Zaka 100 kuchokera pomwe idatumizidwa, njanji ya Mexico-Oaxaca njanji yakale yakumwera kwa Mexico ikupitilizabe kupatsa munthu ntchito yayikulu ndikutidabwitsa ndi zomwe zinali zenizeni panthawiyo: kuwoloka mapiri olimba komanso okopa a Mixteca.
M'madera oyandikana ndi Vértiz Narvarte ndi Del Valle ku Mexico City, khwalala limatchedwa Matías Romero. Kupitilira theka la njanji pakati pa Salina ndi Cruz ndi Coatzacoalcos pali tawuni ya Oaxacan yomwe imadziwikanso kuti.
Ku Ciudad Satélite ma nomenclature amatauni amamulemekeza chimodzimodzi. Ndipo bungwe la maphunziro apadziko lonse lapansi ndi kafukufuku wa Unduna wa Zakunja monyadira ali ndi dzina lomweli. Kodi anali woyenera ndani kuzindikiridwa kotero? Ndi ubale wanji womwe anali nawo ndi njanji ya Puebla-Oaxaca yomwe idayamba kumangidwa zaka zana zapitazo?
WOYENDA MULUNGU NDI WOYANG'ANIRA TIRE
Ambiri amakumbukira Matías Romero ngati nthumwi yamuyaya yaku Mexico ku Washington, komwe amakhala zaka 20. Kumeneko adateteza zofuna za dzikolo nthawi yamaboma amtsogoleri atatu: Benito Juárez, Manuel González ndi Porfirio Díaz. Anali bwenzi la woyamba ndi wachitatu, komanso General Ulises S. Grant, womenya nawo Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni komanso pambuyo pake Purezidenti wa United States. Romero analinso Mlembi wa Treasury kangapo, amalimbikitsa ntchito zaulimi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Mexico komanso wolimbikitsa ntchito yomanga njanji kudzera kubizinesi yakunja. Kwa zaka zoposa 40 anali muutumiki wothandiza anthu. Adamwalira ku New York mu 1898, ali ndi zaka 61, kusiya ntchito yofunika yolembedwa pazokambirana, zachuma komanso zamalonda.
Mwina ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa kuti Matías Romero anali woyenda mosatopa. Mu maulendo 818729 poyenda anali ndi malingaliro olimba mtima, popeza kunalibe misewu, nyumba zogona alendo, kapena magalimoto abwinoko kudera lonselo, munthu wazinthu zambirizi adachoka ku Mexico City ndikufika ku Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. Kwa miyezi itatu anali kuyenda. Pansi, pa sitima, pahatchi, pa nyulu komanso pa bwato, adayenda makilomita opitilira 6,300. Anachoka ku Mexico kupita ku Puebla pa njanji. Anatsatira Veracruz pa sitima ndi pamahatchi. Kumeneko anali ku San Cristóbal, Palenque, Tuxtla, Tonalá ndi Tapachula. Kenako adapita ku Gyatenakam komwe adachita mgwirizano ndi mtsogoleri wadzikolo. Rufino Barrios. Anabwerera ku Mexico City atasamalira minda yake ndi mabizinesi: kulima khofi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito nkhuni ndi mphira. Mu Marichi 1873, adabwerera ku Guatemala, nthawi ino ku likulu, komwe amakumana pafupipafupi ndi Purezidenti García Granados m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yomwe amakhala mumzinda.
Monga momwe wolemba mbiri yake adalembera, Romero adakwera mapiri, kuwoloka madambo ndi madambo ndikudutsa "madera otentha komanso achinyezi a Veracruz, Campeche, ndi Yucatán m'miyezi yoyipa yachilimwe ... Adafika pomwe okhawo omwe adagonjetsa kale anali atafika zaka mazana angapo zapitazo."
Sanali ulendo wake woyamba. Ali ndi zaka 18, mu Okutobala 1855, adatenga msewu wakale wochokera ku Oaxaca kupita ku Tehuacan, komwe kwa zaka mazana ambiri mapaketi omwe adanyamula katundu waku Oaxacan wogulitsa kunja adasunthira: grana kapena cochineal, utoto wofunika kwambiri wosiririka ndi azungu. Komabe mchaka chomwecho Matías achichepere adachoka kumudzi kwawo kwamuyaya, mapaundi ofiira okwanira 647 125 adatumizidwa kunja, okwanira ndalama zoposa 556 zikwi.
Adafika ku Mexico City, atakhala ku Tehuacan, atakwera ntchito yolimba mtima ya Don Anselmo Zurutuza, wochita bizinesi yonyamula omwe adayika likulu la Republic kulumikizana ndi Puebla ndi Veracruz komanso mizinda yambiri mkatikati. .
Panthawiyo, masitepe anali chizindikiro chamakono. Galimotoyi idalowetsa m'malo mwa magalimoto ampampu, "olemera komanso osakwiya milandu," monga a Ignacio Manuel Altamirano alembera.
Ntchito zamakono zidakopa chidwi cha Matías Romero. Posakhalitsa adagwidwa ndi chizindikiro china chopita patsogolo: njanji. Chifukwa chake, atangofika ku Mexico City, adadziwa momwe ntchito ya sitima yomwe idamangidwa ku Villa de Guadalupe ikuyendera.
Ndipo mu Ogasiti 1857 adayang'ana koyamba pa sitima yapamtunda: Guadalupe (mtundu wa 4-4-0), yomangidwa ndi Baldwin ku Philadelphia mu 1855, yomwe idayendetsedwa pang'ono kuchokera ku Veracruz mpaka 2,240 mita wapakati pa Altiplano. m'ngolo zokokedwa ndi nyulu. Posakhalitsa, adapanga ulendo wake woyamba kuchokera ku Jardin de Santiago ku Tlatelolco kupita ku Villa pamtunda wa makilomita 4.5. Gawo labwino la njirayo limafanana ndi msewu womwe udayikidwa mu Calzada de los Misterios, womwe umagwiritsidwanso ntchito poyendetsa magalimoto, okwera pamahatchi ndi oyenda pansi.
Nthawi zovuta zomwe dziko linali kudutsa posakhalitsa zinakakamiza Matías Romero kuti ayende maulendo ena. Nkhondo Yakusintha idayamba, idatsata boma lovomerezeka paulendo wawo wowopsa. Chifukwa chake, anali ku Guanajuato mu february 1858. Mwezi wotsatira, ali kale ku Guadalajara, adamuponyera m'ndende ndi asitikali ankhanza omwe anali pafupi kuwombera Purezidenti Juárez. Atamasulidwa, koma asanawopsezedwe kuti aphedwa, adakwera Pacific ndi nyama ndi mpando womwe adapeza m'thumba mwake. M'chikwama chake chonyamulira adanyamula ndalama zochepa za Federation Treasury, zomwe adaziyang'anira. Adafika ku Colima, atatha kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi usiku, mu kampani yokongola: Benito Juárez, Melchor Ocampo, Secretary of Relations, ndi General Santos Degollado, wamkulu wa gulu lankhondo lochepa la Republic.
Kuchokera mumzindawu adapita ku Manzanillo, ndikulimba mtima pachiwopsezo cha doko la Cuyutlán ndi abuluzi ake anjala omwe amawoneka ngati "mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo yoyandama" ya ambiri omwe analipo. A Saurian adadikirira moleza mtima cholakwitsa ndi wokwera kapena kusuntha kwa nyulu kuti awameze onse awiri. Zikuwoneka kuti nthawi zina samakwaniritsa chilakolako chake choluluza.
M'malo mwake, udzudzu, womwe udalinso ndi madzi osayenda, adatumizidwa mopanda chifundo. Pachifukwa ichi, wapaulendo wina wolemekezeka, Alfredo Chavero, adati m'nyanjayi mudali "mdani yemwe sangawonekere, sangamveke ndipo sangaphedwe: malungo." Ndipo adaonjezeranso kuti: "Maseŵera khumi a dziwe ndi ma ligi khumi owola komanso miasmas yothira zoyipa podutsa."
Matías Romero adapulumuka pamavuto oterewa ndipo ku Manzanillo adakwera Acapulco ndi Panama Adadutsa sitima yapamtunda (inali ulendo wake wachiwiri pa njanji) ndipo ku Colon adakwera sitima ina kupita ku Havana ndi New Orleans, atadutsa pamtsinje wa Mississippi . Pomaliza, atayenda ulendo wamasiku atatu panyanja, adafika ku Veracruz pa Meyi 4, 1858. Pa doko limenelo boma lopanda mphamvu la a Liberals lidakhazikitsidwa ndipo panali Romero pantchito yake, ngati wogwira ntchito ku Unduna wa Zachilendo. Pa Disembala 10, 1858, atakwera chombo chomwecho pomwe adafika (Tennessee), adapita ku United States kukakhala Secretary of the Mexico Legation ku Washington. Atabwerera kudziko limenelo, adakwera chombo cha Mississippi kupita ku Memphis, komwe adakwera sitima yapamtunda, yomwe "idayima paliponse ndipo idadzaza ndi osuta, komanso akapolo ena onyansa komanso anyamata ena." Ku Great Junction adadutsa sitima ina, ndi ngolo yogona, ndikupitiliza ulendo wake: Chattanooga, Knoxville, Lynchburg, Richmond, ndi Washington, komwe adafika pa Khrisimasi. Munthawi yonse ya moyo wake, Matías Romero amayenda kwambiri ndipo amadziwa bwino njanji zaku United States komanso mayiko angapo aku Europe.
NJIRA YA PUEBLA, TEHUACAN NDI OAXACA
Kodi gawo la Oaxacan limawoneka bwanji kuchokera ku chombo? Zitha kuwonedwa makamaka ngati zatsekedwa palokha, monga mkati mwa mpanda wamapiri, mapiri, ndi zigwa. Malo ozizira amayang'anizana ndi zigwa zotentha zomwe zili pamtunda wa 1 4000 - 1 600 m. Ku Pacific, pambuyo pa phiri la Sierra Madre, kamtunda kakang'ono kakang'ono ka m'mphepete mwa nyanja kameneka kakang'ono ka makilomita 500 kangatembenukire m'zigwa zapakati ndi m'mapiri ndi maphompho. Isthmus ya Tehuantepec, yotetezedwa ndi mpanda wina wa orographic, ikadakhala dera lina palokha.
Kuchokera pamwambamwamba woyang'anitsitsa, panali milandu iwiri yapadera. Imodzi, Mixteca Baja, yotalikirana kwambiri ndi gawo lapakati komanso malo ophatikizika ndi Pacific. China, cha Cañada de Quiotepec, kapena Oriental Mixteca, malo otsika ndi otsekedwa omwe amalekanitsa malo a Zapotec kuchokera pakatikati ndi kum'mawa kwa dzikolo, ndipo chifukwa cha ichi kwakhala kukakamizidwa kudutsa njira imodzi yachikhalidwe yomwe yayesera kuthetsa wachibale Oaxacan kudzipatula. Njira iyi ndi njira ya Oaxaca-Teotitlán del Camino-Tehuacán-Puebla.
Wina amapita ku Huajuapan de León ndi Izucar de Matamoros.
Ngakhale amadziwa bwino njira zosiyanasiyana zoyendera, Matías Romero sanathe kuwona Oaxaca ali mlengalenga. Koma nayenso sanafune. Posakhalitsa adazindikira kufunika kothana ndi kudzipatula komanso kuchepa kwa mayendedwe mdziko lake. Chifukwa chake, adapanga ntchito yopita ndi njanji kumudzi wakwawo ndipo adakhala wotsimikiza mtima kulimbikitsa "wolengeza za kupita patsogolo" ku Mexico. Mnzake wa mapurezidenti komanso odziwika bwino andale komanso zachuma mdziko lake komanso ku United States, adagwiritsa ntchito maubwenzi ake kupititsa patsogolo makampani oyendetsa njanji ndi ntchito zina zakukweza chuma.
Kuchokera mu 1875 mpaka 1880, boma la Oaxaca lidachita mgwirizano wololeza njanji yolumikizira doko ku Gulf, ndi likulu la Oaxacan komanso Puerto Ángel kapena Huatulco ku Pacific. Zida zinali kusowa ndipo ntchito sizinali kuchitika. Matías Romero, woimira dziko lakwawo, adalimbikitsa ntchitoyi. Anathandiza mnzake Ulises S. Grant, purezidenti wakale wa United States, kubwera ku Mexico mu 1880. Kenako mu 1881, adatsogolera ku Constitution ya Mexico Southern Railroad Co, ku New York. Purezidenti wa kampani yololeza njanji ya Oaxaca sanali wina koma General Grant. Makampani ena oyendetsa njanji ku America nawonso adatenga nawo mbali.
Matías Romero adayika chiyembekezo chachikulu munjanjiyi. Ankaganiza kuti apereka "moyo, kupita patsogolo ndi chitukuko kumaboma onse akumwera chakum'mawa kwa dziko lathu. Kuti ... ndi olemera kwambiri mdziko lathu ndipo tsopano ali achisoni kwambiri. " Kampani ya Grant idakumana ndi mavuto azachuma ndipo posakhalitsa idatha. Monga munthu wakale wankhondo yapachiweniweni ku America, adawonongeka. Mpaka kuti Matías Romero amubweze madola chikwi. (Zaka zambiri m'mbuyomu, adaperekanso thandizo la ndalama kwa a Benito Juárez, panthawiyo Purezidenti wa Khothi Lalikulu la Chilungamo la Nation. Ngakhale adangomubwereka ndalama zana.)
Mu Meyi 1885 chilolezo chidalengezedwa kuti chitha ntchito, popanda Mexico Southern Railroad Co atayika kilomita imodzi. Maloto a Matías Romero adawoneka kuti akutha.
Mwamwayi chifukwa chofuna kupita patsogolo, zinthu sizinayime pomwepo. Popanda kuchitapo kanthu, popeza adayimiriranso Mexico ku Washington, chilolezo chatsopano chanjanjiyo chidaloledwa mu 1886. Pambuyo pazinthu zingapo zoyang'anira ndi zachuma, kampani yaku England idayamba kuimanga mu September 1889. Ntchito inapita patsogolo mofulumira. M'zaka zitatu ndi miyezi iwiri yokha msewu wopapatiza udayikidwa pakati pa Puebla, Tehuacan ndi Oaxaca. Sitimayo idadutsa ku Eastern Mixteca ndikupita kudera la Tomellín. Adagonjetsa zopinga zakutchire, komanso kukana kwa osakhulupirira ndikukaikira kwamantha. Kuyambira 1893 the Southern Mexico Railroad inali ikugwirabe ntchito. Makilomita ake 327 a njanji anali pamenepo. Komanso malo ake 28, ma injini okwanira 17, ma voti 24 okwera ndi 298 zonyamula katundu. Chifukwa chake maloto a Matías Romero, wolimbikitsayo wolimbikitsa komanso woyenda, adakwaniritsidwa.
MATÍAS ROMERO WOIWALA
"Apaulendo omwe adanyamulidwa bwino panyanja, akuchokera ku New Orleans ndi malo ena ku Gulf Coast, akutsika ku Coatzacoalcos kuti ayambirenso ulendo wawo wam'madzi tsopano atakwera sitima yapamadzi yotchedwa Allegheny Belle (anabweretsa pulofesa wakale kuchokera ku Mississippi) yomwe imakwera mtsinje waukulu wa Coatzacoalcos kupita kumalo otchedwa Súchil, (pafupi ndi tawuni yapano ya Mátías Romero;) ndipo kuchokera pano, pagalimoto zodumphadumpha, kupita ku Pacific komwe akuyenera kukwera kupita ku San Francisco. " Zopeka? sizingatheke. Zomwe tafotokozazi zidaperekedwa ndi Tehuantepec Railway Company ya New Orleans, pakati pazaka zapitazo.
Kampaniyo idawoloka kamodzi pamwezi ndipo ntchitoyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mazana a nkhanu zomwe zidasamukira ku California.
Mu 1907, Matías Romero adawona njanji ya Coatzacoalcos Salina Cruz, yomwe nthawi yake inali 20 pamayendedwe tsiku ndi tsiku -ndipo ndalama zonse za 5 miliyoni za pesos pachaka-, koma patadutsa zaka 7 zidagwiritsidwanso ntchito chifukwa cha mpikisano wochokera ku Canal kuchokera ku Panama. Komabe, ku Matías Romero (yemwe kale anali Rincón Antonio) ntchito zanjanji sizinachepe, zinali ndi malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso makina ofanana ndi awa ofunikira kwambiri olimbikitsidwa ndi njanji yatsopano ya Pan-American (1909) yomwe idachokera ku San Jerónimo -Today Ciudad Ixtepec- kupita ku Tapachula, monga zikupitilira lero.
Tawuni ya Matías Romero, ya anthu pafupifupi 25,000, yotentha komanso yozunguliridwa ndi malo a Isthmus, ili ndi hotelo ziwiri zazing'ono; El Castillejos ndi Juan Luis: pali zojambulajambula zabwino kwambiri zagolide ndi siliva zochokera ku Ciudad Ixtepec (pafupi ndi Juchitán), yomwe inali gulu lankhondo nthawi yankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse.
