Kufufuza buku ndi kupulumutsa kapena kumanganso laibulale yonse ndichabwino kwambiri. Zomwe tikupezazi ndizopangidwa ndi malo owerengera makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu asanu ndi anayi amipingo isanu ndi inayi ndipo ndi gawo laling'ono koma lofunikira pazomwe zonse zimasungidwa ndi National Institute of Anthropology and History.
Chiyambi cha malaibulale amenewa chinali chifukwa cha chikhumbo cha Afrancisco woyamba kupereka maphunziro apamwamba kwa mbadwazo, komanso kumaliza kuphunzitsa achipembedzo omwe adachokera ku Spain ndi malamulo ochepa.
Chitsanzo cha woyamba chinali Koleji ya Santa Cruz de TlatelolcoKuphatikiza apo, kufunitsitsa kwa anthu ena aku Franciscans kuti aphunzire za zikhulupiriro zamakolo, zikhulupiriro, ndi chidwi zimawonetsedwa, zomwe zimathera nthawi zambiri pantchito zopulumutsa anthu. Tlatelolco anali mlatho wobala zipatso wa njirayi. San Francisco el Grande, San Fernando, San Cosme, pakati pa ena, anali nyumba zomwe anthu ambiri aku Franciscans adalandira maphunziro omwe adamaliza maphunziro awo mpaka atadzinenera.
M'masukulu awa, am'deralo, komanso kumalo osungira alendo, kwa akatswiri, boma lachifumu limasamalidwanso ndimakalasi achi Latin, Spanish, galamala, ndi filosofi, kuphatikiza katekisimu ndi mapemphero. Pofuna kuthandizira maphunziro awa, malo osungira mabuku kapena malo ogulitsa mabuku, monga momwe amatchulidwira nthawi imeneyo, adasamalidwa ndi ntchito zomwe zimapatsa ophunzira mavuto ofunikira komanso gawo lazikhalidwe za Dziko Lakale.
Zolembazo zidalemba zolembedwa zakale zachi Greek ndi Latin: Aristotle, Plutarch, Virgil, Juvenal, Livy, Saint Augustine, wa abambo a Tchalitchi komanso malembo opatulika, kuphatikiza katekisimu, ziphunzitso ndi mawu.
Malaibulale awa, kuyambira pachiyambi, analimbikitsidwanso ndi zopereka zidziwitso zakomweko pantchito zamankhwala asanachitike ku Puerto Rico, pharmacology, mbiri ndi zolemba. Gwero lina lomwe linawalemeretsa linali Mexican Impressions, chotulukapo cha kusakanikirana kwa zikhalidwe ziwirizi, zomwe zidalembedwa m'zilankhulo zakomweko. Vocabulary ya Molina, the Psalmodia Christiana waku Sahagún, ndi ena ambiri, zinalembedwa mu Nahuatl; ena ku Otomí, Purépecha ndi Maya, olembedwa ndi anzeru a Pedro de Cante, Alonso Rangel, Luis de VilIalpando, Toribio de Benavente, Maturino Cilbert, kungotchulapo ochepa. Wotsogozedwa ndi Latinist wamkulu Antonio VaIeriano, mbadwa ya Atzcapotzalco, gulu la omasulira komanso ophunzitsa zamakhalidwe achikhalidwechi adapanga zisudzo zachipembedzo ku Nahuatl kuti zithandizire kujambula. Mabuku ambiri achikale adamasuliridwa ndi anthu azilankhulo zitatu, olankhula Nahuatl, Spanish ndi Latin. Ndi iwo, kupulumutsidwa kwa miyambo yakale, kukulitsa ma code ndi kuphatikiza maumboni kumatha kukulitsidwa.
Ngakhale panali zoletsa zosiyanasiyana, kudzudzula ndi kulanda osindikiza aku Mexico, atalamulidwa ndi Korona, panali ena - monga Juan Pablos - omwe adapitiliza kusindikiza ntchito za anthu aku Franciscans, Dominicans ndi Augustinians ku Mexico City ndipo, mokhulupirika M'zaka za zana la 16, adawagulitsa mwachindunji m'malo awo owerengera. Tili ndi ngongole kwa iwo kuti ntchito inayake idapitilizidwa yomwe idakulitsa malo ogulitsira mabuku ndi ntchito yamtunduwu.
Malaibulale a conventual sanali okhudzidwa ndi vuto lomwe lilipoli lotaika kwa mabuku chifukwa chakubedwa komanso kugulitsa zolemba za ena mwa omwe amawasunga. Monga njira yodzitetezera kutaya mwachisawawa, malaibulale adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito "Fire Mark", yomwe idawonetsa kuti bukulo ndi la eni ndipo limazindikirika mosavuta. Msonkhano uliwonse umakhala ndi dzina lodziwika bwino lomwe limapangidwa pafupifupi nthawi zonse ndi zilembo za dzina la tsambalo, monga a Franciscans ndi maJesuit, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro cha lamuloli, monganso a Dominicans, Augustinians ndi Carmelites, mwa ena. Chidindochi ankachigwiritsa ntchito pocheka chapamwamba kapena chapansi pazinthu zosindikizidwazo, ndipo nthawi zambiri sankadulidwa mozungulira komanso mkati mwa bukulo. Chizindikirocho chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chitsulo chofiira, motero dzina lake "moto".
Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti kuba kwamabuku m'matchalitchi kunayamba kuchulukirachulukira kotero kuti anthu aku Franciscans adapita kwa a Papa Pius V kuti akathetse vutoli ndi lamulo. Chifukwa chake timawerenga mu Pontifical Decree, yoperekedwa ku Roma pa Novembala 14, 1568, izi:
Monga tidadziwitsidwa, ena okometsedwa ndi chikumbumtima chawo komanso odwala ndi umbombo samachita manyazi kutulutsa mabuku m'malaibulale a nyumba zina za amonke ndi nyumba za dongosolo la Abale a Saint Francis kuti azisangalala, ndikusunga m'manja mwawo kuti azigwiritse ntchito, Pangozi miyoyo yawo ndi malaibulale okha, ndipo mosakayikira abale a dongosolo lomwelo; Ife, pa izi, pamlingo womwe umakondweretsa ofesi yathu, tikufuna kuyika njira yabwino, mwaufulu ndi chidziwitso chathu, tikukhazikitsa pakadali pano, aliyense wa anthu wamba komanso ampingo wamba waboma lililonse, digiri, dongosolo kapena momwe angakhalire, ngakhale atakhala owala ndi ulemu wa episkopi, kuti asabe mwa kuba kapena mwanjira iliyonse yomwe angaganize kuchokera kumalaibulale omwe atchulidwawa kapena ena a iwo, buku lililonse kapena zolembera, popeza tikufuna kudzipereka kwa aliyense wa omwe amaba kuti aweruzidwe, ndipo tazindikira kuti pochita izi, palibe aliyense, kupatula Pontiff Wachiroma, yemwe angalandire chikhululukiro, pokhapokha pa ola lakumwalira.
Kalata yapachikondiyi idayenera kuikidwa pamalo owonekera m'masitolo ogulitsa kuti aliyense adziwe za kudzudzula kwa atumwi ndi zilango zomwe munthu aliyense wapatsidwa.
Tsoka ilo zoyipazo zidapitilira ngakhale kuyesayesa kuti athane nako. Ngakhale zinali zovuta izi, malaibulale ofunikira kwambiri adapangidwa omwe amafotokoza kwambiri cholinga chothandizira kuphunzira ndi kufufuza komwe kunkachitika m'makonsolo ndi m'masukulu azipembedzo omwe amalalikira ku New Spain. Masitolo ogulitsa mabukuwa adakhala ndi chuma chambiri chomwe kuphatikiza komwe kudapangidwaku kudawathandiza kuti aphunzire chikhalidwe cha New Spain.
Anali malo achikhalidwe omwe adapanga ntchito zofufuza m'magawo ambiri: mbiri, zolemba, zilankhulo, zamakhalidwe, zasayansi, maphunziro azilankhulo zachi Latin komanso zikhalidwe, komanso kuphunzitsa kuwerenga ndi kulembera anthu amtunduwu.
Malaibulale a conventual adalandidwa nthawi yaboma la Juárez. Mwalamulo mabukuwa adaphatikizidwa mu National Library, ndipo ena ambiri adapeza ndi ma bibliophiles komanso ogulitsa mabuku ku Mexico City.
Pakadali pano, ntchito ya National Library of Anthropology and History ndikugwirizanitsa ntchito zokhazikitsa ndalama zamalamulo zomwe Institute imayang'anira m'malo osiyanasiyana a INAH a Republic, kuti awaike pantchito yofufuza.
Kusonkhanitsa zopereka, kuphatikiza malo ogulitsira mabuku amnyumba ya amonke iliyonse, momwe zingathere, kukweza mndandanda wawo ndizovuta ndipo, monga ndidanenera koyambirira, ulendo wosangalatsa komanso wokongola. Mwanjira imeneyi, "Zizindikiro Zamoto" ndizothandiza kwambiri chifukwa amatipatsa chidziwitso choti timangidwenso malo osungira mabuku ndi zosonkhanitsa zawo. Popanda iwo ntchitoyi ikadakhala yosatheka, chifukwa chake kufunikira kwake. Chidwi chathu pokwaniritsa izi chagona pakupereka kafukufuku kuti athe kudziwa, kudzera pagulu lodziwikiratu, malingaliro kapena mafilosofi, zamatsenga ndi zamakhalidwe azadongosolo lililonse komanso kutengera kwawo kulalikira ndi zochita za atumwi.
Kupulumutsa, komanso kuzindikiritsa ntchito iliyonse, kudzera m'mabuku, zikhulupiriro zaku New Spain, popereka zida zowerengera.
Pambuyo pazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zogwira ntchito pamzerewu, kuphatikiza ndi kuphatikiza kwa zoperekazi zakwaniritsidwa kutengera komwe adachokera kapena komwe amachokera, kukonza kwawo ukadaulo ndikukonzekera zida zofunsira: ma kabukhu osindikizidwa a 18 ndi mndandanda wonse wa ndalama zomwe alonda a INAH, omwe awonekere posachedwa, amaphunzira momwe angawafalitsire ndi kufunsa, komanso zomwe achitapo kuti awasunge.
National Library of Anthropology and History ili ndi ma voliyumu 12 zikwi kuchokera pamaudindo achipembedzo otsatirawa: A Capuchins, Augustinians, Franciscans, Carmelites ndi mpingo wa otsogolera a San Felipe Neri, omwe Seminary ya Morelia, Fray Felipe de Lasco ndiyodziwika. , Francisco Uraga, Conciliar Seminary ya Mexico City, Ofesi ya Inquisition Yoyera ndi College of Santa María de Todos los Santos. Ndalama zolembedwa mwanjira imeneyi zomwe alonda a lNAH amapezeka ku Guadalupe, Zacatecas, mumzinda wakale wa dzina lomweli, ndipo amachokera ku koleji yabodza yomwe a Franciscans anali nayo pamsonkhanowo (maudindo 13,000). , Guanajuato (maudindo 4,500), ndi ku Cuitzeo, Michoacán, okhala ndi mayina pafupifupi 1,200. Ku Casa de Morelos, ku Morelia, Michoacán, okhala ndi maudindo 2,000, monga ku Querétaro, okhala ndi maudindo 12,500 ochokera kumakonsolo osiyanasiyana mderali. Malo ena osungira zinthu ali ku National Museum of the Viceroyalty, komwe kuli malaibulale a ma Jesuit ndi ma Dominican oda, okhala ndi maudindo 4,500, komanso m'malo akale achi Santa Mónica mumzinda wa Puebla, okhala ndi maudindo 2,500.
Lumikizanani ndi awa aku Europe ndi New Spain, mabuku asayansi ndi achipembedzo ochokera m'mbuyomu omwe amatizindikiritsa, amatilimbikitsa ndi ulemu, ulemu ndi kulandilidwa kwinaku tikufuna chidwi chathu chokumbukira mbiri yakale yomwe imavutikira kupulumuka ngakhale atasiyidwa komanso anyalanyaza anthu kuti malingaliro achikatolika atsamunda adatsitsidwa ndi ufulu wopambana.
Malaibulale atsopanowa aku Spain, Ignacio Osorio akutiuza, "ndi mboni ndipo nthawi zambiri amatsogolera nkhondo zodula zasayansi komanso zamaganizidwe momwe New Hispanics idalanda masomphenya aku Europe padziko lapansi ndipo kachiwiri adapanga ntchito yawo yakale"
Kufunika ndi kupulumuka kwa magulu osungitsa mabukuwa amafuna kuti tichite zonse zomwe tingathe.
