena kuboola kapena kupera mwalawo kuti uwonetsetse kapena kusonkhanitsa "fumbi lopatulika", kuti ugwiritse ntchito pochita miyambo. Monga tingawonere pamtsutsano wosatha, mitu yayikulu komanso yodabwitsa ya Olmec, wapadera m'mbiri yazikhalidwe zisanachitike Columbian, pitirizani kudabwitsa komanso kusokoneza anthu.
