Pulogalamu ya pafupifupi pachaka ndi mvula zamkuntho 80, ndi mphepo zotsika zotsika kuposa 60 km / h, pafupifupi a 66% ya iwo amafika mwamphamvu kuposa makilomita 120 pa ola limodzi.
Mosiyana ndi njira zina zosinthira zomwe zimachitika mumlengalenga, ziphuphu zamkuntho zimakhala ndi ofunda pakati pachimake zomwe zimapangidwa pakatikati, pokhala membala wofunikira pakupanga ndi kukonza.
Ma Satellites ndi othandiza kwambiri kuti tipeze mikunthoyi ndikutsatira njira yawo. Nthawi zambiri, apereka kuyerekezera kwamphamvu kwamkuntho. M'zaka zaposachedwa, maukonde owonera padziko lonse lapansi ochokera m'malo osiyanasiyana adakulitsidwanso ndi chidziwitso kuchokera ku zombo, ndege zakuzindikira, malo okhala pachilumba, kulira kwamlengalenga ndi ma radar.
Chifukwa cha izi, ndizotheka kupeza chithunzi chogwirizana cha kuchuluka kwa maubwenzi akuthupi omwe amafotokozera chifukwa chomwe mphepo zamkuntho zimapangidwira, mawonekedwe ake apadera pakusintha kwawo. Kuphatikiza apo, pali mitundu yamphamvu komanso yowerengera kuti ifotokozere zamtsogolo mtsogolo.
Mphepo zamkuntho zimapangidwa m'nyanja makamaka pakakhala madzi ofunda okhala ndi kutentha kwa nyanja kwakukulu kuposa 26 ° C ndipo mphepo yabwino yomwe imawomba kumpoto ndi kumwera kwa mphepo (mphepo zamalonda) imagwirizana pafupi ndi Equator nthawi zina ndikupanga malo ocheperako. Mphepo yam'madera ozungulira imayenderera kutsika pang'ono kenako imakweza kukwera kwa mpweya wotentha komanso wachinyezi womwe umatulutsa nthunzi yamadzi.
Kutentha kwaposachedwa komwe kumapezeka ndikutsekemera kwa nthunzi yamadzi ndiye mtundu waukulu wamagetsi. Kukwera kwamlengalenga kukayamba, kudzatsagana ndi kulowa m'munsi komanso kutuluka kofananira kumtunda wapamwamba. Mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu ya Dziko Lapansi, mpweya umasinthasintha, umazungulira ndikuyamba kuyenda mozungulira.
Kusintha kwa chimphepo cham'malo otentha kwagawika magawo anayi:
Mitundu yamavuto otentha. Mphepo imayamba kukwera pamwamba pamtunda wothamanga kwambiri (pafupifupi mphindi imodzi) ya 62 km / h kapena ochepera, mitambo imayamba kukonzekera ndipo, kuthamanga kumatsikira kuzinthu pafupifupi 1 000 mayunitsi (hectopascals).
Matenda otentha amayamba. Imakhala ndi mvula yamkuntho yamkuntho, chifukwa mphepo imapitilizabe kukula kwambiri pakati pa 63 ndi 118 km / h kuphatikiza. Mitambo imagawidwa mozungulira ndipo diso laling'ono limayamba kupanga, pafupifupi nthawi zonse mozungulira. Kupsyinjika kumachepetsedwa mpaka ochepera 1 000 hpa. M'gawo lino dzina limasankhidwa malinga ndi mndandanda wa Mgwirizano Padziko Lonse.
Mkuntho wamkuntho ukukula. Amakhala ndi mphepo yamkuntho, chifukwa mphepo imakula pamtunda wa 119 km / h kapena kupitilira apo. Dera lamitambo limakulitsa ndikukula kwambiri pakati pa 500 ndi 900 km m'mimba mwake, ndikupanga mvula yambiri. Diso la mphepo yamkuntho yomwe m'mimba mwake imasiyana pakati pa 24 mpaka 40 km ndi gawo lamtendere wopanda mitambo.
Pakadali pano, chimphepocho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya Saffir-Simpson.
Mphepo zamkuntho zamkuntho zimachitika pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimakulira ndi mphamvu yakulamula kwa awiri kuthamanga kwa mphepo ndipo chifukwa chake zitha kukhala zowononga kwambiri, pomwe kulumikizana ndi mawonekedwe am'mlengalenga kumayambitsa kusokonezeka kwamphamvu ndi mkangano.
Pankhani yolimbikitsa mphepo yamkuntho, kufalikira kwamkati, kupita kumtunda ndi kunja kuyenera kukhala kwakukulu kuposa kutayika chifukwa chakusokonekera, ndipo zikakhala kuti zayamba kufooka, kuzungulira kumeneku kuyenera kukhala kocheperako kuposa komwe kunanenedwa. kupereka.
Pamapeto pake, kukula kwa mphepo yamkuntho kumadziwika ndi kutentha kwa nyanja yomwe imapangidwira ndikuyenda: kutentha kwa mpweya m'malire mwake, dera lamakhoma limatha kukhalabe kutsika pang'ono poganizira kukhazikika komwe kumachitika m'magulu apamwamba.
Ngakhale kutentha kwakukulu sikuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana pang'ono kumadera otentha, kutentha kwa nyanja kumawonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwamphamvu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kutentha kwa nyanja ndikofunikira kwambiri pozindikira malo komanso kukula kwake komwe mphepo yamkuntho imatha kufika.
Chifukwa chake, mphepo zamkuntho sizipanga kapena sizikhala kapena sizikulirakulira pokhapokha zitakhala m'nyanja zam'malo otentha omwe kutentha kwake kwamadzi kumakhala kopitilira 26 ° C, komanso sikupanga kapena kukhalabe pamtunda monga momwe ziliri vuto lakuthwa kopitilira muyeso komanso mphepo zamkuntho.
Amatha. Kukula kwakukulu uku kumasungidwa ndikudyetsedwa ndi nyanja yotentha mpaka kulowa m'madzi ozizira kapena polowa kumtunda, kutaya mphamvu yake ndikuyamba kusungunuka chifukwa chakukangana komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuyenda kwake pansi, mitambo imayamba kutha.
ZIGAWO ZIMENE AMAKONZEKEZA KWAMBIRI
Teremuyo "mphepo yamkuntho" Ili ndi dzina lomwe amwenye aku Mayan ndi aku Caribbean adapatsa kwa mulungu wamkuntho. Koma zodabwitsazi zomwezo zimadziwika mu India ndi mawuwa chimphepo; mu Philippines Amatchedwa baguio; pa kumadzulo kumpoto pacific amatchedwa mkuntho; ndi mkati Australia, Willy-Willy.
Pali zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi padziko lapansi pomwe mphepo zamkuntho zitha kuwonedwa: mu Northern Hemisphere, Atlantic, Northeast Pacific, Northwest Pacific, ndi North India. Kummwera kwa dziko lapansi, kumwera kwa India ndi Australia ndi Southwest Pacific.
NTHAWI ZA CYCLONE KU MEXICO
Kutengera pa Nyanja ya Atlantic, beseni la Caribbean ndi Gulf of Mexico, chaka chilichonse kumachitika mafunde amphepo zamkuntho asanu ndi anayi pafupifupi kwa nthawi yochokera 1958 mpaka 1996, ndi ziwerengero kuyambira 4 mpaka 19. Kusintha kwa nyengo kumadziwika kwambiri, kuyambira mu Juni mpaka ku Novembala; mwezi wogwira ntchito kwambiri ndi Seputembara.
Mphepo zamkuntho zotchedwa kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Pacific Ocean pafupifupi 16 pazaka 1968 mpaka 1996; Kusintha kwamwaka ndi 25 yochepera komanso 6 yocheperako. Nyengoyi imayamba pa Meyi 15 ndipo imatha Novembala 30, mwezi wotanganidwa kwambiri ndi Ogasiti.
M'magawo awiri apanyanja muli mitundu inayi yamiyala yamkuntho:
Choyamba Ili ku Gulf of Tehuantepec ndipo imayambitsidwa sabata yatha ya Meyi. Mvula yamkuntho yomwe imabwera panthawiyi imakonda kupita chakumadzulo kutali ndi Mexico; zomwe zimapangidwa kuyambira Julayi mtsogolo, fotokozani fanizo lofanana ndi gombe la Pacific ndipo nthawi zina limalowerera.
Chigawo chachiwiri ili mu gawolo kum'mwera kwa Gulf of Mexico, mu omwe amatchedwa "Sonda de Campeche". Mvula yamkuntho yomwe idabadwa pano imawonekera kuyambira Juni ndi njira yakumpoto ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo, yomwe imakhudza Veracruz ndi Tamaulipas.
Chachitatu ili m'chigawo chakum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Caribbean, yomwe ikuwonekera mu Julayi ndipo makamaka pakati pa Ogasiti ndi Okutobala. Mphepo zamkunthozi ndizazikulu kwambiri ndipo zimakoka nthawi yayitali, zimakhudza Yucatan Florida, ku United States.
Wachinayi ndiye dera lakum'mawa kwa Atlantic ndipo imayambitsidwa makamaka mu Ogasiti. Ndi mphepo zamkuntho zamphamvu kwambiri komanso kutalika, zomwe zimalowera chakumadzulo, ndikulowera Nyanja ya Caribbean, Yucatán, Tamaulipas ndi Veracruz, komanso amakonda kubwerera kumpoto, zomwe zimakhudza magombe a United States.
ZOCHITIKA ZA MAYIKONI PA KULIMA NDI NYENGO
Mphepo yamkuntho ndi imodzi mwazinthu zachilengedwe zowononga kwambiri. Zinthu zofunika kwambiri meteorological zomwe zimawononga ndi:
Mphamvu ya mphepo yamkuntho yomwe imapanga kapena kugwetsa zinthu, imayambitsa mayendedwe amadzi am'nyanja ndikupanga mphamvu pamtunda.
Mphepo yamkuntho ndiyokwera kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kanyanja pafupi ndi gombe komwe kumapangidwa ndikudutsa pakatikati pa mphepo yamkuntho, chifukwa cha mphepo zamphamvu zomwe zimawomba kumtunda, mpaka kusiyanasiyana kwamphamvu yamlengalenga pakati pa diso mphepo yamkuntho ndi malo ozungulira. Mafundewa amatha kutalika kupitirira mamitala 6, kutsetsereka pang'ono kwa nyanja kumatha kubweretsa madzi chifukwa cha mphepo motero kuwomba kwamkuntho kwamkuntho.
Mvula yamphamvu yomwe imayenda ndi chimphepo cham'malo otentha imatha kuyambitsa kugumuka kwa nthaka ndikupangitsa kusefukira kwamadzi.
Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu m'mphepete mwa nyanja kwapangitsa kuti zinthu ziziipewe kuti mavuto amphepo zamkuntho azikula patapita nthawi, monga zachitikira zaka makumi angapo zapitazi ku Mexico. Momwemonso, atolankhani, mayendedwe komanso ulimi wakhudzidwa.
Malinga ndi mbiri yolowetsa nthaka yamvula yamkuntho, ili m'maiko a Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, Quintana Roo ndi Tamaulipas komwe amalowa kwambiri.
MITUNDU YOTHANDIZA KWAMBIRI YOTHANDIZA YOPHUNZITSIRA M'DZIKO LAPANSI
Mphepo yamkuntho Gilberto ikhoza kusankhidwa kukhala imodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri mpaka pano m'zaka za zana lino. Kuwonongeka kwakukulu komwe kwachitika kudachitika ku Quintana Roo, Yucatan, Tamaulipas ndi Nuevo León, komanso pang'ono ku Campeche ndi Coahuila. M'madera ena zidapangitsa kuti moyo wamunthu uwonongeke ndipo zoyipa zake zidawonongeka. Idasiya zolemba zake muzochita zaulimi, kulumikizana, kufufuza ndi zomangamanga.
Pokhudzana ndi zovuta zanyengo, zochitika izi zimatsimikizira kuwonjezeka kwa mvula makamaka mu Kumpoto chakumadzulo, Kumpoto, ndi Kumpoto chakum'mawa, komwe kumapezeka madera ouma kwambiri mdzikolo, ndipo mmenemo madera akuluakulu amthirira adakonzedwa, ndipo pakadali pano ntchito yachuma yomwe ikukula ikufika pamlingo woti madzi ayamba kuchepa Chifukwa cha kukula kwawo.
Mphepo zamkuntho zam'mphepete mwa nyanja zonse ziwiri zaku Mexico zimapanga a gwero lofunikira la madzi ampweya ndi kuyikitsanso madzi amadzi munyengo kuyambira Meyi mpaka Novembala. Dera lonseli limasiyanasiyana pakusintha kwa mvula ndipo mvula yofunika kwambiri ndi Zokhudzana ndi kukopa kwa mikuntho; kusakhalapo kwawo kwanthawi yayitali mchilimwe ndi komwe kumatha kuyambitsa chilala kuderali.
Mvula yam'mwaka ndi yapachaka imadziwika kuti imalumikizidwa molakwika kutentha ndikuti kuchepa kwa mvula nthawi zambiri kumatsagana ndi kutentha kwakukulu ndi kuchuluka kwa nthunzi ndi kuchepa kwa chinyezi mumlengalenga.
Monga zikuwoneka kuti pakusintha kwachilengedwe kwanyengo kwakhala nthawi yayitali kudera lino, kuthekera kwakuti kuchuluka kwa chilala (chimphepo chotsika modetsa nkhawa) kumakhudzana ndikulowa pang'ono kwa mphepo zamkuntho kapena kusintha kwa njira zomwe amakulira kutali kwambiri ndi magombe.
ZIMENE MUNGACHITE PAMENE KANTHAWI KAKATI KAKUYANDIKIRA?
Sungani zida zoyambira, wailesi ndi tochi yokhala ndi zida zosinthira, madzi owiritsa m'matumba okutidwa, zakudya zamzitini, zoyandama ndi zikalata zofunika zosungidwa m'matumba apulasitiki.
Tsekani ma wailesi oyendetsedwa ndi batri kuti mulandire zambiri. Tsekani zitseko ndi mawindo, mkati mutetezere mawindo ndi tepi yomatira yoyikidwa mu mawonekedwe a X. Tetezani zinthu zonse zotayirira zomwe mphepo ingawombe. Chotsani tinyanga tating'onoting'ono, zikwangwani kapena zinthu zina zopachikika Tengani ziweto (ngati muli ndi ziweto) ndi zida zogwirira ntchito kumalo osankhidwa. Khalani ndi zovala zotentha kapena zopanda madzi pamanja. Tsekani zida kapena zinthu zomwe zingawonongeke ndi madzi ndi matumba apulasitiki. Sambani padenga, ngalande, ngalande ndi ngalande, ndikusesa mumsewu, kuyeretsa ngalandezo bwino. Dzazani thanki yamagalimoto (ngati muli nayo) ndikuwonetsetsa kuti batriyo ili bwino. Sindikiza chivundikiro cha zitsime kapena malo osungira osakaniza kuti musunge madzi osadetsedwa. Ngati mwaganiza zosamukira kumalo okonzekerako, nyumba yanu ikakhala yotetezeka, tengani zinthu zofunika.
Gwero Mexico Yosadziwika No. 248 / October 1997
