Chitani nafe ulendowu m'mbuyomu ndikupeza nafe zatsopano, makamaka za Mexico yosadziwika, ili, gawo loyamba lazofukulidwa pansi mpaka pachimake.
Mosakayikira, chitukuko cha Mayan ndi amodzi mwamabungwe ovuta kwambiri m'mbuyomu. Malo omwe adapangidwira, komanso cholowa chodabwitsa chofukulidwa m'mabwinja chomwe chidasungidwa mpaka pano, chimapangitsa zonse zokhudzana ndi Mayan kudzutsa chidwi chochulukirapo komanso kuti zimapeza otsatira atsopano tsiku lililonse.
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, chikhalidwe chodabwitsachi chakhala chikukopa akatswiri ofukula zakale, ofufuza, ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso amasaka alenje omwe adapita kunkhalango komwe chitukuko chofunikirachi chimakhalamo.
Kupembedza m'madzi
Chipembedzo cha Mayan chimalemekeza milungu yosiyanasiyana, yomwe Chac, mulungu wamvula, adadziwika, yemwe amalamulira m'matumbo adziko lapansi, m'malo amadzi otchedwa Xibalba.
Malinga ndi malingaliro ake achipembedzo, gawo ili lachilengedwe lidafikiridwa kudzera pakamwa ndi m'mapanga, monga Chichén Itzá, Ek Balam ndi Uxmal, kungotchulapo ochepa. Chifukwa chake adachita gawo lofunikira mchipembedzo chawo, omwewo amatumikiridwa ngati obwebweta kapena opereka "madzi opatulika", komanso malo osungira anthu akufa, malo ogulitsira malo osungira nyama, malo operekerako zokhalamo milungu.
Kupatulika kwa malowa kukuwonekera chifukwa chakupezeka kwa mapanga komwe amuna okhawo amphongo okhawo omwe amalowa nawo ansembe amatha kufikira, omwe amayang'anira kuchita miyamboyo, omwe miyambo yawo idalamulidwa mosamalitsa, popeza izi zikanakhala kuti ichitike m'malo ndi nthawi zake, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zoyenera pamwambowu. Zina mwazinthu zomwe zimapanga malamulowa, madzi opatulika kapena zuhuy ha amadziwika.
Kafukufuku wamachitidwe awa atha kuthandiza kuthetsa "mipata" ina yomwe idakalipo pakufufuza zakale za Mayan. Mwazina, chifukwa chakusungidwa bwino komwe zina mwazinthu zopezeka pamasambawa zitha kupezeka, zomwe zimatithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino zomwe zinali zikhalidwe zamakhalidwe ndi malo omwe zidachitikira.
Chuma chosaka
Mpaka zaka zochepa zapitazo, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi mapanga ndi cenotes anali osowa kwambiri. Zolemba zaposachedwa zatsimikizira kufunikira kwamwambo ndi kuchuluka kwazambiri zomwe zili mumachitidwe awa. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa chakudzipatula kwachilengedwe komanso zovuta kuzipeza, chifukwa zimafunikira kukulitsa maluso apadera monga kasamalidwe ka njira zowongoka komanso maphunziro a m'madzi.
Mwanjira imeneyi, ofufuza ochokera ku Autonomous University of Yucatán adaganiza zotenga nawo gawo pa kafukufuku wathunthu wamabwinja azinthu zachilengedwe za Peninsula ya Yucatan, pomwe gulu la akatswiri ofukula zakale lidaphunzitsidwa njira zowoneka bwino zam'mapiko ndi kutsetsereka m'mapanga.
Timuyi idadzipereka pakufufuza zinsinsi zomwe Xibalba amasunga. Zida zawo zogwirira ntchito zimasiyana ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabwinja akale, ndipo izi ndizophatikiza zingwe, kukweza, zida zobwereza, nyali, ndi zida zamadzi. Katundu wathunthu wazida zimaposa ma kilogalamu a 70, zomwe zimapangitsa maulendo kupita kumalowo kukhala owopsa kwambiri.
Kudzipereka kwa anthu
Ngakhale ntchito kumunda imakhala yodzaza ndi chidwi komanso kutengeka mtima, ndikofunikira kuwunikira kuti ntchito isanachitike, pamakhala gawo lofufuzira muofesi lomwe limakhala chitsogozo pakupanga malingaliro athu ogwira ntchito. Zina mwa njira zofufuzira zomwe zatitsogolera kuti tifufuze mkati mwa dziko la Mayan zidachokera m'malemba akale omwe amatchula zopereka za anthu ndi zopereka zawo.
Imodzi mwa njira zathu zazikulu zofufuzira ndizokhudzana ndi kupereka anthu nsembe. Kwa zaka zingapo adadzipereka ku kafukufuku wa labotale wa anthu omwe adachotsedwa pazomwe adatcha "Amayi" pazinthu zonse: Sacred Cenote ya Chichén Itzá.
Kafukufuku wosonkhanitsayu adawonetsa kuti anthu amoyo samangoponyedwa mu Sacred Cenote, komanso kuti mitundu ingapo yamankhwala amthupi idachitidwa, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ikhale malo operekera nsembe komanso manda, bokosi , ndipo mwina malo omwe, chifukwa cha mphamvu zapadera zomwe amapatsidwa, atha kusokoneza mphamvu zazinthu zina kapena ziwalo za mafupa, zomwe panthawi inayake, zoyipa zidanenedwa, monga masoka, njala, pakati pa ena. Mwanjira imeneyi, cenote idakhala chothandizira pazovuta.
Ndi zida izi m'manja, gulu lantchito ladzipereka kusaka kumadera akutali kwambiri a boma la Yucatan, umboni wazikhalidwe zomwe zimachitika m'mapanga ndi cenotes komanso kukhalapo kwa mafupa amunthu omwe akadatha kufikira pansi pamalowo. mofananamo ndi zomwe zidanenedwa za Cenote Yopatulika.
Izi sizivuta nthawi zonse, popeza akatswiri ofukula zakale amakumana ndi zopinga monga kutalika (kapena kuya) kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito makinawa, ndipo nthawi zina nyama zosayembekezereka, monga gulu la mavu akutchire ndi njuchi.
Koyambira pati?
M'munda, gululi likufuna kudzipeza lokha m'dera lomwe akufuna kugwirako ntchito. Pakadali pano ntchito yakumunda ili pakatikati pa Yucatan, chifukwa chake tawuni ya Homún yakhala malo abwino.
Tithokoze olamulira amatauni, makamaka kwa wansembe wa mpingo wa San Buenaventura, zakhala zotheka kukhazikitsa msasa m'malo amalo okondwererako achikoloni okongola azaka za zana la 16. M'mawa kwambiri tsiku lofufuza masamba atsopano limayamba, kutsatira mayina ndi malo omwe amapezeka m'mabuku akale.
Chofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza kwathu ndi azondi am'deralo, popanda iwo zomwe sizingakhale zovuta kupeza malo akutali kwambiri. Gulu lathu lili ndi mwayi wokhala ndi a Don Elmer Echeverría, katswiri wowongolera mapiri, wobadwira ku Homún. Sikuti amangodziwa mayendedwe ake ndikuwayika pamtima, komanso ndiwofalitsa nkhani zodabwitsa kwambiri.
Otsogolera Edesio Echeverría, odziwika bwino kuti "Don Gudi" ndi Santiago XXX, nawonso amatiperekeza pamaulendo athu; Onsewa, kudzera munthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito, aphunzira momwe angagwiritsire ntchito zingwe zachitetezo pokumbukiranso ndi kukwera, chifukwa chake adalinso othandizira otetezeka panja.
Gulu la akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale limayang'ana mtsogolo kudikirira ukadaulo wodutsa womwe umawalola kudziwa kuchokera pansi momwe mawonekedwe a tsambalo aliri ndipo mwina kuti athe kudziwa mitundu yazinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi zomwe zimabisika pansi pa dothi la pansi, pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono zakutali. Izi zikuwoneka ngati maloto oti akwaniritsidwe, popeza Gulu Lophunzitsa Zachikhalidwe la uady likhazikitsa mgwirizano wogwira ntchito ndi University of Science and Technology yaku Norway.
Bungweli ndi mtsogoleri wadziko lonse pantchito yakuzindikira kwakutali kwamadzi, ndipo mpaka pano imagwira ntchito yofufuza ndikufukula malo ofukulidwa pansi akumizidwa mwakuya kuposa mita 300, munyanja yapakati pa Norway ndi Great Britain.
Tsogolo ndilabwino, koma pakadali pano, ndikutha kwa tsiku logwira ntchito.
Tsiku labwinobwino logwirira ntchito
1 Gwirizanani njira yotsatira ndi maupangiri athu. Tidachita nawo limodzi mafunso kuti tidziwe mayina a cenotes, matauni, kapena madera omwe tidapeza pakafukufuku wathu wazakale. Nthawi zina timathamanga ndi mwayi kuti ophunzitsa athu azindikire dzina lakale la tsambalo, lomwe lili ndi dzina la cenote.
2 Malo omwe amapezeka. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofunikira kutsika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowongoka kuti muzitha kufikira malowa. Chojambulira chimatumizidwa koyamba ndipo chimayang'anira kukhazikitsa maziko ndi kuyambitsa kuzindikira.
3 Dongosolo loyendetsa pamadzi. Makulidwe ndi kuzama kwa malowa atakhazikitsidwa, dongosolo lakudumphira m'madzi limakhazikitsidwa. Udindo umaperekedwa ndipo magulu ogwira ntchito amakhazikitsidwa. Kutengera kukula ndi kukula kwa cenote, ntchito yodula ndi kupanga mapu imatha kutenga masiku awiri kapena asanu ndi limodzi.
4 Kwerani ndi chingwe ndi mpumulo. Tikafika pamwamba timatenga china chake chomwe chimatithandiza kupirira njira yobwerera kumsasa, komwe timakadya msuzi wotentha.
5 Kutaya zambiri. Tikadya nkhomaliro kumsasa, timayika zidziwitso zathu zatsopano pamakompyuta.
