Msonkhano wakale wa Augustinian ku San Nicolás de Tolentino de Actopan ndiye chipilala chofunikira kwambiri m'chigawo cha Hidalgo. Kodi mumamudziwa?
Kuchokera pamapangidwe azithunzi ndi zojambula, nyumba yamatchalitchi yakale ya San Nicolás de Tolentino Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazitsanzo zazikulu kwambiri zaluso la New Spain lazaka za zana la 16, pomwe adalengezedwa kuti ndi Chikumbutso Chachikhalidwe Chakale, kudzera mu Lamulo la pa 2 February, 1933 loperekedwa ndi Boma la Republic. Maziko amsonkhanowo adayamba mu 1546, ngakhale adakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo patadutsa zaka ziwiri, Fray Alonso de la Veracruz wowoneka bwino m'boma lamalamulo komanso chaputala chomwe chimakondweretsedwa ndi gulu la Ogasiti ku Mexico City.
Malinga ndi a George Kubler, kumangidwa kwa nyumbayi kudachitika pakati pa 1550 ndi 1570. Wolemba mbiri wa a Augustinians ku New Spain, Fray Juan de Grijalva, akuti ntchitoyo ikuwongoleredwa ndi a Fray Andrés de Mata, omanganso nyumba yachifumu yoyandikana nayo ya Ixmiquilpan ( malo komwe anafera mu 1574).
Zambiri zakhala zikuganiziridwa pazomangamanga za akatswiriwa, koma mpaka zotsimikizika, tiyenera kumupatsa mwayi wokhala ndi nyumba yabwinoyi, momwe mapangidwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana amaphatikizika ndi kuphatikizika kumodzi. Chifukwa chake, mu chovala cha Actopan cholumikizira cha Gothic ndi Renaissance chitha kuyamikiridwa; m'zipinda za kachisi wake, nthiti za Gothic ndi theka-mbiya; belu lake lalitali, lokhala ndi kununkhira kwa a Moor; chivundikiro chake, malinga ndi Toussaint, "ndi cha Plateresque yapadera"; Zojambula zokongola za Renaissance zimakongoletsa makoma ake angapo, ndipo tchalitchi chotseguka chokhala ndi chipinda chamtengo wapatali chimawonetseranso zojambula zojambula zachipembedzo za syncretism.
Martín de Acevedo ndi wachisangalalo wina yemwe mwina amalumikizananso ndi mbiri yomanga nyumbayi. Anali koyambirira cha m'ma 1600 ndipo chithunzi chake chimakhala pamalo otchuka pansi pamasitepe, pafupi ndi zithunzi za Pedro lxcuincuitlapilco ndi Juan lnica Atocpan, atsogoleri amatauni a lxcuincuitlapilco ndi Actopan motsatana. Kutengera kupezeka kwa Fray Martín pamalopo, womanga mapulani Luis Mac Gregor adatheketsa kuti mwina ndi iye amene adalemba pakhoma ndi zimbudzi ndikuchita ntchito zosintha nyumbayo.
Zambiri ndi masiku okhaokha ndi omwe amadziwika za mbiriyakale ya masisitere. Wotetezedwa pa Novembala 16, 1750, wansembe wawo woyamba anali m'busa Juan de la Barreda. Ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Malamulo a Reform, idaduka ziwalo ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Munda wake wamaluwa waukulu ndi atrium adagawika m'magawo anayi akulu ndikugulitsidwa kwa obetcha osiyanasiyana ochokera m'tawuni ya Actopan panthawiyo; Zofananazo zidayendetsa tchalitchi chomwe chidatsegulidwa pomwe chidasiyanitsidwa ndi Mr. Carlos Mayorga ndi 1873 ndi wamkulu wa Treasure wa boma la Hidalgo pamtengo wa 369 pesos.
Zina mwazogwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo akale amisasa ndi awa: nyumba zachikhalidwe, zipatala, nyumba zogona ndi masukulu oyambira ndi Normal Rural del Mexe ndi sukulu yolumikizirayo. Gawo lomalizirali lidakhalapo mpaka Juni 27, 1933, pomwe nyumbayo idaperekedwa m'manja mwa Directorate of Colonial Monuments ndi Republic, bungwe lomwe limodzi ndi malowa likhala pansi pa INAH mu 1939, chaka chomwe chinali anayambitsa Institute. Ntchito zoyambirira zosunga nyumbayi zikugwirizana ndi nthawi ino. Pakati pa 1933 ndi 1934 womanga mapulani Luis Mac Gregor adalumikiza zipilala zazipinda zam'mwamba ndikuchotsa zowonjezera zonse zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kusinthira malowa mogwirizana ndi zosowa zosiyanasiyana za zipindazo. Ikupitilizabe ndikuchotsa miyala yayikulu yomwe idakuta zojambulazo, ntchito yomwe idayamba chakumapeto kwa 1927 pamakwerero a wojambula Roberto Montenegro. Pakadali pano ndi kachisi yekha yemwe adakali ndi zojambula kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka zana lino, ndipo akuyembekeza moleza mtima kukonzanso kukongola kwake koyambirira.
Ntchito ya Mac Gregor itatha, kachisi komanso nyumba yakale yachitetezo ya Actopan sanasamalire, kusamalira ndi kubwezeretsa zinthu monga zomwe zinachitika kuyambira Disembala 1992 mpaka Epulo 1994- ndi INAH Hidalgo Center ndi National Coordination of Historical Monuments. Pakati pa kulowererapo kwina ndi kena - pafupifupi zaka 50 - ntchito yokhayo yaying'ono yokonza idachitika m'malo ena (kupatula kujambulidwa kwa penti yopemphereramo yomwe idatsegulidwa pakati pa 1977 ndi 1979), popanda kuthandizira ntchito yayikulu yosamalira ndi kukonzanso zomangamanga ndi zojambula zake.
Ngakhale nyumbayo idakhalabe yolimba mmaonekedwe ake - popanda zovuta zazikulu zomwe zimaika pachiswe umphumphu, kusowa kwa chisamaliro chokwanira kudapangitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu komwe kudawoneka kuti kwasiyidwa kwathunthu. Pazifukwa izi, ntchito zomwe INAH idachita, zomwe zidachitika m'miyezi 17 yomaliza, zidapangidwa kuti zikhazikitse kukhazikika kwake ndikuchita zomwe zingathandize kubwezeretsa kukhalapo kwake ndikulola kuti zisungidwe za pulasitiki. Ntchitoyi idayamba mwezi watha wa 1992 ndikupanga kwa belu. Mu February chaka chotsatira, zipinda zatchalitchi ndi tchalitchi chotseguka zidalowererapo, ndikuchotsa ndikubwezeretsa zigawo zake zitatu zokutira kapena zophatikizira, komanso jekeseni wa ming'alu yakomweko m'malo onsewa. Zoterezi zidachitikanso padenga la nyumba yoyamba ya masisitere. Kumalo akum'mawa ndi kumadzulo, matabwa ndi matabwa adasinthidwa m'malo awo. Momwemonso, malo otsetsereka adakonzedwa kuti atuluke bwino madzi amvula. Makoma osanjidwa a belu la belu, ma garitones, tchalitchi chotseguka, mipanda yozungulira komanso zomenyera zakale zam'nyumbayi zidathandizidwanso, pomaliza kugwiritsa ntchito utoto wa laimu. Momwemonso, pansi pake pa nyumbayo idakonzedweratu, yomaliza yofanana ndi yomwe ili m'mabowo obowola.
Khonde lakhitchini linali lokutidwa ndi miyala yamakedzana ndipo ngalande zatsamunda zidabwezeretsedwa zomwe zidatsogolera kumundako madzi amvula ochokera m'chipinda cha tchalitchi komanso padenga lanyumba yakale. Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi amvula m'malo ouma kwambiri (monga dera la Actopan) kunali kofunikira kwenikweni, chifukwa chake a Augustinians adapangira nyumba yawo yamatchalitchi njira yodzitetezera ndikusunga madzi ofunikira. Pomaliza, mawonekedwe a mundawo anali olemekezeka ndi mayendedwe ozungulira, komanso chapakati pomwe cholinga chake ndi kukhazikitsa dimba lamaluwa lokhala ndi maluwa ofananirako.
Ntchito zofotokozedwazo zinali zingapo, koma tizingotchula zabwino kwambiri: kutengera zomwe zapezeka ndi chidebe, mayendedwe amiyalayo adasamukira komwe adakhala; Ma handrail ndi njira zopezera khonde lowerengera zidatenthedwa, komanso ma balustrade mderali komanso omwe ali kumwera kwa kumwera; Quarry gargoyles adasinthidwa kuti athetse kusefukira kwamadzi amvula pamakoma, kuyesera kuteteza kukokoloka kwa malo ogona ndikuletsa kuchuluka kwa bowa ndi ndere. Kumbali inayi, ntchito idachitika posunga 1,541 m2 yazithunzi zoyambirira komanso zojambulidwa zoyambira m'zaka za zana la 16 ndi 18, kuyang'anira kwambiri zipinda zomwe zimasunga zojambula zapamwamba zaluso komanso zazinthu: sacristy, nyumba ya chaputala, malo osungira anthu chipinda chakuya, zipata za amwendamnjira, masitepe ndi tchalitchi chotseguka. Ntchitoyi inali kuphatikiza malo ogwirizira utoto, kuyeretsa pamanja ndi makina, kuchotsa njira zamankhwala zam'mbuyomu, ndikusintha zigamba ndi zomata m'mabwalo oyamba ndi madera okongoletsedwa.
Ntchitoyi inatulutsanso deta yomwe imapereka zidziwitso zambiri zakumanga kwa nyumba zakale zam'mbuyomu, kulola kupulumutsidwa kwa zinthu zoyambirira ndi malo. Tidzangotchula zitsanzo ziwiri: choyamba ndikuti popanga ma cove obwezeretsa pansi, pansi poyera pamapezeka (mwachiwonekere kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 16) pamphambano ya imodzi mwa ma ambulansi ndi antechoir. Izi zidapereka chitsogozo chobwezeretsa - pamlingo wawo ndi mawonekedwe oyambilira- pansi pa zipinda zitatu zamkati mwa chipinda chapamwamba, ndikupeza kuyatsa kwakukulu kwachilengedwe komanso kuphatikiza kwapansi, makoma ndi zipinda zapansi. Yachiwiri inali njira yoyeretsa makoma akakhitchini, omwe adawulula zotsalira za utoto wojambulidwa womwe udali gawo lamalire ambiri okhala ndi zochititsa chidwi, zomwe zimadutsa mbali zonse zinayi za malowa.
Ntchito zopezeka pamsonkhano wakale wa Actopan zidachitika pobwezeretsa potengera malamulo omwe alipo pankhaniyi, komanso kuchokera ku data ndi mayankho aukadaulo operekedwa ndi chipilalacho. Ntchito yofunikira komanso yathunthu yosamalira malowa inali kuyang'anira omanga ndi kubwezeretsa ogwira ntchito ku INAH Hidalgo Center, poyang'aniridwa ndi National Coordination of Historical Monuments and Restoration of the Cultural Heritage of the Institute.
Mosasamala kanthu zomwe zakwaniritsidwa posunga nyumba zakale za Actopan, INAH idatsitsimutsanso zomwe sizinachite kwa zaka zambiri: kubwezeretsanso ndi zida zake zanyumba zakale zakale zomwe zidasungidwa. Mphamvu ndi luso lonse la gulu lake la okonza mapulani ndi obwezeretsa zimapereka zotsatira zabwino, ndipo monga chitsanzo, tangoyang'anani ntchito yomwe idachitika ku nyumba ya amonke ya San Nicolás de Tolentino de Actopan, Hidalgo.
