Chitukuko chodabwitsa cha Paquimé, chomwe chidakhazikika pakadali pano Mzinda Wamatsenga de Casas Grandes, ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zakale zokumbidwa pansi zakale komanso mbiri yakale ku Mexico. Tikukupemphani kuti mudziwe chikhalidwe ichi ndi tawuni yosangalatsa ya Chihuahuan ya Casas Grandes ndi bukhuli.
1. Kodi tawuni ili kuti?
Casas Grandes ndiye mtsogoleri wa boma la Chihuahuan lomwe lili ndi dzina kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Chihuahua kumalire ndi Sonora. Mzinda Wamatsenga uli m'malire ndi matauni aku Chihuahuan a Janos, Nuevo Casas Grandes, Galeana, Ignacio Zaragoza ndi Madera; kumadzulo ndi Sonora. Casas Grandes ili pafupi ndi malo ofukula mabwinja a Paquimé ndi makilomita ochepa kuchokera mumzinda wa Nuevo Casas Grandes; mzinda wa Chihuahua uli 300 km.
2. Kodi tauni idadzuka bwanji?
Wofufuza malo waku Spain ku Spain de Ibarra ndi anyamata ake atafika m'derali mzaka za zana la 16, adadabwa kupeza nyumba zomwe zidaliko ku Columbus za pansi pa 7 ndipo adafunsa kuti malowo amatchedwa chiyani. Amwenyewo adayankha kuti "Paquimé", koma Ibarra adakonda dzina lachikhalidwe ndikubatiza tsambalo ngati Casas Grandes. M'zaka za zana la 18th, anthu adakhala likulu lamatawuni m'chigawochi, atakhala ofesi ya Meya. Mu 1820, dera la Casas Grandes lidakwezedwa kukhala boma ndipo mu 1998 UNESCO yalengeza malo ofukula zakale a Paquimé kukhala World Heritage Site.
3. Kodi nyengo ya Casas Grandes ili ndi nyengo yanji?
Nyengo ya Casas Grandes ndiyabwino komanso youma chifukwa chokwera kwake kwa 1,453 mita pamwamba pa nyanja, malo amchipululu komanso mvula yochepa. Kutentha kwapakati pachaka ndi 17 ° C, komwe kumakwera mpaka 25 kapena 26 ° C m'miyezi yotentha yakumpoto kwa dziko lapansi ndikutsikira ku 8 ° C m'nyengo yozizira. Dera la Chihuahuan limakonda nyengo; Pakati pa Juni ndi Julayi kutentha kwa 35 ° C kumatha kufikira ku Casas Grandes ngakhale kutalika kwake kwamapiri. Momwemonso, m'nyengo yozizira amatha kumva kuzizira pafupi ndi zero digiri Celsius; kotero kuneneratu kwanu zovala kudzadalira mwezi womwe mwapita.
4. Kodi zokopa zazikulu ku Casas Grandes ndi ziti?
Casas Grandes ndiye mpando waukulu waku Mexico pachikhalidwe chochititsa chidwi cha Paquimé, nthawi yotukuka kwambiri kumpoto kwa Mexico ndipo ulendo wofunikira kwambiri ku Pueblo Mágico ndi malo ake ofukula zamabwinja komanso malo ake owonera zakale. Dera la Casas Grandes linagwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 kukhazikitsidwa kwa matauni a Mormon, omwe awiri mwa iwo anali ndi miyambo yosangalatsa: Colonia Juárez ndi Colonia Dublán. Pafupi ndi Casas Grandes ndi Nuevo Casas Grandes (mzinda wamakono) pali malo azakale, zokopa alendo komanso chidwi cha akatswiri ofukula zakale, monga Cueva de la Olla, Cueva de la Golondrina, Janos Biosphere Reserve ndi tawuni ya Mata Ortiz.
5. Kodi chikhalidwe cha a Paquimé chinayambira kuti ndipo ndi liti?
Chikhalidwe cha Paquimé chidayamba kukula m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu pambuyo pa Khristu, ku Oasisamérica, dera lomwe lidalipo ku Colombiya pakati pa kumpoto kwa Mexico ndi kumwera kwa United States. Chidziwitso chofunikira kwambiri cha chitukuko chakalechi chomwe chimasungidwa chimapezeka pamalo ofukulidwa zakale a Paquimé, pafupi ndi Casas Grandes. M'nthawi yake, chikhalidwe cha Paquimé chinali chotukuka kwambiri kumpoto kwa kontrakitala yaku America, chokhala ndi kukongola kwakukulu pakati pa zaka 1060 ndi 1340 AD. Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale sanathe kupeza zifukwa zakuchepa kwachikhalidwe chotsogola ichi, chomwe chidachitika asanafike olanda ku Spain.
6. Kodi chodziwika kwambiri ndichotani za chitukuko cha Paquimé?
Zoyipa zazikulu pachikhalidwe cha Paquimé ndizomwe zimapangidwira komanso zomangamanga. Anagwira ntchito zadothi ndi luso komanso luso; ziwiya zokongoletsedwazo zili ndi nkhope, matupi, ziweto ndi zina zachilengedwe. Anamanga nyumba zosanjikizana zambiri, ndimakina ogulitsira madzi ndi zotenthetsera. Zopangira zazikuluzikulu za mbiya zawo zinali miphika yadothi, momwe amaphatikizira ntchito zothandiza pakupanga zidutswa zokongoletsera. Zidutswa za ceramic zodziwika bwino za chikhalidwe cha Paquimé zimapezeka m'malo osungira zinthu zakale komanso m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale aku America.
7. Kodi malo ofukula mabwinja a Paquimé ali kuti?
Malo ofukula mabwinja a Paquimé amapezeka m'boma la Casas Grandes, pafupi ndi komwe mtsinje umatchulidwanso kumunsi kwa Sierra Madre Occidental. Mosiyana ndi malo ambiri ofukula zamabwinja aku Mexico, odziwika ndi mapiramidi ndi nyumba zina zazitali, Paquimé anali malo okhala nyumba zadothi zomanga ma labyrinthine, okhala ndi makina ovuta amadzi komanso zipinda zosungira nyama zosagwiritsika ntchito. Mabwinja a Paquimé ndi umboni wabwino kwambiri wa zomangamanga ku America munthawi yake ku America, chifukwa cha ukadaulo waluso komanso zomangamanga zomwe anthu amakhala nazo.
8. Kodi pali zinthu zina zofunika ku Paquimé?
Kutentha kwamatauni kwa Paquimé kumasiyanitsidwa ndi zinthu zingapo zochititsa chidwi. Ngakhale sichinafufuzidwe ndikufufuzidwa m'malo opitilira 25% mwa mahekitala ake 36, akatswiri akuti mwina idali ndi zipinda zopitilira 2,000 komanso anthu pafupifupi 10,000 munthawi yake. Nyumba ya a Guacamayas imalandira dzinali chifukwa ma macaw 122 adayikidwa pansi pake, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti mbalameyi inali nyama yofunika pachikhalidwe cha Paquimé. Casa de los Hornos ndi chipinda cha 9 chokhala ndi mabowo omwe amayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika agave. Nyumba ya Njoka inali ndi zipinda 24 ndi zipinda zina, gulu lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pokweza kamba ndi macaws.
9. Ndikuwona chiyani m'malo owonera zakale?
Museum of Northern Cultures, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Paquimé Cultural Center, ili mdera lakale la Paquimé ndipo idatsegulidwa mu 1996 mchinyumba china chobisalira pansi ndikuphatikizidwa mogwirizana m'chipululu ndi zotsalira zikhalidwe. Kapangidwe ka wopanga mapulani a Mario Schjetnan adalandira pa Buenos Aires Architecture Biennial mu 1995. Nyumbayi ili ndi mizere yamakono ndipo ili ndi masitepe ndi zipilala zomwe zimaphatikizidwa mwachilengedwe. Chiwonetserocho chili ndi zidutswa pafupifupi 2,000 za chikhalidwe cha a Paquimé komanso anthu ena akumpoto asanafike ku Spain, kuphatikiza zoumbaumba, zida zaulimi ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, komanso mamapu, ma dioramas ndi mitundu kuti anthu amvetsetse.
10. Kodi ku Cueva de la Olla ndi chiyani?
Pafupifupi 50 km. Kuchokera ku Casas Grandes, kuli malo ofukula mabwinja mkati mwa phanga, momwe mawonekedwe ake ndi chidebe chachikulu chozungulira chokhala ngati mphika. Ndi cuexcomate, nkhokwe yolimba yomwe ili ndi dongosolo lozungulira, lomwe nthawi zambiri limamangidwa ndi matope ndi udzu, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbuyomu kuti mbewu zizikhala zatsopano komanso zopanda tizilombo. Malowa ali ndi zipinda 7 mkati mwa phangalo ndipo dera lomwe limakhala mozungulira malowa lidagwiritsa ntchito mphika wa mphindikati, mphika wooneka ngati bowa posungira chimanga ndi maungu, komanso mbewu za epazote, amaranth, mphonda ndi ena.
11. Kodi kufunikira kwa Cueva de la Golondrina ndikotani?
Malo ena okondwereredwa ndi ofukula mabwinja, omwe ali mgombe lomwelo momwe Cueva de la Olla ili, osakwana 500 mita kuchokera pamenepo, ndi Cueva de la Golondrina. M'zaka za m'ma 1940, gulu la miyala ya ku America linakumba zitsime zingapo kuti alembe miyala ya Cueva de la Golondrina. Zitsimezi zidawululidwa ndipo mu 2011, ofufuza ochokera ku Mexico National Institute of Anthropology and History omwe adayamba kuphunzira malowa, adapeza pansi pa adobe yomwe idamangidwa mzaka za 11th, komanso maumboni ena monga ziwiya zadothi ndi matupi owuma. Anthu aku America anali atalemba malinga ndi zomwe apeza kuti phangalo limakhalamo anthu chisanachitike ceramic, koma zomwe zapezedwa posachedwa zikuwoneka ngati zikutsutsa malingaliro amenewo.
12. Kodi Colonia Juárez adabwera bwanji?
Kulimbikitsa kukhazikika ndi chitukuko cha madera akumpoto, pakati chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mpaka koyambirira kwa zaka makumi awiri, boma la Mexico lidalimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa madera akumidzi ndi osamukira ku chipembedzo cha Mormon. Kuyambira pano, chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri chamakoloni chomwe chimasungidwa ku Chihuahua ndi Mpingo wa Yesu Khristu wa Otsatira Amasiku Otsiriza ndi Colonia Juárez, yomwe ili pamtunda wa makilomita 16. wa Casas Grandes. Mwachikhalidwe unali mzinda wokhala ndi zilankhulo ziwiri m'dera la Mexico, woperekedwa kumafamu ake amkaka komanso kulima mapichesi ndi maapulo. Ku Colonia Juárez kachisi wake wamakono wa Mormon ndi woyenera kutamandidwa; Academia Juárez, nyumba yomanga ya a Victoria yomangidwa mu 1904; Museum ya Juárez, yopatulira chikhalidwe cha Mormon; ndi Family History Center, bungwe lofufuzira mibadwo lomwe likugwira ntchito m'nyumba ya a Victoria kuyambira 1886.
13. Kodi ku Colonia Dublán ndi chiyani?
Mizinda ina yotsalira yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi a Mormon mdera la Mexico ndi Colonia Dublán, yomwe ili pakhomo la mzinda wa Nuevo Casas Grandes, makilomita ochepa kuchokera ku Magic Town of Casas Grandes. Coloniyo ikutaya mbiri yake ya a Mormon kwakanthawi chifukwa idalowa mumzinda wa Mexico, mosiyana ndi Colonia Juárez, komwe miyambo ya Mormon ilipo. Zaka zopitilira 100 zapitazo, omwe amakhala ku Dublán omwe amakhala ku Mormon adamanga dziwe lodzilimira. Madzi okongolawo amapitilira zochitika zachilengedwe ndipo akupitilizabe kukhala gwero lothirira pichesi ndi minda ina yazipatso mtawuniyi. Amalandira dzina la Laguna Fierro chifukwa chodziwika bwino.
14. Kodi chochitika chosaiwalika ndi chiyani?
Matauni akumpoto kwa Chihuahua samakumbukirabe Rodolfo Fierro, wamkulu wa Villista yemwe adakhala mtsogoleri wamkulu wa Pancho Villa. Fierro anali wakupha akaidiwo ndipo akuti nthawi ina adapha 300 mwa iwo, kuwasaka atawapatsa mwayi woti athawe. Kazembe wankhanza uja adamwalira pachinthu chomvetsa chisoni ku Laguna de Dublán, komwe masiku ano kumatchedwa Laguna Fierro. Akuti adayesa kuwoloka dziwe ndi katundu wolemera wagolide kotero kuti adamira nawo, ndikumira. Ku Dublán ndi ku Nuevo Casas Grandes pali nthano yoti a General Fierro a banshee amadana ndi dziwe usiku wotseka.
15. Kodi Janos Biosphere Reserve ili bwanji?
Dera lalikululi la kumpoto kwa Chihuahua lidalengezedwa kuti ndi Wildlife Refuge mu 1937 ndi Purezidenti Lázaro Cárdenas ndipo posachedwapa asankhidwa kukhala malo osungira zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku kuwonongeka komwe kumakhalapo. Wakhazikika kwambiri m'nkhalangoyi ndi galu wam'mapiri, mtundu womwe kufunika kwake kwapezeka kuti nthaka ikhale yopanda zomera, zomwe zimalimbikitsa chitukuko cha ziweto. Anthu ena okhala ku Janos ndi phazi lakuda, lomwe linatsala pang'ono kutha, ndipo ndi gulu lokhalo la njati zomwe zimakhala ku Mexico.
16. Nchiyani chodziwika mu Mata Ortiz?
35 km. Kuchokera ku Casas Grandes ndi tawuni ya Juan Mata Ortiz, dera lomwe lili m'chigawochi lomwe limateteza bwino luso lakale la Paquimé pantchito zoumba. Juan Mata Ortiz anali msirikali waku Chihuahuan yemwe adadziwika pankhondo yolimbana ndi A Apache ndipo adamwalira atawakakamira. Zoumbaumba za Mata Ortiz zimadziwika mdziko lonse lapansi komanso padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha kukongola kwawo komanso mzimu wachikhalidwe cha Paquimé pakulongosola kwawo. Kupulumutsidwa kwa miyambo yamalusoyi kudatsogozedwa ndi wopanga zida za Chihuahuan Juan Quezada Celado, woperekedwa mu 1999 ndi National Prize for Popular Arts and Traditions. Mata Ortiz ndi malo abwino kupeza chidutswa cha ceramic monga chikumbukiro chosaiwalika chaulendo wanu wopita ku Casas Grandes.
17. Kodi chakudya cha Casas Grandes ndi chiyani?
Zojambula zophika za Casas Grandes zimadziwika ndi tchizi, zitsamba, tchizi ndi zakudya zina za mkaka, zomwe zili m'gulu labwino kwambiri ku Chihuahua. Monga ma Chihuahuas oyenera, ma Casagrandense ndiabwino pokonza nyama, yabwino komanso youma. Chakudya china chomwe chafala kwambiri mtawuniyi kuti chikhale chizindikiro chake ndi chotupitsa nyama ya nkhumba. Ziphuphu zamchere ndi zipatso zina zomwe zimakololedwa kumadera a Mormon ku Juárez ndi Dublán ndizodzikongoletsera m'kamwa, komanso timadziti tawo komanso maswiti.
18. Kodi zikondwerero zikuluzikulu mumzinda ndi ziti?
Zikondwerero zazikulu m'derali zimachitikira ku Nuevo Casas Grandes, chofunikira kwambiri kuperekedwa kwa Dona Wathu wa Mendulo Yodabwitsa, woyera mtima wa tawuniyi, womwe umakondwerera theka lachiwiri la Novembala. Kumapeto kwa Julayi chikondwerero cha tirigu chachigawo chimachitika ndipo mkati mwa sabata yachiwiri ya Seputembara ndiye zikondwerero zokumbukira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mzindawu. Chochitika china chomwe chadziwika ndi Casas Grandes - Columbus Binational Parade, yomwe imakumbukira kutenga kwa Columbus ndi magulu a Pancho Villa. Pakati pa masiku 10 mu Julayi, Chikondwerero cha Nueva Paquimé chimachitika, ndi zochitika zachikhalidwe, zaluso komanso zikhalidwe.
19. Kodi ndingakhale kuti?
Dublan Inn Hotel ili pa Avenida Juárez ku Nuevo Casas Grandes ndipo ili ndi zipinda 36, zodziwika chifukwa cha zipinda zake zazikulu komanso zabwino komanso zaukhondo m'malo osavuta. Hotel Hacienda, komanso ku Avenida Juárez, 2 km. kuchokera pakatikati pa Nuevo Casas Grandes, ili ndi minda yokongola, yabwino m'chipululu, ndipo imadya kadzutsa wabwino. Casas Grandes Hotel ndi malo abata, okhala ndi ntchito zoyambira, zomwe zimagwira ntchito munyumba yofanana ndi yama motele m'ma 1970.
20. Kodi ndingakadye kuti?
Mzinda wa Nuevo Casas Grandes, moyandikana ndi tawuni ya Casas Grandes, ulinso ndi malo odyera omwe mungadye moyenera. Pompeii ali ndi menyu osiyanasiyana, ndi Turkey, kudula kwa nyama ndi nsomba. Malo Odyera a Malmedy ndi nyumba yosanja yaku Europe yoperekera chakudya chamayiko ena. Rancho Viejo amagwiritsa ntchito ma steak ndipo ali ndi zakumwa zambiri. Zosankha zina ndi Coctelería Las Palmas, Algremy, Cielito Lindo ndi 360 ° Cocina Urbana.
Takonzeka kudziwa chikhalidwe cha Paquimé, chimodzi mwodzitamandira ku Mexico? Khalani ndi nthawi yabwino paulendo wanu wopita ku Casas Grandes!
