Chojambulacho mwina ndichakale kwambiri ndipo mosakayikira chiwonetsero chodziwika bwino cha zojambulajambula. Lingaliro lirilonse pakusintha ndi chiyembekezo cha cartel limalumikizidwa ndi chitukuko chamakampani ndi zamalonda.
Bungwe lililonse kapena bungwe, likamapempha ntchito za positi kuti zithandizire kugwiritsa ntchito chinthu china pamsika, kufalikira kwa ziwonetsero, zokopa alendo kapena zokomera anthu ena, zimathandizira kuti pakhale mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. M'makampani opanga mafilimu, zikwangwani zimakhala ndi cholinga chotsimikizika komanso chotsatsa: kutsatsa kanema ndikupanga owonera ambiri m'malo owonetsera.
Zachidziwikire, Mexico sizinali zosiyana ndi izi, ndipo kuyambira 1896, kuchokera pakubwera kwa a Gabriel Veyre ndi Ferdinand Bon Bernard - nthumwi za abale a Lumière, omwe amayang'anira kuwonetsa kanema ku gawo ili la America - Mapulogalamu angapo adalamulidwa kuti asindikizidwe, kutchula mawonedwe ndi malo owonetserako. Makoma a Mexico City adadzaza ndi mabodzawa, zomwe zidapangitsa chiyembekezo chachikulu komanso chidwi chambiri mnyumbayi. Ngakhale sitinganene kuti kupambana konse kwa ntchitozi ndi zazithunzi ngati mawonekedwe a nyali, timazindikira kuti adakwaniritsa ntchito yawo yayikulu: kulengeza mwambowu. Komabe, ndizodabwitsa kuti zikwangwani zomwe zili pafupi ndi lingaliro lomwe tili nazo sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito panthawiyo, popeza nthawi imeneyo, ku Mexico, kulengeza zamasewera - makamaka a zisudzo zamagazini, mtundu yachikhalidwe chachikulu likulu - zinali zachilendo kale kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi pazithunzi zotsatsira zofanana ndi zomwe Toulousse-Lautrec, ku France, amachita zochitika zofananira.
Chojambula chaching'ono choyambirira mu sinema yaku Mexico chimabwera kuchokera mu 1917, pomwe Venustiano Carranza - wotopa ndi chithunzi chankhanza cha dzikolo chinafalikira kunja chifukwa cha makanema a Revolution yathu - adaganiza zopititsa patsogolo matepi omwe amapereka masomphenya osiyana kotheratu aku Mexico. Pachifukwa ichi, zidasankhidwa osati kungosintha ma melodramas otchuka kwambiri ku Italiya mderalo, komanso kutsanzira mitundu yawo yakukwezeleza, kuphatikiza, ngakhale zitangokhala pomwe filimuyi idawonetsedwa m'maiko ena, kujambula chithunzi momwe chithunzi cha heroine woleza mtima wa nkhaniyi chinali ndi mwayi wokopa chidwi cha omvera. Kumbali inayi, mzaka zonse khumi zoyambirira za zaka makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri, chinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofalitsa makanema ochepa omwe adapangidwa munthawiyo chikanakhala choyambirira cha zomwe masiku ano zimadziwika kuti photomontage , makatoni kapena malo olandirira alendo: kansalu kakang'ono pafupifupi 28 x 40 cm, momwe chithunzi chidayikidwapo ndipo mbiri ya mutu womwe uyenera kukwezedwa idapakidwa padziko lonse lapansi.
M'ma 1930, zojambulazo zidayamba kuonedwa ngati chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira pakukweza makanema, popeza kupanga makanema kunayamba kukhala kosalekeza kuyambira pomwe Santa (Antonio Moreno, 1931). Nthawi imeneyo makampani opanga mafilimu ku Mexico adayamba kuumbika motero, koma mpaka 1936, pomwe Allá en el Rancho Grande (Fernando de Fuentes) adajambulidwa, ataphatikizidwa. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kanemayu amadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri ya cinema yaku Mexico, popeza chifukwa chofunikira padziko lonse lapansi, zidalola opanga mdziko muno kupeza ntchito ndi sinema yadziko yomwe idawalipira.
POSTER YA M'BADWO WA GOLIDI WA MEXICAN CINEMA
Kupitiliza ntchitoyi mosiyanasiyana, munthawi yochepa makampani opanga mafilimu aku Mexico adakhala makampani ofunikira kwambiri olankhula Chisipanishi. Pomwe kupambana koyambaku kudakwaniritsidwa, mphamvu ya nyenyezi idapangidwa ku Mexico, yofanana ndi yomwe idagwira ku Hollywood, mothandizidwa ku Latin America, malo omwe mayina a Tito Guízar, Esther Fernández, Mario Moreno Cantinflas, Jorge Negrete kapena Dolores del Río, mgawo lake loyamba, ndi Arturo de Córdova, María Félix, Pedro Armendáriz, Pedro Infante, Germán Valdés, Tin Tan kapena Silvia Pinal, mwa ena ambiri, anali atatanthawuza kale chitsimikiziro cha kupambana muofesi yamabokosi. Kuyambira pamenepo, mu zomwe amatchedwa akatswiri osiyanasiyana monga Golden Age yaku cinema yaku Mexico, mapangidwe ojambulawo adakhalanso ndi nthawi yabwino. Olemba ake, anali ndi zifukwa zambiri zowathandizira kuti achite ntchito yawo; anali kukhazikitsa, popanda chikhazikitso kapena machitidwe omwe adakonzedweratu kapena mizere ya ntchito, zingapo zomwe zidafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'buku lovomerezeka la Carteles de la Época de Oro del cine Mexicano / Poster Art lochokera ku Golden Age of Mexico Cinema, lolembedwa ndi Charles Ramírez-Berg ndi Rogelio Agrasánchez, Jr. (Archivo Fílmico Agrasánchez, Imcine ndi UDG, 1997). M'masiku amenewo, mwa njira, zikwangwani sizinasainidwe kawirikawiri ndi olemba awo, popeza ambiri mwa ojambulawa (ojambula odziwika bwino, ojambula zithunzi kapena ojambula zithunzi) amawona izi ngati zamalonda basi. Ngakhale zili choncho, chifukwa cha ntchito ya akatswiri monga Agrasánchez, Jr., ndi Ramírez-Berg, komanso Cristina Félix Romandía, Jorge Larson Guerra (olemba The Mexico Film Poster, lolembedwa ndi National Cinemas kwa anthu opitilira 10 Kwa zaka zambiri, kwa nthawi yayitali buku lokhalo pamutuwu, lomwe silikusindikizidwanso) ndi Armando Bartra, ndikuti adakwanitsa kupitilira mayina monga Antonio Arias Bernal, Andrés Audiffred, Cadena M., José G. Cruz, Ernesto El Chango García Cabral, Leopoldo ndi José Mendoza, Josep ndi Juanino Renau, José Spert, Juan Antonio ndi Armando Vargas Briones, Heriberto Andrade ndi Eduardo Urzáiz, mwa ena ambiri, monga omwe amachititsa ntchito zodabwitsa zambiri zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazithunzi za makanema omwe adapangidwa pakati pa 1931 ndi 1960.
CHOKWEREKA NDIPONSO KUKONZEKEREKA KWA PANGWANI
Pambuyo pa nthawi yaulemereroyi, komanso zomwe zimachitika mukanema ojambula m'mafilimu mzaka zambiri makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu makumi asanu ndi limodzi, zojambula zojambula mu kanema ku Mexico zimakumana ndi zoyipa zazikulu, momwe kupatula ochepa Kupatula zina mwa ntchito zopangidwa ndi Vicente Rojo, Alberto Isaac kapena Abel Quezada, ambiri adachita mphwayi ndi chikasu ndimapangidwe okongoletsa ofiira amwazi, zojambulidwa zochititsa manyazi komanso ziwonetsero zazikazi za akazi omwe amayesa kuyimira zisudzo. Zachidziwikire, komanso m'zaka zimenezo, makamaka kumapeto kwa zaka khumi, monga m'mbali zina za mbiri yaku cinema yaku Mexico, mbadwo watsopano wa okonza mapulani unkachita masewera olimbitsa thupi, omwe pambuyo pake, kuphatikiza kwa ojambula pulasitiki ochokera Ndikudziwa zambiri m'machitidwe ena, amatha kukonzanso malingaliro opanga zikwangwani polimba mtima kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ndi malingaliro angapo.
Zowonadi, pomwe akatswiri amakampani opanga makanema aku Mexico adakonzedwanso, munthawi zambiri zake, kukula kwa zikwangwani kudali komweko. Kuchokera mu 1966-67, zikwangwani zomwe zidalumikizidwa, monga chithunzi chawo chachikulu, chithunzi chachikulu choyimira mutu wankhani yomwe kanemayo adalongosola, ndipo pambuyo pake mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso apadera adawonjezeredwa. Sikuti zithunzi sizinagwiritsidwepo ntchito pazolembazo, koma kusiyana kwakukulu ndikuti munthawi imeneyi, zomwe zidaphatikizidwa ndizithunzi zokhazokha za ojambula omwe adalowererapo mufilimuyi, koma zikuwoneka kuti uthengawu kale anali atataya mphamvu yake yakale pagulu. Musaiwale kuti dongosolo la nyenyezi linali kale chinthu chakale panthawiyo.
Mtundu wina womwe posakhalitsa udadziwika ndi wocheperako, momwe dzina limatanthawuzira, chithunzi chonse chidapangidwa kuchokera kuzithunzi zochepa. Zikumveka zosavuta koma sizinali choncho, popeza kuti pamapeto pake pamakhala lingaliro loyenera kuphatikiza malingaliro ndi malingaliro angapo okhudza mitu ya kanemayo, ndikuganizira malangizo amalonda omwe angalole kupereka chithunzi chokongola chomwe ntchito yake ikwaniritse cholinga chokopa anthu kumakanema. Mwamwayi, kangapo cholinga ichi sichinakwaniritsidwe, ndipo umboni wa izi ndi zolengedwa zosawerengeka, koposa zonse, wopanga wopambana kwambiri wanthawiyo, yemwe mosakayikira adalemba nthawi ndi kalembedwe kake kosadziwika: Rafael López Castro.
KUSINTHA KWA ZOKHUDZA KWAMBIRI PAKUKONZEKA KWA POSTA
M'masiku aposachedwa, zolinga zamphamvu zamankhwala komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndizosiyana pang'ono, ndizomwe zakwanitsa ku Mexico pofika pakulingalira kwa zikwangwani zakanema. Zachidziwikire, tikuyenera kunena kuti ndikusintha kwamatekinoloje komwe takumanako, makamaka kwa zaka pafupifupi 10, limodzi mwamagawo omwe apindula kwambiri pankhaniyi ndi kapangidwe kake. Zipangizo zatsopano zomwe zikupezeka komanso zikukonzedwa mwachangu kwambiri zapatsa okonza zida zantchito zochititsa chidwi zomwe, kuphatikiza pakuwongolera kwambiri ntchito yawo, zatsegula chiwonetsero chachikulu momwe kulibe lingaliro kapena chikhumbo zomwe sangathe kuchita. Zambiri kotero kuti tsopano amatipatsa monga zotsatira zake zithunzi zokongola, zowoneka bwino, zosokoneza kapena zosafotokozedwa, zomwe nthawi zonse zimakopa chidwi chathu, chabwino kapena choipa.
Ngakhale zili choncho, ndichabwino kunena kuti zida zonse zaukadaulozi, zopangidwa kuti zithandizire okonza, ndizogwiritsa ntchito osati choloweza mmalo mwa luso lawo ndikulimbikitsidwa. Izi sizingachitike, ndipo umboni wosatsutsika ndiwoti Mayina a Rafael López Castro, Vicente Rojo, Xavier Bermúdez, Marta León, Luis Almeida, Germán Montalvo, Gabriela Rodríguez, Carlos Palleiro, Vicente Rojo Cama, Carlos Gayou, Eduardo Téllez, Antonio Pérez Ñico, Concepción Robinson , Bernardo Recamier, Félix Beltrán, Marta Covarrubias, René Azcuy, Alejandro Magallanes, Ignacio Borja, Manuel Monroy, Giovanni Troconni, Rodrigo Toledo, Miguel Ángel Torres, Rocío Mireles, Armando Hatzacorsian ena onse, Carolina Kerlow ndi ena Mayina ofotokozera akamayankhula za kanema waku Mexico wazaka makumi atatu zapitazi. Kwa onsewa, kwa ena onse omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa, komanso kwa aliyense amene wapanga chikwangwani cha makanema aku Mexico nthawi zonse, nkhaniyi mwachidule ikhale ngati chidziwitso chaching'ono koma choyenera chifukwa chokhazikitsa chikhalidwe chodabwitsa cha umunthu wosatsutsika komanso umunthu wawo. Kuphatikiza pakukwaniritsa cholinga chake chachikulu, popeza kangapo, anthu omwe adazunzidwa chifukwa chazithunzi zake, tidapita ku kanema kukazindikira kuti zojambulazo zinali zabwino kuposa kanema. Palibe njira, adagwira ntchito yawo, ndipo cholembacho chidakwaniritsa cholinga chake: kutigwira ndi mawonekedwe ake owoneka.
Chitsime: Mexico mu Nthawi No. 32 September / October 1999
