M'zaka zathu zapitazi kwadziwika kuti zikhalidwe za ku Mesoamerica zinali ndi nzeru zakuthambo, kalendala komanso masamu.
Ndi ochepa omwe adasanthula gawo lomalizali, mpaka 1992, pomwe katswiri wa masamu ku Monterrey, Oliverio Sánchez adayamba maphunziro azamtundu wa anthu aku Mexico, palibe chomwe chimadziwika pokhudzana ndi izi. Pakadali pano, zipilala zitatu zomwe zisanachitike ku Spain zakhala zikuwunikiridwa mozama ndipo zomwe zapezazi ndizodabwitsa: m'ma monoliths atatu okha, anthu aku Mexica adakwanitsa kuthetsa mapurogoni onse mpaka mbali 20 (kupatula nonacaidecagon), ngakhale omwe anali ambiri mbali, ndi kuyerekezera modabwitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, mwanzeru adathetsa kudulira ndi kuwonekera kwa ngodya zapadera kuti apange zigawo zingapo za bwalolo ndikusiya zisonyezo zothetsera yankho lavuto lalikulu kwambiri mu geometry: squaring of the circle.
Tiyeni tikumbukire kuti Aigupto, Akaldayo, Agiriki ndi Aroma poyamba, ndi Aluya pambuyo pake, adafika pachikhalidwe chambiri ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi makolo a masamu ndi geometry. Zovuta zapadera za geometry zidalimbanitsidwa ndi akatswiri a masamu azikhalidwe zakale zakale ndipo zigonjetso zawo zidafalikira kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo, kuchokera ku tawuni kupita ku tawuni komanso kuyambira mzaka za zana mpaka zana kufikira pomwe adafika. M'zaka za zana lachitatu BC, Euclid adakhazikitsa magawo amakonzedwe ndi kuthana ndi zovuta zama geometry monga kumanga ma polygoni pafupipafupi okhala ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana ndi zida zokhazokha za wolamulira ndi kampasi. Ndipo, kuyambira Euclid, pakhala pali mavuto atatu omwe agwiritsa ntchito luntha la akatswiri odziwa za masamu ndi masamu: kubwereza kiyubiki (yomanga m'mphepete mwa kiyubiki yomwe voliyumu yake ilipo kawiri kiyubu) kutsegulira kwa ngodya (kupanga ngodya yofanana ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a ngodya yomwe yapatsidwa) ndi kuyika bwalo lozungulira (kupanga bwalo lomwe nkhope yake ikufanana ndi bwalo lomwe lapatsidwa). Pomaliza, m'zaka za zana la XIX la nthawi yathu ino ndikulowererapo kwa "Prince of Mathematics", Carl Friederich Gauss, kuthekera kotsimikizika kosatheka kothetsa mavuto atatuwa ndi gwero lokhalo la wolamulira ndi kampasi lidakhazikitsidwa.
KUDZIWA KWAMBIRI KWA MPHAMVU ZOKHUDZA KWAMBIRI
Zomwe zidakalipobe zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe asanakhaleko ku Spain ndizolemetsa pamalingaliro okhumudwitsa omwe opambana, achifwamba komanso olemba mbiri omwe amawawona ngati akunja, achiwerewere, odya anzawo komanso opereka nsembe kwa anthu. Mwamwayi, nkhalango zosafikirika komanso mapiri amateteza malo okhala m'matawuni odzaza ndi miyala, zipilala ndi ziboliboli zosema, nthawi ndi kusintha kwa mikhalidwe yaumunthu zomwe zatipatsa mwayi wowunika ukadaulo, zaluso komanso zasayansi. Kuphatikiza apo, ma codeices awoneka omwe adapulumutsidwa ku chiwonongeko komanso zozizwitsa zodabwitsa kwambiri, ma encyclopedia amiyala enieni (omwe sanadziwikebe mbali zambiri), omwe mwina adayikidwa m'manda ndi anthu asanachitike ku Spain asanagwe pafupi kugonjetsedwa ndipo omwe tsopano ndi cholowa chomwe tili ndi mwayi kulandira.
M'zaka 200 zapitazi, zidutswa zowoneka bwino zikhalidwe zisanachitike ku Spain zakhala zikuwonekera, zomwe zayesa kuyesa kufikira kuluntha kwanzeru kwa anthu awa. Pa Ogasiti 13, 1790, pomwe ntchito yokonzanso ikuchitika ku Plaza Mayor ku Mexico, chosema chachikulu cha Coatlicue chidapezeka; Patatha miyezi inayi, pa Disembala 17 chaka chimenecho, mita zochepa kuchokera pomwe mwalawo udayikidwa, Mwala wa Dzuwa udatuluka.Chaka chotsatira, pa Disembala 17, megalith yoyandikana ndi miyala ya Tizoc idapezeka. Amiyala atatuwa atapezeka, nthawi yomweyo anaphunzitsidwa ndi anzeru Antonio León y Gama. Malingaliro ake adatsanulidwa m'buku lake Mbiri komanso mbiri yakale ya miyala iwiriyi kuti paulendo watsopano womwe ukupangidwa mu Main Square ku Mexico, adapezeka mmenemo mu 1790, ndikuwonjezeranso pambuyo pake. Kuchokera kwa iye kwazaka mazana awiri, ma monolith atatuwa apirira ntchito zambiri zomasulira ndi kuchotsera, ena ali ndi malingaliro olakwika pomwe ena atulukapo modabwitsa za chikhalidwe cha Aztec. Komabe, zochepa zawunikiridwa kuchokera pamalingaliro a masamu.
Mu 1928, a Alfonso Caso adati: […] pali njira yomwe mpaka pano sinalandiridwe chidwi choyenera ndipo sinayesedwepo kangapo; Ndikutanthauza kutsimikiza kwa gawoli kapena muyeso womwe idamangidwa kwakanthawi ". Ndipo pakufufuza uku adadzipereka kuyeza kalendala yotchedwa Aztec Calendar, Tizoc Stone ndi Quetzalcóatl Temple ya Xochicalco, ndikupeza ubale wodabwitsa mwa iwo. Ntchito yake idasindikizidwa mu Mexico Journal of Archaeology.
Zaka makumi awiri mphambu zisanu pambuyo pake, mu 1953, Raúl Noriega adasanthula masamu ku Piedra del Sol ndi "zipilala zakuthambo za Mexico wakale" 15, ndikupereka lingaliro lonena za iwo: "chipilalachi chimalumikizana, ndi njira zamatsenga, mathematics (mu zochitika zaka masauzande) zakusuntha kwa Dzuwa, Venus, Mwezi ndi Dziko Lapansi, komanso, mwina, za Jupiter ndi Saturn ”. Pa Mwala wa Tizoc, Raúl Noriega adaganiza kuti inali ndi "zonena za zochitika zamapulaneti ndi mayendedwe ake makamaka onena za Venus." Komabe, malingaliro ake sanapitilize mwa akatswiri ena a masamu ndi sayansi ya zakuthambo.
MASOMPHENYA A MEXICAN GEOMETRY
Mu 1992, katswiri wamasamu Oliverio Sánchez adayamba kusanthula Mwala wa Dzuwa kuchokera pazinthu zomwe sizinachitikepo: geometric. Pakafukufuku wake, mbuye Sánchez adatulutsa mwala wopangika mwalawo, wopangidwa ndi ma pentagoni ogwirizana, omwe amapanga magulu ozungulira amitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso magawo osiyanasiyana. Anapeza kuti palimodzi panali zisonyezo zopanga ma polygoni wamba. Pofufuza, katswiri wa masamu adasanthula mu Mwala wa Dzuŵa njira zomwe Mexica idagwiritsa ntchito pomanga, ndi wolamulira ndi kampasi, ma polygoni omwe amakhala mbali zonse zodziwika bwino za geometry amasiku ano osasungika; heptagon ndi heptacaidecagon (mbali zisanu ndi ziwiri ndi 17 mbali). Kuphatikiza apo, adazindikira njira yomwe a Mexicoa adathetsa imodzi mwamavuto omwe amadziwika kuti sangasinthidwe mu geometry ya Euclidean: kuyesa kwa mbali ya 120º, yomwe nonagon (polygon yokhazikika yokhala ndi mbali zisanu ndi zinayi) imamangidwa ndi njira yoyeserera , yosavuta komanso yokongola.
KUFUNA KWAMBIRI
Mu 1988, pansi pabwalo lamabwalo am'nyumba yakale ya Archdiocese, yomwe ili pamtunda wa mamita ochepa kuchokera ku Meya wa Templo, monolith ina yojambulidwa bwino kwambiri isanachitike ku Puerto Rico idapezeka yomwe ili yofanana ndi Piedra de Tizoc. Anatchedwa Piedra de Moctezuma ndikusamutsira ku National Museum of Anthropology, komwe adayikidwa pamalo otchuka mchipinda cha Mexica ndi dzina lalifupi: Cuauhxicalli.
Ngakhale zofalitsa zapadera (zolemba za anthropology ndi magazini) zafalitsa kale matanthauzidwe oyamba azizindikiro za Mwala wa Moctezuma, ndikuzifotokoza ku "kupembedza kwa dzuwa", ndi anthu omwe ankhondo omwe amaimiridwa ndi ma glyph omwe amadziwika bwino omwe amadziwika. Pogwirizana nawo, monolith iyi, ngati zipilala zina khumi ndi ziwiri zokhala ndi zojambula zofananira, imasungabe chinsinsi chosadziwika chomwe chimapitilira ntchito ya "wolandila mitima popereka anthu nsembe."
Pofuna kupeza kufanana kwa masamu azipilala zomwe zisanachitike ku Spain, ndinakumana ndi miyala ya Moctezuma, Tizoc ndi Sun kuti tione kukula kwake malinga ndi momwe katswiri wamasamu Oliverio Sánchez ananenera. Ndidatsimikizira kuti kapangidwe kake ndi kapangidwe kake ka monolith iliyonse ndi kosiyana, ndipo amakhala ndi kapangidwe kowonjezera ka geometric. Mwala wa Dzuwa unamangidwa motsatira ndondomeko ya ma polygoni omwe amakhala ndi mbali zingapo monga mbali zisanu, zisanu ndi ziwiri ndi 17, ndi omwe ali ndi zinayi, zisanu ndi chimodzi, zisanu ndi zinayi ndi zochulukitsa, koma ilibe yankho la 11, 13 ndi Mbali 15, zomwe zili pamiyala iwiri yoyambirira. Mu Mwala wa Moctezuma, njira zomangamanga za undecagon (zomwe ndizodziwika bwino ndipo zimatsindika pazithunzi khumi ndi chimodzi zokhala ndi ziwerengero ziwiri za anthu zosemedwa m'mphepete mwake) ndipo tricadecagon imawonekera bwino. Mwala wake, Mwala wa Tizoc uli ndi pentacaidecagon ngati mawonekedwe, momwe ziwonetsero 15 zanyimbo zake zidayimilidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, pamiyala yonse iwiri (ya Moctezuma ndi ya Tizoc) pali njira zomangira ma polygoni omwe amakhala ndi mbali zambiri (40, 48, 64, 128, 192, 240 mpaka 480).
Kukwanira kwake kwa miyala itatu yoyeserera kumathandizira kukhazikitsa masamu ovuta. Mwachitsanzo, Mwala wa Moctezuma uli ndi zisonyezo zothetsera, ndi njira yanzeru komanso yosavuta, vuto losasungunuka mosiyanasiyana la geometry: squaring of the circle. Ndizokayikitsa kuti akatswiri a masamu amtundu wa Aztec adalingalira yankho lavuto lakale ili la Euclidean geometry. Komabe, pothetsa kupangika kwa polygon wokhala ndi mbali 13, ma geometers asanachitike ku Spain adathetsa mwaluso, ndikuyerekeza pafupifupi 35 zikwi khumi, squaring ya bwalolo.
Mosakayikira, monoliths zitatu zisanachitike ku Puerto Rico zomwe takambirana, pamodzi ndi zipilala zina 12 zofananira zomwe zimapezeka museums, zimapanga eniplopedia ya geometry ndi masamu apamwamba. Mwala uliwonse si nkhani yodziyimira payokha; Kukula kwake, ma module ake, ziwerengero zake ndi nyimbo zake zikuwonetsa kuti ndizolumikizana ndi zida za sayansi zomwe zidalola anthu aku America kukhala ndi moyo wabwino komanso mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe, chomwe chimatchulidwa pang'ono m'mabuku ndi mbiri zomwe abwera kwa ife.
Kuunikira panorama iyi ndikumvetsetsa mulingo waluntha wazikhalidwe zisanachitike ku Mesoamerica, njira yatsopano komanso mwina kuwunikiranso modzichepetsa njira zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ndikuvomerezedwa mpaka pano zikhala zofunikira.
Chitsime: Mexico Yosadziwika No. 219 / May 1995
