Meya wa Templo anali mtima womwe Mexico-Tenochtitlan adamenya; china chake chogwira ntchito kwambiri komanso chofunikira kuposa likulu lodziwika bwino mumzinda wa Spain. Tikukupemphani kuti mudziwe Meya woyambirira wa Templo ku Mexico City ndi bukuli.
Kodi Meya wa Templo ndi chiyani?
Ndi malo omwe asanachitike ku Spain, omwe amatchedwanso Great Temple of Mexico, omwe anali ndi nyumba 78 pakati pa nyumba, nsanja, ndi patios, zotsalira zomwe zidapezeka likulu lodziwika bwino ku Mexico City. Nyumba yayikulu yokhotakhota, nsanja yokhala ndi malo awiri opembedzera, amatchedwanso Meya wa Templo.
Umenewu ndiumboni wofunikira kwambiri pachikhalidwe chaku Mexico mdzikolo, udamangidwa mndime 7 munthawi ya Postclassic ndipo udali likulu lazandale, zachipembedzo komanso chikhalidwe cha Aztec aku Mexico-Tenochtitlan kwazaka zambiri.
Cholumikizidwa kwa Meya wa Templo ndi Meya wa Museo del Templo, yemwe akuwonetsa zidutswa zofukulidwa m'mabwinja zomwe zidapulumutsidwa pazofukula m'zipinda zake 8.
Ambiri mwa Meya wa Templo adawonongedwa ndi omwe adagonjetsa ndipo mbiri zagonjetsazo zathandiza kukhazikitsa momwe nyumba zake zingapo zidalili pomwe zidali zoyimilira.
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Kodi Meya wa Templo adapezeka liti?
Pakati pa chaka cha 1913 ndi 1914, katswiri wazachikhalidwe ku Mexico komanso wofukula za m'mabwinja Manuel Gamio, adapeza zoyambitsa upainiya, zomwe zimaneneratu kuti pali malo ofunikira asanachitike Columbian, koma zokumbazo sizinapitirire chifukwa chinali malo okhala.
Kupeza kwakukulu kumeneku kunachitika pa February 21, 1978, pomwe ogwira ntchito ku Compañía de Luz y Fuerza del Centro, adakhazikitsa zingwe zapansi panthaka za metro.
Mmodzi mwa ogwira ntchitowo adavundukula mwala wozungulira wokhala ndi zithunzi zomwe zidakhala chithunzi cha Coyolxauhqui, mulungu wamkazi wa mwezi, wokhala pamakwerero oyenera a nsanja yayikulu.
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Kodi nyumba zomanga nyumba za Templo ndi ziti?
Kachisi wamkulu wa Meya wa Templo ndi Tlacatecco, yomwe idaperekedwa kwa mulungu Huitzilopochtli ndikuwonjezeranso kwa mfumu ya Aztec.
Nyumba zina zofunika kapena magulu ndi Kachisi wa Ehécatl, Kachisi wa Tezcatlipoca; Tilapan, mawu olembedwa kwa mulungu wamkazi Cihuacóatl; Coacalco, danga la milungu yamayiko ogonjetsedwa; guwa lansembe la zigaza kapena Tzompantli; ndi Cincalco kapena paradaiso wa ana.
Amadziwikanso chifukwa cha Meya wa Templo, Casa de las Águilas; Calmécac, yomwe inali sukulu ya ana apamwamba a Mexica; ndi malo omwe adalumikizidwa ndi milungu Xochipilli, Xochiquétzal, Chicomecóatl ndi Tonatiuh.
Kodi Tlacatecco imayimira chiyani?
Kachisi wapamwamba kwambiri anali woperekedwa kwa mulungu Huitzilopochtli komanso kuwonjezera kwa mfumu ya Aztec. Huitzilopochtli anali mulungu wa dzuwa komanso mulungu wamkulu wa Mexica, yemwe adapereka kwa anthu ogonjetsedwa.
Malinga ndi nthano ya Mexica, Huitzilopochtli adalamula anthuwa kuti apeze Mexico-Tenochtitlan pamalo pomwe adapeza chiwombankhanga chikugona pa nkhadze ndikunyamula Atl-tlachinolli.
M'makhalidwe ake awiri a mulungu ndi munthu, mfumu kapena tlacateuctli adalemekezedwanso ku Tlacatecco ya Meya wa Templo.
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Kodi Kachisi wa Ehécatl ndi wotani?
Ehécatl anali mulungu wa mphepo mu nthano za Mexica ndipo imodzi mwazoyimira za Quetzalcóatl, njoka yamphongo.
Kachisi wa Ehécatl ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, kutsogolo kwa Meya wa Templo, akuyang'ana chakum'mawa. Udindo wapaderawu umalumikizidwa ndi kuti zikadatha kuthandiza kuti dzuwa lidutse pakati pa malo opatulika awiri a Meya wa Templo.
Pa nsanja yake panali masitepe a masitepe 60 ndipo khomo lake linali ndi mawonekedwe a nsagwada za njoka ndi zina zokongoletsera zofanizira, malinga ndi mbiri zolembedwa m'zaka za zana la 16th ndi Bernal Díaz del Castillo.
Kodi kachisi wa Tezcatlipoca ali ndi tanthauzo lanji?
Tezcatlipoca kapena "Mirror Yosuta" anali mulungu wamphamvu wa ku Mexico, mbuye wa kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi, wofanana ndi mdani wa Toltec Quetzalcóatl.
Kapangidwe ka kachisi wa mulungu wowopsa mu Meya wa Templo adapezeka pansi pa Museum of the Ministry of Finance, yomwe inali mu Archbishopric Building.
Chifukwa cha chivomerezi cha 1985, dongosolo lonse lidawonongeka ndipo panthawi yomanganso ndi kugwedeza khoma lakumpoto ndi khoma lakum'mawa kwa Kachisi wa Tezcatlipoca adapezeka.
Mu 1988, monolith Temalácatl-Cuauhxhicalli kapena Piedra de Moctezuma adapezeka, momwe nyimbo yake yozungulira ili ndi zochitika 11 zomwe zimafotokoza zakugonjetsedwa kwa mfumu ya Aztec a Moctezuma Ilhuicamina, ndi maumboni angapo ku Tezcatlipoca.
Ntchito ya Tilapan?
Tilapan inali nkhani yolemekeza mulungu wamkazi Cihuacóatl. Malinga ndi nthano ya Mexica, Cihuacóatl anali mulungu wamkazi wobadwa komanso woteteza azimayi omwe amamwalira akabereka. Anali woyang'anira madokotala, azamba, ochotsa magazi, komanso ochotsa mimba.
Nthano ina yaku Mexico ndikuti Cihuacóatl adagwetsa mafupa omwe Quetzalcóatl adabweretsa kuchokera ku Mictlán kuti apange umunthu.
Mkazi wamkazi Cihuacóatl ankakonda kuimiridwa ngati mkazi atakula, mutu wake utakhudzidwa ndi korona wa nthenga za mphungu ndipo adavala bulauzi ndi siketi yokhala ndi nkhono.
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Kodi Tzompantli ndi chiyani?
Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zidapezeka m'malo mwa Meya wa Templo ndi Tzompantli, guwa lansembe lomwe a Mexica adapachika pamitu ya anthu yoperekera nsembe kwa milungu, yotchedwanso "guwa la zigaza".
Anthu a ku Mesoamerica asanakhaleko ku Spain adadula omwe adazunzidwa ndikupereka zigaza zawo powasunga kumapeto kwa ndodo, ndikupanga mtundu wa zigaza.
Mawu oti "tzompantli" amachokera ku mawu achi Nahua "tzontli" omwe amatanthauza "mutu" kapena "chigaza" ndi "pantli" kutanthauza "mzere" kapena "mzere".
Amakhulupirira kuti mu Tzompantli wamkulu wa Meya wa Templo panali zigaza pafupifupi 60,000 pomwe aku Spain adafika m'zaka za zana la 16. Tzompantli wina wodziwika ku Mexico ndi wa Chichén Itzá.
Mu 2015, nyumba yokhala ndi zigaza 35 inapezeka pa Guatemala Street pamalo opezeka mbiri yakale, kuseli kwa Metropolitan Cathedral, yomwe imadziwika kuti Huey Tzompantli yotchulidwa m'mabuku a nthawi yoyamba ya chipambano.
Kodi Casa de las Águilas ndi chiyani?
Nyumbayi ya Meya wa Templo de México-Tenochtitlán inali yofunika kwambiri pamiyambo yandale komanso yachipembedzo ku Mexica, popeza ndi pomwe a Huey Tlatoani adapatsidwa mphamvu zazikulu komanso komwe ulamuliro wawo udatha.
A Huey Tlatoani anali olamulira a Triple Alliance, yopangidwa ndi Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Texcoco ndi Tlacopan, ndipo dzinali limatanthauza "wolamulira wamkulu, wokamba nkhani wamkulu" mchilankhulo cha Nahua.
Inamangidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1400, choncho inali imodzi mwa nyumba zaposachedwa kwambiri zomwe anthu aku Spain adapeza atafika.
Limatenga dzina lake kuchokera kunkhondo zankhondo zazikulu za ziwombankhanga zomwe zimapezeka pakhomo lakumaso.
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Calmécac anali chiyani?
Pansi pa nyumba yatsopano ya Cultural Center of Spain ku Calle Donceles pamalo opezeka mbiri yakale, zidapezedwa zida zazikulu 7 mu 2012 zomwe zikukhulupirira kuti ndi gawo la Calmécac, malo ophunzirira komwe anyamata otchuka achi Aztec adapita.
Nyumba yoyamba ya Cultural Center of Spain idamangidwa m'zaka za zana la 17th, kuseli kwa Metropolitan Cathedral, kutsatira njira yaku Spain yopititsa patsogolo nyumba zake kwa mbadwa.
M'masukulu amenewa, achinyamata olamulira apamwamba adaphunzira zachipembedzo, sayansi, ndale, zachuma, komanso zaluso zankhondo.
Amakhulupirira kuti mizati ya 2.4-mita idayikidwa ndi Mexica pamwambo wamiyambo pansi womwe tsopano ndi gawo la cholumikizira ku Cultural Center ya kazembe waku Spain.
Xochipilli anali chiyani?
Xochipilli anali ndi maudindo ambiri mu nthano za Mexica, popeza anali mulungu wachikondi, wokongola komanso wosangalatsa, komanso masewera, maluwa, chimanga, komanso kuledzera kopatulika. Analinso woteteza amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso mahule achimuna.
Kubwerera kwa Dzuwa m'mawa uliwonse kunabweretsa chisangalalo chachikulu kwa a Mexica, omwe amakhulupirira kuti atayenda padziko lapansi amoyo ndikubisala, mfumu yamadzuwa idzayendetsa dziko la akufa ndikuthira dziko lapansi. Xochipilli adalumikizidwa ndi kubwerera kwa Dzuwa.
Mu 1978, chopereka kwa mulungu Xochipilli chidapezeka pakufukula kwa Kachisi Wamkulu pakupatulira kwake ku Morning Sun. Panthawi yopeza, chiwerengerocho chidakutidwa ndi mtundu wambiri wa mtundu wofiira wa hematite pigment, womwe umakhulupirira kuti ndi chizindikiro cha magazi komanso mtundu wa dzuwa likamalowa.
Kodi Xochiquétzal amaimira chiyani?
Anali mkazi wa Xochipilli komanso mulungu wamkazi wachikondi, zosangalatsa, zokongola, nyumba, maluwa, ndi zaluso. Ngakhale molingana ndi nthano, palibe mwamuna yemwe adamuwonapo, akuyimiridwa ngati msungwana wokongola, wokhala ndi nthenga ziwiri za nthenga za quetzal ndi ndolo m'makutu onse awiri.
Kachisi yemwe adamupatulira m'malo mwa Meya wa a Templo anali ochepa koma okongoletsedwa bwino, okhala ndi nsalu zopota komanso nthenga zagolide.
Amayi apakati a ku Mexico okhala ndi machimo pamsana pawo, adamwa zakumwa zowawa pamaso pa mulungu wamkazi. Atatha kusamba mwachisangalalo, azimayiwa adapita kukaulula machimo awo ku Xochiquétzal, koma ngati anali akulu kwambiri, amayenera kuwotcha chithunzi cha wolapa wopangidwa ndi pepala lokonda kumapazi a mulungu wamkazi.
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Kodi udindo wa mulungu wamkazi Chicomecóatl unali wotani?
Chicomecóatl anali mulungu wa Mexica wokhalitsa, zomera, mbewu ndi chonde ndipo anali wokhudzana kwambiri ndi chimanga, chakudya chachikulu cham'mbuyomu ku Spain.
Chifukwa cholumikizana ndi phala ija yamtengo wapatali, amatchedwanso Xilonen, kapena "waubweya" potengera ndevu za nyemba za chimanga.
Chicomecóatl inalinso yofanana ndi Ilamatecuhtli kapena "mayi wachikulire", pamenepa ikuyimira chimanga chokhwima, chokhala ndi masamba achikasu.
Pothokoza kukolola kwa chimanga, a Mexica adadzipereka mu Kachisi wa Chicomecóatl, wopangidwa ndi kudula mutu kwa mtsikana patsogolo pa chifanizo cha mulungu wamkazi.
Kodi chikuwonetsedwa mu Meya wa Museo del Templo?
Templo Mayor Museum idakhazikitsidwa mu 1987 ndipo cholinga chake ndikuwonetsa cholowa chisanachitike ku Puerto Rico chomwe chidapulumutsidwa pantchito ya Templo Mayor Project pakati pa 1978 ndi 1982, pomwe zinthu zopitilira 7000 zakale zidapezedwa.
Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale imakhala ndi zipinda zisanu ndi zitatu ndipo idapangidwa motengera momwe adakhalira Meya wa Templo.
M'nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale pamakhala chithunzi cha mulungu wamkazi wa Earth, Tlaltecuhtli, yemwe adapezeka mu 2006, chomwe ndi chosema chachikulu kwambiri ku Mexico chomwe chidapezeka mpaka pano.
Pakatikati pa gawo lachiwiri la nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale pali monolith yozungulira yomwe ikuyimira mpumulo Coyolxauhqui, mulungu wamkazi wa mwezi, wazambiri zaluso komanso mbiri yakale, popeza pomwe idapezeka mwangozi mu 1978 inali poyambira kupezanso zotsalira za Kachisi wamkulu.
Kodi zipinda zosungiramo zinthu zakale zimakonzedwa bwanji?
Meya wa Museo del Templo adakonzedwa muzipinda 8. Chipinda choyamba chimaperekedwa kwa akatswiri ofukula zamabwinja ndipo chikuwonetsa zopereka zomwe zimapezeka ku Meya wa Templo ndi zidutswa zina zomwe zimapezeka kwakanthawi m'malo osiyanasiyana pakati pa Mexico City.
Chipinda chachiwiri chimaperekedwa ku Mwambo ndi Kudzipereka, Chipinda 3 ku Tribute ndi Commerce ndi Malo 4 ku Huitzilopochtli kapena "Hummingbird Wamanzere Wamanja" yemwe anali mulungu wankhondo, thupi ladzuwa komanso woyang'anira Mexico.
Malo 5 amatanthauza Tláloc, mulungu wamvula, mulungu wina wamkulu yemwe amapembedzedwa mu Meya wa Templo. Chipinda 6 chimafanana ndi Flora ndi Zinyama, Chipinda 7 cha Agriculture ndi Malo 8 mpaka Historical Archaeology.
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Kodi ndingawone chiyani mchipinda cha miyambo ndi nsembe?
Kuyankhulana kwa Mexica ndi milungu yawo kunkachitika kudzera m'miyambo, chochititsa chidwi kwambiri kuposa kupereka anthu nsembe.
Zinthu ndi zopereka zokhudzana ndi miyamboyi zimawonetsedwa mchipindacho, monga ma urns okhala ndi zotsalira, mafupa, zinthu zomwe zidakwiriridwa ndi eni ake omwe adamwalira, mipeni yakumaso ndi maski-zigaza. Mmodzi mwa ma urns omwe anali pachiwonetsero anali opangidwa ndi obsidian ndipo inayo mwala wa tecali.
Chipindachi chimalankhulanso miyambo yakudzipereka kwaumunthu komanso kudzipereka. Zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka nsembe zikuwonetsedwa, monga mwala woperekera nsembe, mpeni wamwala womwe wagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Cuauhxicalli, chomwe chinali chidebe choperekera mitima ya omwe akhudzidwa.
Kudzipereka kwa Mexica kunali makamaka kuboola ziwalo zina za thupi ndimasamba obsidian kapena ndi maupangiri a maguey ndi mafupa.
Kodi chidwi cha Chamber of Tribute and Commerce ndi chiyani?
M'chipindachi muli zinthu zowonetsedwa zomwe zimaperekedwa ku Mexica ndi anthu ena ndi ena omwe adapezeka chifukwa cha malonda ndipo amaperekedwa kwa milungu pamtengo wawo.
Zina mwa zinthuzi ndi Teotihuacan Mask, chidutswa chokongola chopangidwa ndi mwala wobiriwira kwambiri, wokhala ndi zipolopolo ndi zotchinga m'maso ndi mano, zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa Meya wa Templo.
Olmec Mask imadziwikanso, chidutswa chokongola cha zaka 3,000. Chigoba ichi chinachokera kudera lina la chikoka cha Olmec ndipo chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe olimbikitsa a nyamayi ndi mawonekedwe ofananidwa ndi V pamphumi omwe amadziwika ndi nkhope za anthu amenewo.
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Kodi ndingawone chiyani ku Huitzilopochtli Hall?
Huitzilopochtli anali mulungu wankhondo waku Mexica ndipo amamutcha ndikumuthokoza chifukwa chakupambana komwe kudawapangitsa kuti apange ufumu wawo.
Chipindachi chimaperekedwa kwa zinthu zokhudzana ndi Huitzilopochtli, monga Eagle Warrior, chithunzi chomwe chimapezeka ku Nyumba ya Mphungu mu Meya wa Templo.
Zithunzi za Mictlantecuhtli, mulungu wa imfa, zikuwonetsedwanso; wa Mayahuel, mulungu wamkazi wa pulque; chithunzi cha Tlaltecuhtli, Lord of the Earth, ziboliboli zingapo za Xiuhtecuhtli-Huehuetéotl, mulungu wamoto; ndi monolith wamkulu wa Coyolxauhqui.
Kukula kwa chipinda cha Tláloc ndikofunika bwanji?
Kachisi wamkulu wa Mexica wa Tláloc "yemwe amapanga mphukira" anali ku Meya wa Templo ndipo chipembedzo chake chinali chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri popeza, monga mulungu wamvula, chakudya chimadalira iye pagulu la anthu olima.
Tlaloc ndiye mulungu yemwe akuyimiridwa kwambiri pamsonkhanowu wopulumutsidwa ku Meya wa Templo ndipo chithunzi chake chili m'misomali, zipolopolo, miyala yamchere, achule, zigoba zamwala ndi zidutswa zina zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mchipinda chino.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zamtengo wapatali kwambiri ndi Tláloc Pot, chidutswa cha polychrome ceramic chomwe chimayimira chidebe chomwe mulunguyo amasunga madzi kuti chifalikire padziko lapansi.
Pamalo amenewa palinso Tláloc-Tlaltecuhtli, mpumulo wokhala ndi zithunzi ziwiri zapamwamba zomwe zikuyimira madzi ndi nthaka.
Kodi Chipinda cha Flora ndi Fauna chimaperekedwa kuti?
Mu chipinda chino zopereka za nyama ndi zomera zomwe zimapezeka mu Meya wa Templo zikuwonetsedwa. Mphamvu za ufumu wa Mexica zitha kuwerengedwanso ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachilengedwe zomwe nyama zimaperekedwa, monga ziwombankhanga, mapampu, ng'ona, njoka, akamba, mimbulu, agalu, armadillos, manta rays, nkhanu, nsombazi, nsomba za hedgehog, hedgehogs ndi Nkhono.
Mabala omwe amapezeka m'mafupa ndi mafupa ena amatilola kuti tiwone kuti Mexica idachita mtundu wina wa taxidermy.
Chodziwikanso mchipindachi ndi zinthu zomwe zidapezeka mchaka cha 2000 popereka kwa Tláloc, yopangidwa ndi zotsalira zamafuta a maguey, maluwa a yahtht, nsalu ndi pepala.
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Kodi zikuwoneka bwanji mchipinda chaulimi?
Chipinda chachisanu ndi chiwiri cha Museum of Meor Museum chaperekedwa ku Agriculture ndipo chikuwonetsa chitukuko chaulimi ndi tawuni ku Mexica, makamaka kudzera munjira zawo zopezera malo kunyanjaku.
M'chipindachi muli zida zomwe anthu azikhalidwe masiku ano amagwiritsa ntchito, zina zomwe zasintha pang'ono poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Mexica.
Amanenanso za Chalchiuhtlicue, "yemwe ali ndi siketi yade" mulungu wamkazi wamadzi a mitsinje, nyanja, madambo ndi nyanja, ndi Chicomecóatl, mulungu wamkazi wa zomera ndi chakudya. Poto wokhala ndi mphamvu yochokera ku Cholula ceramics imawonetsa Chicomecóatl ndi Tláloc.
Kodi chikuwonetsedwa mu Chipinda Chakale Chakale?
M'chipindachi muli zinthu zomwe zidafukulidwa ndi Meya wa Templo, zomwe zidapangidwa panthawi yolanda dziko la Spain, zina mwazinthu zachipembedzo, pomanga nyumba za New Spain.
Pakati pa zidutswazo palinso zishango zodzikongoletsera zomwe anthu wamba komanso aku Spain amagwiritsa ntchito, magalasi owombedwa, zoumba mbiya, ndi zojambulajambula. Njira zopangira zinthuzi zidaphunzitsidwa kwa mbadwa ndi alaliki aku Spain.
Momwemonso, pofukula kwa Meya wa a Templo, zolemba zachitsulo zingapo kuchokera kumagulu osiyanasiyana ogonjetsazo zidapezeka, imodzi mwazopereka zachikoloni zomwe zalembedwa chaka cha 1721.
Munthawi yamakoloni, imodzi mwanjira zomwe a Mexica amagwiritsa ntchito popembedza Tlaltecuhtli, Ambuye wa Dziko Lapansi, ndikuyika chiwonetsero chake pansi pazomanga nyumba zaku Spain, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mchipinda chino.
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Kodi ndi maola ndi mitengo iti yofikira kwa Meya wa Museo del Templo?
Meya wa Museo del Templo ndiwotseguka kwa anthu kuyambira Lachiwiri mpaka Lamlungu, pakati pa 9 m'mawa ndi 5 masana. Lolemba ladzipereka pakukonza komanso kutumizira atolankhani ndi mabungwe ena.
Mtengo wonse wa tikiti ndi 70 MXN, wokhala ndi mwayi waulere wa ana ochepera zaka 13, ophunzira, aphunzitsi, okalamba komanso opuma pantchito komanso opuma pantchito omwe ali ndi satifiketi yoyenera. Lamlungu, kulowa ndi kwaulere nzika zonse zaku Mexico komanso alendo akunja.
Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale imakhalanso ndi shopu yomwe imapanganso zotsalira, zolembedwa, ma postcard, zikwangwani, miyala yamtengo wapatali, mabuku ndi zikumbutso zina.
Mutha kutenga zithunzi zonse zomwe mukufuna, koma osagwiritsa ntchito kung'anima, kuti musunge zowoneka bwino.
Tikukhulupirira kuti bukuli lidzakuthandizani mukamadzayendera Meya wa Templo ndikuti mudzaphunzira zambiri za chikhalidwe chosangalatsa cha ku Mexico.
Zangokhala kwa ife kuti tikufunseni kuti mutifotokozere zomwe mwakumana nazo pamaulendo anu ndikutipangira ndemanga zomwe mukuganiza kuti ndizofunikira kukonza bukuli.
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