A Mixtecos adakhazikika kumadzulo kwa dera la Oaxacan, nthawi yomweyo omwe a Zapotec adachita m'chigwachi. Dziwani zambiri za chikhalidwechi.
Kuchokera pakufufuza kwa akatswiri ofukula zakale timadziwa kuti midzi ya Mixtec idalipo m'malo ngati Monte Negro ndi Etlatongo, komanso ku Yucuita ku Mixteca Alta, cha m'ma 1500 BC. mpaka 500 BC
Pakadali pano, a Mixtec adalumikizana ndi magulu ena osati kungosinthanitsa zinthu, komanso kudzera muukadaulo waluso, zomwe zitha kuwonedwa pamitundu ndi mafomu omwe amagawana ndi zikhalidwe zopangidwa kumadera akutali monga beseni la Mexico. dera la Puebla ndi Chigwa cha Oaxaca.
Midzi ya Mixtec inalinso ndi malo okhala potengera nyumba zomwe zimabweretsa mabanja angapo a zida za nyukiliya, omwe chuma chawo chimadalira ulimi. Kukula kwa maluso osungira chakudya kudadzetsa kuchuluka kwamakalasi ndi mitundu yazinthu zadothi, komanso zomanga zitsime zapansi panthaka.
Yucuita ndi malo ena ofunikira a Mixtec panthawiyi, mwina okhala pansi pa Yucuñadahui 5 km kutali. ya. Ili m'chigwa cha Nochixtlán paphiri lalitali komanso lalitali komanso pofika chaka cha 200 BC. idafikira kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala zikwi zingapo.
Madera oyamba a Mixtec anali ochepa, okhala ndi anthu pakati pa 500 mpaka 3,000. Mosiyana ndi zomwe zidachitika m'chigwa chapakati cha Oaxaca, ku Mixteca kunalibe mzinda wodziwika bwino kwanthawi yayitali monga ku Monte Albán, komanso kukula kwake ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu sikunafikiridwe.
Zikhalidwe za midzi yosakanikirana
Madera a Mixtec amakhalabe opikisana mosalekeza, maubale ndi mgwirizano wawo zinali zazing'ono komanso zosakhazikika, ndimikangano yamphamvu ndi kutchuka. Madera akumizinda ankathandizanso kusonkhanitsa anthu m'masiku amsika komanso ngati malo amisonkhano ndi magulu ena oyandikana nawo.
Ma pulatifomu akulu ndi masewera a mpira amapezeka kwambiri m'malo awa a Mixtec. Pakadali pano pali kalembedwe komveka bwino pogwiritsa ntchito ma glyphs ndi ziwonetsero zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamiyala ndi mu ceramic, ziwerengero ndi malo, komanso masiku a kalendala.
Ponena za mayanjano amtundu wa a Mixtec, kusiyana pakati pa anthu kumadziwika, malinga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyumba ndi zinthu zomwe zimapezeka mmenemo, mawonekedwe amanda ndi zopereka zawo zomwe zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi gawo la munthuyo.
Pa gawo lotsatirali, lomwe titha kutcha la maufumu, maufumu ndi maufumu, anthu ali mgulu kale m'magulu angapo ofunikira: olamulira ndi ambuye akulu; ma macehuales kapena ma comuneros omwe ali ndi minda yawo, alimi opanda nthaka ndi akapolo; Zodabwitsazi sizimangochitika ku Mixteca, zomwezo zimachitika mdera lambiri la Oaxacan.
Ku Mixteca Alta, tsamba lofunikira kwambiri pa nthawi ya Postclassic (750 mpaka 1521 AD) linali Tilantongo, lomwe linkatchedwa Nuu Tnoo Huahui Andehui, Temple of Heaven, ufumu wa mtsogoleri wotchuka Eight Venado Jaguar Claw. Manor ena ofunikira anali Yanhuitlán ndi Apoala.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pakadali pano ndi luso lapamwamba kwambiri laukadaulo komanso ukadaulo wopangidwa ndi a Mixtecs; zinthu zokongola za polychrome zadothi, zojambula za obsidian ndi zida zopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri, zojambula zopangidwa ndi mafupa okhala ndi ma codex, zokongoletsera zagolide, siliva, miyala yamtengo wapatali, yade, chipolopolo ndi china chake chomwe chikuwonekera kwambiri: zolembedwa pamanja kapena ma codices a kukongola kwakukulu komanso kopindulitsa, koposa zonse, pazambiri komanso zachipembedzo zomwe zimachokera kwa iwo.
Nthawi imeneyi inali imodzi mwazomwe anthu ambiri amasamukira ku Mixtecs, chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zomwe kubwera kwa Aaztec cha m'ma 1250 AD, komanso kuwukira kwa ku Mexico komwe kudachitika zaka mazana awiri pambuyo pake, kuyenera kutchulidwa mwapadera. Magulu ena a Mixtec nawonso adalanda Chigwa cha Oaxaca, adagonjetsa Zaachila ndikukhazikitsa ulamuliro ku Cuilapan.
Mixteca idagawika m'magulu ambiri amatauni omwe amakhala m'mizinda yonse yoyandikira. Ena adagawika zigawo zingapo pomwe ena adakhalabe odziyimira pawokha.
Zina mwazikuluzikulu ndi Coixtlahuaca, Tilantongo, Tlaxiaco ndi Tututepec. Mafumu a Mixtec amatchedwanso maufumu ndipo anali ndi likulu lawo m'mizinda yofunika kwambiri nthawi imeneyo.
Malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, Mphunzitsi Unali ufumu wamphamvu kwambiri ku Mixteca de la Costa. Idatambasula 200 km. m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific, kuchokera kudera lamakono la Guerrero kupita kudoko la Huatulco.
Ankalamulira anthu angapo omwe mafuko awo anali osiyana, monga Amuzgos, Mexica ndi Zapotecs. Kumutu kwa tawuni iliyonse kunali kacique yemwe adalandira mphamvu ngati wolamulira wamkulu.
