M'chilengedwe chake, chilengedwe chimawonetsa zodabwitsa zambiri. Ndi zotsatira za njira yodabwitsa ya bere, kubadwa, kusungunuka ndi kusintha kwa mtundu wa Bombyx mori, yekhayo padziko lapansi wokhoza kupanga ulusi wabwino wa silika.
M'chilengedwe chake, chilengedwe chimawonetsa zodabwitsa zambiri. Ndi zotsatira za njira yodabwitsa ya bere, kubadwa, kusungunuka ndi kusintha kwa mtundu wa Bombyx mori, yekhayo padziko lapansi wokhoza kupanga ulusi wabwino wa silika.
Kwa zaka zambiri, aku China adakwanitsa kusunga chinsinsi chopanga silika kudzera munjira yayikulu kwambiri, ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito chilango chonyongedwa kwa aliyense amene angayerekeze kuchotsa mazira, mphutsi kapena agulugufe amtunduwu kudera lawo.
Sericulture ndikuphatikiza chisamaliro cha anthu ndi ntchito ya nyongolotsi yomwe ili ndi kuthekera kopindulitsa kotulutsa, ndimatenda ake amate, masauzande a ulusi wabwino kwambiri. Ndi iyo amapanga chikuku chake ndikubisala munthawi ya kusintha kwa thupi komwe kumamupangitsa kuti akhale gulugufe wokongola.
Sericulture safuna ndalama zambiri kapena mphamvu yakuthupi, koma imafuna kudzipereka ndikusamalira kutentha, chinyezi, nthawi ndi ukhondo wa nyama ndi mabulosi. Chomerachi chimawapatsa chakudya m'moyo wawo waufupi komanso amawapatsa wowuma omwe amasintha kukhala chingwe, chomwe chimatha kutalika mamita 1,500 pachoko chilichonse. Komabe, ulusi wa mamitala 500 samalemera mamiligalamu 130 a silika; kotero mita iliyonse, yosinthidwa kukhala milligram, imakhala yotsika mtengo kwambiri pamtengo ndi khama.
Silika ndichinthu chachilengedwe chomwe chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera, ndipo munthu, mwachabe, adayesetsa kuchipeza kudzera munjira zopangira komanso mafakitale. Achijapani adapeza njira yothetsera vutoli, koma zomwe adapeza sizinathandize. Nthaka zosakhwima zopangidwa ndi gelatin apangidwanso, zotsutsana ndi insolubilization ndi formaldehyde, koma zidapezeka kuti zikakumana ndi madzi, zidatupa ndikutaya mawonekedwe amthupi.
Ku Europe, atayesa kwambiri magalasi, zidatheka kupeza ulusi wabwino koma wosagwirizana. Pomaliza, atasanthula kwambiri, ulusi wazinthu zopyapyala komanso zonyezimira zidapezeka, zomwe zimatchedwa silika zopangira, monga artisela, silika ndi rayon. Palibe mwa iwo amene wakwanitsa kulimbana ndi ulusi wa Bombyx mori, womwe ndi magalamu 8, kulemera komwe ungagwirizane nawo usanaphwanye, komanso silingafanane ndi kutambasuka kwake, popeza mita imodzi imatha kutambasula mpaka masentimita 10 mopitilira; ndipo, zowonadi, sanapitirire kusasinthasintha kwake, kutalika kwake kapena kumaliza.
Silika amakhalanso ndi mwayi wosunga kutentha kwachilengedwe, pomwe kutsanzira, kukhala chinthu chopangidwa, kumazizira kwambiri. Mwa mndandanda wake wazikhalidwe, tiyenera kuwonjezera mphamvu yayikulu yamadzi, mpweya ndi utoto; Ndipo kutseka ndikukula, ndikwanira kunena kuti ndichinthu chabwino kwambiri kutsekera mawaya achitsulo.
Popeza kukongola kwa chilengedwe chake, titha kungogwirizana nawo ndikuvomereza chiganizo: "Zosatheka kufanana ndi chilengedwe."
KUCHOKA KU CHINA KUFIKIRA KU MEXICAN HUASTECA
Bombyx morio silkworm, ndi wochokera ku China. Olemba mbiri achi China akuwonetsa tsiku loyambira sericulture zaka 400 zapitazo. Mfumukazi Sihing-Chi, mkazi wa Emperor Housan-Si, yemwe adalamulira mu 2650 BC, adafalitsa ntchitoyi pakati pa anthu olemekezeka mu ufumuwo. Imadziwika kuti ndi luso lopatulika, lopangidwira azimayi aku khothi komanso akuluakulu apamwamba. Pakumwalira kwake, akachisi ndi maguwa anakhazikitsidwa ngati "luso la mbozi za silika."
Chiyambireni kutukuka kwawo, achi China anali ndi sericulture ndi silika yoluka monga gwero lalikulu la chuma chawo. Olamulira oyamba amalamula kuti ntchitoyi ifalikire ndipo nthawi zambiri amapereka malamulo ndi malamulo oti ateteze ndikukumbutsa khotilo za zomwe likuyenera kuchita ndi chidwi chawo pakulima.
Sericulture idabwera ku Japan zaka 600 nthawi yathu ino isanakwane, ndipo pambuyo pake, idafalikira ku India ndi Persia. Munthawi yachiwiri, Mfumukazi Semiramis, itatha "nkhondo yachimwemwe", adalandira mphatso zamitundu yonse kuchokera kwa mfumu yaku China, yomwe idamutumizira zombo zodzaza ndi silika, mphutsi, komanso amuna aluso m'maluso. Kuyambira pamenepo Japan idafalitsa sericulture kudera lake lonse, mpaka momwe silika adadzionera kuti ali ndi mphamvu zaumulungu. Mbiri imalemba nthawi yomwe boma linalowererapo, mdzina lachuma chadziko, chifukwa alimi onse amafuna kudzipereka pantchitoyi, kuyiwala za nthambi zina zaulimi.
Cha m'ma 550 AD, amishonale achi Greek adabwera kudzalalikira Chikhristu ku Persia, komwe adaphunzira za njira zolerera nyongolotsi ndikupanga silika. M'dzenje la mzati, amonkewo adayambitsa mbewu ndi mazira a mabulosi, motero adatha kuchotsa mitunduyo kudera lawo. Kuchokera ku Greece, sericulture idafalikira kumayiko a Asia ndi North Africa; pambuyo pake idafika ku Europe, komwe Italy, France ndi Spain, idapeza zotsatira zabwino, ndipo mpaka pano, akudziwika bwino, a silika wawo.
Zitsanzo zoyambirira za nyongolotsi ndi mitengo ya mabulosi zinafika ku kontrakitala yathu panthawi ya Colony. M'mabuku a nthawi yomwe akuti korona waku Spain adalola kubzala mitengo 100,000 ya mabulosi ku Tepexi, Oaxaca, ndikuti amishonale aku Dominican adakulitsa ntchitoyi kudera lotentha la Oaxaca, Michoacán ndi Huasteca de San Luis Potosí.
Ngakhale kuti aku Spain adapeza kuti mabulosi amakula msanga kasanu kuposa ku Andalusia, kuti zimatha kubereka kawiri pachaka, komanso kuti silika wabwino kwambiri adapezeka, sericulture sinakhazikike mdziko lathu, chifukwa Zambiri pakukula kwa migodi, ku zipolowe, koma koposa zonse, chifukwa ndichinthu chovuta kwambiri chomwe chimafunikira bungwe, chitetezo ndi kupititsa patsogolo boma.
CHODABWITSA KUTI Diso LA MUNTHU LIMAONA NDI VUTO
Kuti tifike pa mphindi yosangalatsa ya chingwe choyamba, chomwe chingakhale kuyambira zana mpaka makumi atatu mphambu makumi atatu a millimeter, kutengera mtundu wake, machitidwe onse achilengedwe amafunika osafunikira. Nyongolotsi iyi, isanasanduke gulugufe kapena njenjete, imadzitsekera mu cocoon yomwe imadzipangitsa kuti izidzikongoletsa kwa masiku pafupifupi makumi awiri, pafupifupi, nthawi yomwe imakumana ndi nyongolotsi mpaka chrysalis, dziko lapakati pakati pake ndi chrysalis. njenjete yomwe potsiriza imatuluka mu chikuku.
Gulugufe wamkazi akaikira mazira kapena mbewu za nyongolotsi, imafa nthawi yomweyo. Yaimuna nthawi zina imakhala yayikulu masiku ochepa. Mazira amatha kutalika kwa millimeter imodzi, kuchepa kwake ndikuti gramu imodzi imakhala ndi nthangala zachakudya chikwi chimodzi mpaka 1500. Chigoba cha dziracho chimapangidwa ndi kansalu kake ka chitinous, kofiyira pamwamba pake ponse ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timalola kuti mimbayo ipume. Munthawi imeneyi, yotchedwa incubation, dziralo limasungidwa kutentha kwapakati pa 25ºC. Njira yolerera imakhala pafupifupi masiku khumi ndi asanu. Kuyandikira kwa chiuno kumawonetsedwa ndikusintha kwa mtundu wa chipolopolocho, kuchokera kuimvi yakuda mpaka imvi yoyera.
Pobadwa, nyongolotsiyo imakhala yotalika mamilimita atatu, milimita imodzi ndikulimba, ndipo imatulutsa ulusi wake woyamba wa silika kuti idziyimitse yokha ndikudzipatula ku chipolopolocho. Kuyambira pamenepo chikhalidwe chake chimamupangitsa kuti adye, chifukwa chake payenera kukhala tsamba la mabulosi lokwanira, lomwe lidzakhala chakudya chake mbali zisanu za moyo wake. Kuyambira pamenepo, amathandizidwanso ndi kutentha, komwe kumayenera kuzungulira pa 20ºC, popanda kusiyanasiyana, kuti mphutsi zikhwime munthawi ya masiku 25, koma kusasitsa kumathanso kupitiliranso pakukweza kutentha, monganso opanga akulu, pa 45ºC. Nyongolotsiyo imangokhala masiku khumi ndi asanu okha isanayambe kupanga nkhuku.
Moyo wa nyongolotsi umasinthidwa kudzera pama metamorphoses osiyanasiyana kapena molts. Pa tsiku lachisanu ndi chimodzi atabadwa, asiya kudya, akukweza mutu ndikukhala pamenepo kwa maola 24. Khungu la nyongolotsiyo lang'ambika kotalika kumutu ndipo mphutsi imatuluka kudzera pagawoli, ndikusiya khungu lake lakale. Izi zimabwerezedwa katatu ndipo nyongolotsi imakonzanso ziwalo zake zonse. Njirayi yachitika katatu.
Pakadutsa masiku 25, mphutsi yafika kutalika kwa masentimita eyiti, popeza masiku awiri aliwonse imachulukitsa kukula ndi kulemera. Mphete khumi ndi ziwiri zikuwoneka, osawerengera mutu, ndipo imapangidwa ngati cholembera chachitali chomwe chikuwoneka kuti chikuphulika. Kumapeto kwa m'badwo wachisanu, sizikuwoneka kuti zikukhutiritsa chilakolako chake ndipo ndipamene zimachotsa chopondapo chamadzi ambiri, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti posachedwa iyamba kupanga chikuku chake.
Kulephera kwa thupi lanu kumayamba mukamadya ndikusandutsa chakudya kukhala silika. Pansi pamlomo wapansi, thunthu la silika kapena mzerewu umapezeka, womwe ndi dzenje lomwe ulusiwo umatulukamo. Mukameza, chakudyacho chimadutsa pammero ndikulandila madzi omwe amatulutsidwa ndimatenda amate. Pambuyo pake, madzi amadzimadzi omwewo amasintha wowuma masamba a mabulosi kukhala dextrin ndipo madzi amchere obisika m'mimba amapitilizabe kugaya ndi kukhazikika. Zilonda za silika, momwe silika amadzikundikira, zimapangidwa ngati machubu awiri ataliatali, owala, omwe amakhala pansi pamimba, ndipo amalumikizidwa kotero kuti ndi ulusi wochepa kwambiri wa silika womwe umatuluka pamzerewu.
Kuchuluka kwa masamba a mabulosi omwe mbozi iliyonse imadya sikuyimira vuto lalikulu, kupatula mchaka chachisanu, pomwe njoka yam'mimba imakhala yosakhutira. Paziphuphu za magalamu 25 a mazira, okwanira kusamalira ana akumidzi, masamba okwanira 786 amafunikira pakukwirira konse. Pachikhalidwe, sericulture amadziwika kuti ndi ntchito yapanyumba, chifukwa chisamaliro chake sichimafunikira mphamvu zambiri ndipo chitha kuchitidwa ndi ana, amayi ndi okalamba. Malo abwino kwambiri oberekera ndi omwe amapezeka m'malo otentha otentha, okwera pansi pa 100 mita, ngakhale kumadera ozizira amathanso kupezeka, koma osati ofanana.
CHIKUMBO NDI CHIWEMBEDWE CHOMWE CHIMATETEZA NYAMBO ZACHIBADWA
Ulusi wa silikawo umatuluka mu sapota wokutidwa ndi miyala, mtundu wa mphira wachikaso womwe, pambuyo pake, umafewetsa ndi madzi otentha mukamayesera kubweza ma cocoon.
Nyongolotsi ikakhwima kapena ikafika kumapeto kwa zaka zachisanu, imayang'ana malo owuma komanso oyenera kupangirako cocoko. Omwe amawakulitsa amaika nthambi za nthambi zowuma ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pomwe amatha kufikako, chifukwa kuyeretsa ndikofunikira kuti nyongolotsi zisadwale. Nyongolotsi zimakwera pamwamba pa kabokosi kuti zizipanga maukonde osasunthika omwe amamangiriridwa ku nthambi, kenako amayamba kuluka ndende yawo, ndikupanga emvulopu yazunguliro mozungulira, ndikupatsa mawonekedwe "8" ndimayendedwe amutu. Patsiku lachinayi, nyongolotsi yatsiriza kutsitsa tiziwalo timene timatuluka ndikupita kukagona tulo tofa nato.
Chrysalis amasintha njenjete patatha masiku makumi awiri. Mukamachoka, kuboola chikuku, kuthyola ulusi wa silika. Mwamunayo, ndiye, amafunafuna mnzake. Akapeza chachikazi chake, amamunyamulira zikopa zake ndipo kulumikizana kumatenga maola angapo kukwaniritsa mazira onse. Mukangoyika malonda anu, imamwalira.
Kuyambira tsiku lakhumi, alimi amatha kuthyola masamba ndikulekanitsa cocoko chilichonse, kuchotsa zotsala ndi zosafunika. Mpaka nthawiyo, chrysalis akadali ndi moyo ndipo akusintha, kotero ndikofunikira kuti musokoneze "kumira", ndi nthunzi kapena mpweya wotentha. Posakhalitsa pambuyo pake timayamba "kuyanika", komwe ndikofunikanso kupewa chinyezi chotsalira, chifukwa chimatha kudetsa ulusi wabwino, ndikutaya koko. Mukamaliza kuyanika, cocoon imabwerera mthupi lake, ndimalo omwewo koma opanda moyo.
Apa ntchito za mlimi zimatha, kuyambira pamenepo ntchito yamsika. Kuti amasule cocoon, yomwe imatha kukhala ndi ulusi wokwana mita 1,500, imathiridwa m'madzi otentha, kutentha kwa 80 mpaka 100ºC, kotero kuti imafewetsa ndikuchotsa mphira kapena miyala yomwe imatsagana nayo. Kupota kwa cocoon zingapo nthawi imodzi kumatchedwa silika yaiwisi kapena yopindika ndipo, kuti chikhale chofanana, ulusi angapo waiwisi uyenera kulumikizidwa ndikudyetsedwa m'njira yoti "upotoze" kuti uwapangitse kukhala kosavuta kuyenda. Pambuyo pake, ulusiwo umathamangitsidwa ndi madzi a sopo, kuti ataye kwathunthu miyala yomwe ili mozungulira iwo. Zitatha izi, pomalizira pake silika wophika amawoneka wofewa kukhudza, wosinthasintha, woyera komanso wonyezimira.
LIKULU LA NATIONAL OF SERICULTURE
Kudutsa ku Tropic of Cancer, Mexico ili ndi mwayi wokhala sericulture komanso mokhudzana ndi mayiko ena aku America. Ili pamtunda wofanana ndi omwe amapanga silika wamkulu padziko lapansi, itha kukhala m'modzi wawo. Komabe, sizinakwanitse kukwaniritsa msika wake wapakhomo.
Kulimbikitsa ntchitoyi m'midzi yomwe ili pachiwopsezo kwambiri, Unduna wa zaulimi, Zinyama ndi Chitukuko cha Kumidzi, udapanga National Sericulture Project ndikupanga, kuyambira 1991, National Center for Sericulture, mdera la Huasteca ku San Luis Potosí.
Pakadali pano ntchito yayikulu ya Center ndikuteteza dzira kuti lipeze mitundu yosakanizidwa bwino; Kusintha kwa majeremusi a mitundu ya nyongolotsi ndi mabulosi ndikukhala wopanga yemwe amapereka malo ena aboma ngati Oaxaca, Veracruz, Guanajuato, Puebla, Chiapas, Guerrero ndi Tabasco achita kale. Mabungwe apadziko lonse monga FAO ndi The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) nawonso amalowererapo ku Center iyi, omwe amathandizira, pazomwe zingatchulidwe kuti njira yosinthira, akatswiri odziwika bwino, ukadaulo wodula, ndalama, komanso chidziwitso chawo pankhaniyi.
Malowa ali pamtunda wa kilomita 12.5 pamsewu waukulu wapakati wa San Luis Potosí-Matehuala, m'boma la Graciano Sánchez. Malinga ndi a veterinarian a Romualdo Fudizawa Endo, director wawo, ku Huasteca konse kuli zinthu zoyenera kupeza, mwaukadaulo, nyongolotsi ndi silika zofananira ndi zomwe zimapezeka ku National Center ndi ukadaulo ndi njira zaukadaulo waku Japan. Mutha kupeza ma crianza atatu kapena anayi pachaka, zomwe zingakhudze kwambiri phindu la opanga. Pakadali pano, dera la La Cañada, Los Remedios ndi Santa Anita, m'boma la Aquismón, komanso gulu la Chupaderos ku San Martín Chalchicuautla. Mesas ku Tampacán ndi López Mateos, ku Ciudad Valles, ndi midzi yomwe sericulture yakhazikitsidwa, ndi zotsatira zabwino. Sierra Juárez ndi Mixteca Alta ndi madera a Oaxacan komwe dongosolo la chitukuko cha sericultural lakhazikitsidwanso ndipo likufunidwa kuti lifalikire kumadera a Tuxtepec, gombe ndi zigwa zapakati. Malinga ndi ntchito ya SAGAR, akukonzekera kubzala mahekitala 600 a mabulosi ndikupeza matani 900 a silika wabwino mchaka chachisanu ndi chinayi.
Source: Wosadziwika Mexico No. 237 / Novembala 1996
