Matenda opatsirana apeza njira zawo zofalitsira kusamuka; pamene anthu aku America adakumana ndi matenda opatsirana, kuwukira kumeneku kunali koopsa. Panali zovuta mu kontrakitala yatsopano zomwe zidakhudza azungu, koma osati mwamphamvu ngati zawo kwa nzika.
Mliriwu ku Ulaya ndi ku Asia unali wodwala ndipo unali ndi mliri katatu; yoyamba inachitika m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi, ndipo akuti akuti inapha anthu 100 miliyoni. Wachiwiri m'zaka za m'ma 1400 ndipo amadziwika kuti "imfa yakuda", pafupifupi 50 miliyoni adamwalira pamwambowu. Mliri waukulu womaliza, wochokera ku China mu 1894, unafalikira kumayiko onse.
Ku kontinentiyo ya ku Ulaya, kusowa kwa nyumba ndi uhule ndi njala zidathandizira kufalikira kwa matendawa. Anthu aku Europe anali ndi chithandizo chothandizira kuthana ndi matenda awo njira ya Hippocrat yopitilira ndi Asilamu munthawi yaulamuliro waku Iberia, zopezedwa zina zamankhwala aku Galenic ndikuwonetsa koyamba kwa mankhwala am'magazi, chifukwa chake adatenga njira monga kudzipatula kwa odwala, ukhondo wamunthu ndi nthunzi zamankhwala. Pamodzi ndi matendawa adabweretsa chidziwitsochi ku America, ndipo apa adapeza chidziwitso chokwanira cha matenda amtunduwu.
Kunoko kulumikizana kwapadziko lapansi kwa matauni ndi midzi kunathandiza kwambiri pakufalitsa matenda. Kuphatikiza pa amuna, malonda ndi nyama, zodwala zimanyamulidwa kuchokera kumalo kupita kwina pamisewu yamalonda malingana ndi momwe amayendera, atanyamula ndikubweretsa zithandizo zawo nthawi yomweyo. Kusinthana kwachilengedwe kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti anthu okhala kutali ndi mizinda ikuluikulu akhudzidwe; Mwachitsanzo, mumsewu wa Silver Road, chindoko, chikuku, nthomba, mliri, typhus ndi kumwa zimayenda.
Kodi mliri ndi chiyani?
Ndi matenda opatsirana mwa kukhudzana mwachindunji kudzera mlengalenga komanso ndi katulutsidwe ka odwala omwe ali ndi kachilomboka. Zizindikiro zake zazikulu ndi kutentha thupi kwambiri, kuwonongeka ndi ma buboes, obwera chifukwa cha Pasteurella pestis, kachilombo kamene kamapezeka m'magazi amphaka zamtchire komanso zoweta, makamaka makoswe, omwe amalowetsedwa ndi utitiri (tiziromboti pakati pa makoswe ndi anthu). . Ma lymph node amatupa ndikutsuka. Zimbudzi zimapatsirana kwambiri, ngakhale mawonekedwe omwe amafalitsa matendawa mwachangu ndimavuto am'mapapo, chifukwa cha chifuwa chomwe amachokera. Mabakiteriya amathamangitsidwa ndi malovuwo ndipo nthawi yomweyo amapatsira anthu omwe ali pafupi. Woyambitsa mliriwu adadziwika mpaka 1894. Isanafike tsikulo, idanenedwa ndi zifukwa zosiyanasiyana: chilango chaumulungu, kutentha, ulova, njala, chilala, zimbudzi ndi nthabwala za mliriwo, mwa zina.
Matenda opatsirana amafalikira mwachangu m'malo opangira migodi, chifukwa cha momwe amuna, amayi ndi ana ena amagwirira ntchito, m'mitsinje ndi tunnel ta migodi komanso kumtunda m'minda ndi kukonza mayadi. Kuchuluka kwa anthu m'malo amenewa kunapangitsa kuti ogwira nawo ntchito atenge kachilomboka, makamaka chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chakudya komanso kugwira ntchito mopitilira muyeso, komanso matenda am'mapapo osiyanasiyana. Izi zidachepetsa kufalikira mwachangu komanso koopsa.
Njira ya mliri
Mliri womwe udayambika mtawuni ya Tacuba kumapeto kwa Ogasiti 1736, pofika Novembala udali utalanda kale Mexico City, ndipo udafalikira mwachangu kwambiri ku Querétaro, Celaya, Guanajuato, León, San Luis Potosí, Pinos, Zacatecas, Fresnillo , Avino ndi Sombrerete. Chifukwa chake? Misewu sinali yamadzi kwambiri koma amayendetsedwa bwino ndi otchulidwa osiyanasiyana. Ambiri mwa anthu aku New Spain adakhudzidwa ndipo Camino de la Plata inali njira yabwino yofalitsira kumpoto.
Poganizira za mliri wochokera ku Pinos komanso kuwopsa kwa anthu mu 1737, mu Januware chaka chotsatira bungwe la Zacatecas lidachitapo kanthu limodzi ndi ziphuphu za chipatala cha San Juan de Dios, kuti ayang'ane ndi matenda omwe amayamba kuwonekera koyamba mumzinda uno. Anagwirizana kuti azigwiritsa ntchito zida m'zipinda ziwiri zatsopano zokhala ndi mabedi 50 okhala ndi matiresi, mapilo, mapepala ndi ziwiya zina, komanso nsanja ndi mabenchi okhala odwala.
Kufa kwambiri komwe mliriwu udayamba kuyambitsa anthu onsewo kudakakamiza kuti kumangidwe manda atsopano oti akhalemo omwalirayo. Ma peso 900 adasungidwa pantchitoyi, momwe manda 64 adamangidwa kuyambira Disembala 4, 1737 mpaka Januware 12, 1738, ngati njira yodzitetezera ku imfa zomwe zingachitike mliriwu. Panalinso mphatso yama 95 pesos yokhudza ndalama zoyika m'manda anthu osauka.
Abale ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo anali ndi zipatala zothana ndi matenda ophatikizana omwe, malinga ndi malamulo awo komanso zachuma, zimathandizira abale awo komanso anthu onse, mwina powapatsa malo ogona, kapena powapatsa mankhwala, chakudya kapena pogona pofuna kuchepetsa matenda awo. Adalipira madotolo, madokotala ochita opaleshoni, akatswiri odziwa za ma phlebotomists komanso ometa omwe amaimba ndi leeches ndi zikho zokometsera ma buboes (adenomegalies) omwe, chifukwa cha mliriwu, adalipo mwa anthu. Madotolo othamangawa anali ndi mabuku apadera ndi mankhwala omwe anali atangotuluka kumene ochokera kumayiko akutali ndikuyenda mumsewu wa Silver Road, monga malo opangira mankhwala aku Spain ndi London, buku la Mandeval's Epidemias ndi Lineo Fundamentos de Botánica, pakati pa ena.
Njira ina yomwe akuluakulu aboma la Zacatecas adachita inali yopereka zofunda kwa odwala "osaphunzitsidwa" - omwe adakhudzidwa omwe sanatetezedwe ndi chipatalacho - kuphatikiza kulipira madotolo omwe amawathandiza. Madotolo adapereka tikiti kwa wodwalayo yomwe amasinthana ndi bulangeti ndipo ena adamupatsa chakudya akamadwala. Odwalawa sanali enanso koma oyenda pansi pa Camino de la Plata ndi ogwira ntchito oyendayenda omwe amakhala kwakanthawi mumzinda omwe sanapeze malo okhala. Kwa iwo komanso kusamalidwa koyenera kwachisamaliro kunatengedwa pankhani yathanzi lawo ndi chakudya.
Mliri ku Zacatecas
Anthu aku Zacatecas adatenthedwa kwambiri, chilala ndi njala mchaka cha 1737 ndi 1738. Malo osungira chimanga omwe amapezeka mu alhóndigas amzindawu sanathe mwezi umodzi, kunali koyenera kupita kumafamu oyandikira kuti atsimikizire chakudya cha anthu ndipo akukumana ndi mliriwu ndi zowonjezera. Choyambitsa mavuto ena m'mbuyomu anali malo otaya zinyalala, malo otayira zinyalala ndi nyama zakufa zomwe zidalipo pamtsinje womwe udadutsa mzindawo. Zonsezi pamodzi ndi madera oyandikana nawo a Sierra de Pinos, komwe mliriwu unali utagunda kale, komanso kugulitsa anthu mosalekeza komanso kugulitsa anali malo obalitsira omwe adachulukitsa mliriwu ku Zacatecas.
Anthu oyamba kuphedwa kuchipatala cha San Juan de Dios anali aku Spain, amalonda ochokera ku Mexico City, omwe adakwanitsa kutenga matendawa ndikubwera nawo ku Pinos ndi Zacatecas ndipo kuchokera pano amatenga ulendo wawo wautali wopita kumatawuni. madera akumpoto a Parras ndi New Mexico. Anthu ambiri adatenthedwa ndi chilala, kutentha, njala ndipo, monga cholakwika, mliriwu. Panthawiyo, chipatala chomwe chatchulidwacho chinali ndi pafupifupi odwala 49, komabe, mphamvu zake zidapitilira ndipo kunali koyenera kuloleza makonde, chipinda chodzozera komanso mpingo wachipatala kuti ukhale ndi anthu ambiri okhudzidwa amitundu yonse. chikhalidwe: Amwenye, Spain, mulattos, mestizo, ena achikuda ndi akuda.
Anthu achilengedwe adakhudzidwa kwambiri pakufa: opitilira theka adamwalira. Izi zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro la chitetezo chokwanira cha anthuwa kuyambira nthawi za ku Spain zisanachitike, ndikuti patadutsa zaka mazana awiri zidapitilira popanda chitetezo ndipo ambiri adamwalira. Mestizos ndi ma mulattoes adapereka pafupifupi theka la omwalira, omwe chitetezo chawo chimasinthidwa ndi kusakanikirana kwa magazi aku Europe, America ndi akuda, chifukwa chake, ali ndi chikumbukiro chaching'ono chamatenda.
Anthu aku Spain adadwala kwambiri ndikupanga gulu lachiwiri lomwe lakhudzidwa. Mosiyana ndi mbadwa, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu ndi omwe adamwalira, makamaka okalamba ndi ana. Kufotokozera? Anthu aku Spain omwe amakhala peninsular ndi azungu ena mwina adapangidwa kuchokera kumibadwo yambiri ya omwe adapulumuka miliri ndi miliri ina yomwe idachitika ku kontinentiyi ndipo chifukwa chake ali ndi chitetezo chokwanira cha matendawa. Magulu omwe sanakhudzidwe kwambiri anali achikuda ndi akuda, omwe mwa iwo amafa ndi ochepera theka la omwe adatengedwa.
Miyezi yomwe mliriwu udachitika mchipatala cha San Juan de Dios inali Disembala 1737 yokhala ndi odwala awiri okha omwe adalembetsa, pomwe Januware 1738 onse anali 64. Chaka chotsatira -1739 - panalibe zophulika, ndi zomwe anthu adatha kuzimanganso chifukwa cha mliriwu womwe udakhudza anthu ogwira ntchito kwambiri, popeza gulu lakawonongeka kwambiri mchaka chino cha mliri linali zaka 21 mpaka 30, onse ali ndi matendawa muimfa, zomwe zikuwonetsa odwala 438 omwe ali ndi 220 omwe adachira ali ndi thanzi komanso 218 akufa.
Mankhwala achilendo
Mankhwala mumzinda ndi m'chipinda cha mankhwala a chipatala cha San Juan de Dios anali osowa ndipo sizikanatheka kuchita zambiri, kupatsidwa chithandizo chamankhwala komanso chidziwitso chodziwitsa za mliri. Komabe, china chake chidakwaniritsidwa ndi mankhwala monga zonunkhira ndi rosemary, chakudya ndi nkhuyu, rue, mchere, ufa wa grana woledzera ndi madzi a malalanje, kuphatikiza pakupewa mpweya woyipa, monga adalangizira a Gregario López: Amber ndi kotala la civet ndi ochava wa ufa wa rozi, sandalwood ndi rockrose mizu pansi ndi vinyo wosasa wa pinki, zonse zosakanikirana ndikuponyedwa mu pomace, nkhokwe yamatenda ndi mpweya wowonongeka, ndipo zimakondweretsa mtima ndi moyo. mizimu yofunikira kwa iwo omwe amabwera nayo ”.
Kupatula izi ndi zina zambiri, thandizo la Mulungu lidafunsidwa popempha a Guadalupana, omwe amangopembedzedwa m'tawuni ya Guadalupe, mgwirizano womwe uli kutali ndi Zacatecas, komanso wotchedwa Prelate, yemwe adabwera ndiulendo ndikuyendera akachisi onse amumzindawu kudandaulira Mulungu kuti awathandize ndi njira yothetsera mliri ndi chilala. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha mwambo waulendo wa Preladita, popeza amadziwika mpaka pano ndipo akupitilizabe kuyenda kwawo chaka chilichonse kuyambira mliri wa 1737 ndi 1738.
Njira yomwe mliriwu udatsata udadziwika ndikuthamira kwa anthu kumpoto kwa New Spain. Mliriwu unachitika chaka chotsatira -1739- mtawuni yamigodi ya Mazapil komanso m'malo ena m'mbali mwa Camino de la Plata. Omwe adatengera mliriwu anali amalonda, osinthanitsa, onyamula katundu ndi anthu ena omwe amayenda kuchokera likulu kupita kumpoto ndikubwerera ndiulendo womwewo, atanyamula ndikubweretsa chikhalidwe chawo, matenda, mankhwala ndi mankhwala, ngati mnzake wosagawanika, mliriwo.
