The Puerto Rico kumpoto kwa Mexico idatsata njira zosiyanasiyana monga kukula kwa dera limenelo komanso mitundu yake yazikhalidwe.
Maulendo oyamba aku Spain anali ndi malingaliro osiyana. Hernan Cortes Anatumiza maulendo angapo apanyanja kudutsa Pacific Ocean, pomwe varlvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca adatenga ulendo wazaka zisanu ndi zitatu - wopatsa chidwi komanso wosangalatsa - pakati pa Texas ndi Sinaloa (1528-1536). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Nuño de Guzmán anali kulowera kumpoto chakumadzulo, kupitirira Culiacán, ndipo patapita nthawi Fray Marcos de Niza ndi Francisco Vázquez de Coronado anafika kudera lomwe tsopano ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa United States kufunafuna Zisanu ndi ziwiri zongoyerekeza Mizinda ya Cíbola ...
Pambuyo pawo kunabwera asitikali, ogwira ntchito m'migodi komanso okhala m'mitundu yosiyana siyana ochokera ku New Spain omwe adakhazikitsa chitetezo chamalire, kugwiritsa ntchito mitsempha yasiliva yolemera m'mapiri kapena kungoyamba moyo watsopano ndi kuweta ng'ombe kapena ntchito zina zilizonse zomwe apeza kuti ndizoyenera. Ndipo ngakhale adakwanitsa kupeza mizinda yathu yambiri yakumpoto kuyambira zaka za zana la 16 - Zacatecas, Durango ndi Monterrey - mwachitsanzo - adalimbananso ndi azikhalidwe kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe.
Kumpoto sikunali kokha kowuma komanso kofutukuka, koma kunkakhala Amwenye ambiri komanso owopsa omwe, atapatsidwa ulemu, kapena kuti osamukasamuka, sakanatha kulamulidwa mosavuta. Poyamba, anthu amtunduwu amatchedwa "Chichimecas", mawu onyoza omwe anthu olankhula Chinawato a ku Mesoamerica adaligwiritsa ntchito kwa omwe amawopseza "akunja". Pambuyo pakupambana kwa Spain ku Mesoamerica, chiwopsezo chidapitilira, kotero kuti dzinalo lidakhalabe zaka zambiri.
Mikangano pakati paomwe amakhala ndi Amwenye "achilendo" inali yambiri. Pafupifupi onse akumpoto, kuyambira ku Bajío kupita mtsogolo, anali malo owonekera munthawi zosiyanasiyana za nkhondo yayitali yomwe Asipanya sanali adani okhawo amwenye. Nkhondo zomaliza zotsutsana ndi Amwenye "akutchire" (inali nthawi yayitali) zidapambanidwa ndi anthu aku Mexico ku Chihuahua ndi Sonora kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 motsutsana ndi Vitorio, Ju, Gerónimo, ndi atsogoleri ena odziwika achi Apache.
Mbiri yakuyambiranso kwa Spain kumpoto sikukuyang'ana kwambiri zaukoloni komanso nkhondo zosiyanasiyana za Chichimeca. Chaputala chake chowala kwambiri ndi cha kulalikira.
Mosiyana ndi zomwe zidachitika ku Mesoamerica, apa mtanda ndi lupanga nthawi zambiri zimatsata njira zosiyanasiyana. Amishonale ambiri paokha adadutsa njira zatsopano ndi cholinga chopita ndi uthenga wabwino kwa amwenye achikunja. Amishonalewa analalikira chiphunzitso chachikhristu pakati pa amwenye, omwe m'masiku amenewo anali ofanana ndi chitukuko chakumadzulo. Ndi katekisimu adayambitsa mchitidwe wokhala ndi mkazi m'modzi, kuletsa kudya anzawo, chilankhulo cha ku Spain, kuweta ng'ombe, kubzala mbewu zambewu, kugwiritsa ntchito khasu ndi zina zambiri zikhalidwe zomwe zimaphatikizaponso, moyo wam'midzi yokhazikika .
Omwe adatchulidwa pamutuwu anali achifalansa, omwe amakhala makamaka kumpoto chakum'mawa (Coahuila, Texas, ndi ena), ndi makolo a Society of Jesus, omwe adalalikira kumpoto chakumadzulo (Sinaloa, Sonora, Californias). Ndi kovuta kuwerengera ntchito zake zonse, koma nkhani yapadera imatha kuwonetsa mzimu wa amuna awa: wa Yesuit Francisco Eusebio Kino (1645-1711).
Kino, wobadwira ku Italy (pafupi ndi Trento), adanyoza kutchuka kwa mipando yaku yunivesite ku Austria chifukwa chopita kuumishonale. Ankalakalaka apite ku China, koma mwayi unamutsogolera kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mexico. Pambuyo pa ambiri kubwerera, kuphatikizapo kukhala osasangalala ku California osadziwika, Kino adatumizidwa ngati mmishonale ku Pimería, dziko la Pimas, lomwe masiku ano likufanana ndi kumpoto kwa Sonora ndi kumwera kwa Arizona.
Adafika kumeneko ali ndi zaka 42 (mu 1687) ndipo nthawi yomweyo adayamba kugwira ntchito yaumishonale - mophiphiritsira komanso zenizeni: ntchito yake makamaka inali kukwera pamahatchi. Nthawi zina payekha, ndipo nthawi zina mothandizidwa ndi maJesuit ena ochepa, adakhazikitsa mishoni zabwino kwambiri - pafupifupi kamodzi pachaka. Ena mwa iwo lero ndi mizinda yotukuka, monga Caborca, Magdalena, Sonoyta, San Ignacio… Adafika, nalalikira, wotsimikiza ndikukhazikitsa. Kenako amayenda makilomita ena makumi anayi kapena zana limodzi ndikuyambiranso ntchitoyi. Pambuyo pake adabwerako kudzapereka masakramenti ndi kuphunzitsa, kulimbikitsa ntchito ndi kumanga kachisi.
Pakati pa ntchito zake, Kino mwiniwake adakambirana mgwirizano wamtendere pakati pa magulu omenyera nkhondo aku India, omwe adatenga nthawi kuti awunike. Chifukwa chake, adapezanso Mtsinje wa Colorado ndikujambula njira ya Mtsinje wa Gila, womwe chifukwa chake udali mtsinje wa Mexico. Zinatsimikiziranso zomwe ofufuza a m'zaka za zana la 16 adaphunzira, ndipo pambuyo pake azungu anaiwala: kuti California sichilumba koma chilumba.
Kino nthawi zina amatchedwa abambo achimwene, ndipo pazifukwa zomveka. Atakwera pamahatchi adadutsa zigwa zokhala ndi ma saguaros, akuweta ng'ombe ndi nkhosa: ziweto zimayenera kukhazikitsidwa pakati pa ma catechumens atsopano. Mamishoni omwe adatulutsa ndipo Kino adadziwa panthawiyo kuti zochulukazo zitha kukhala zopatsa mphamvu pazinthu zatsopano; Chifukwa chakukakamira kwake, amishonale adatumizidwa ku Baja California, yomwe idaperekedwa koyamba kuchokera ku Pimería.
M'zaka makumi awiri mphambu zinayi zokha za ntchito yaumishonale, Kino mwamtendere adaphatikiza gawo lalikulu ngati dziko la Oaxaca kupita ku Mexico. Chipululu chachikulu, inde, koma chipululu chomwe adadziwa kukula.
Palibe zambiri zotsalira lero za mishoni za Kino. Amunawo - Amwenye ndi azungu - ndi osiyana; mishoni idasiya kukhala mishoni ndikusowa kapena kusinthidwa kukhala matauni ndi mizinda. Komanso adobe a zomangamanga adagwa. Palibe zambiri zotsalira: Sonora ndi Arizona okha.
Source: Ndime za Mbiri Na. 9 The Warriors of the Northern Plains
Hernan CortesMtolankhani komanso wolemba mbiri. Ndi pulofesa wa Geography and History and Historical Journalism ku Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, komwe amayesera kufalitsa chisokonezo chake m'makona achilendo omwe amapanga dziko lino.
