Maonekedwe owoneka bwino chifukwa cha mawonekedwe achilendo, mitundu yowoneka bwino komanso thupi lokongoletsedwa ndizowonjezera zomwe zimapanga nyanga, michira ndi zina zowonjezera, ndi mbozi, zosagwirizana ndi kapangidwe kake koma zofunika muubereki wa agulugufe.
Magawo anayi omwe amapanga moyo wa gulugufe ndi zodabwitsa: dzira, mbozi, chrysalis, ndi gulugufe. Kuyambira siteji ya dzira mbozi yaing'ono imabadwa yomwe imangokhala ndi moyo kuti ikule ndikudyetsa. Pambuyo pake, kachilomboka kakang'ono kamatulutsidwa pakhungu lake mpaka nthawi khumi ndi zisanu, kuti apange kokhako kosinthasintha ndikukula ndikukhala chrysalis; kale mkati mwake, mbozi imasintha mawonekedwe ake kwathunthu ndipo siyikula.
Malasankhuli, monga tizilombo tonse, ali ndi mutu, mimba ndi chifuwa chokhala ndi miyendo isanu ndi umodzi, umodzi uliwonse umatha mozungulira mopindika komanso mopindika. Amagwiritsa ntchito miyendo yawo poyenda ndikugwira chakudya chawo; Komano, awiriawiri a "miyendo yabodza", yolimba kuposa yowona, komanso korona wa zonyamula, ndizothandiza kugwiritsitsa masamba ndi nthambi. Thupi lake, logawika mphete, lili ndimagawo atatu m'magawo atatu; cephalic, ndi mphete imodzi; thoracic, yokhala ndi magawo atatu, ndi mimba, yopangidwa ndi magawo asanu ndi anayi. Zigawo zitatu zakunja zili ndi miyendo, yotchedwa "yowona" chifukwa ndiomwe idzatsalire mwa wamkulu; Zowonjezera izi zimathandizira kuti mbozi zisanachitike ndikuthandizira kuti zisunge chakudya chake; ena onse amakhala am'mimbamo ndipo amatha ndi kusintha kwa thupi.
Pafupifupi onse amadziwika kuti nyongolotsi ndipo ndizosavuta kuziwona mu zipatso, zomera ndi nthaka. Ambiri amalumikizidwa kapena opanda zowonjezera, ena amawoneka ngati slugs, mealybugs ena ndipo ambiri ali ndi tsitsi lochulukirapo. Mimba imakhala ndi akatumba, mtima, madzi ofunikira komanso m'mimba; Ndilo gawo lotakata kwambiri la thupi komanso lomwe limathandizira kuyenda; Zipilala zake zisanu ndi zitatu kapena mabowo mbali zonse amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupumira. Khungu limakhala losalala mumitundu ina, ina imakhala ndi tsitsi lalifupi, lokongola komanso lalitali, nthawi zina limakhala ndi minyewa yakuthwa yomwe imatha kuluma komanso yomwe imasunga poizoni wake ngakhale atasiyana ndi thupi. Mboziyo imakhala yopanda maso, ngakhale m'malo mwake imakhala ndi ocelli sikisi mbali iliyonse yomwe siyimasiyanitsa mitundu, koma mawonekedwe ndi mayendedwe. Pafupi pali pakamwa, m'mbali yakumunsi yakumaso, yopangidwa ndi nsagwada ziwiri zamphamvu zosinthidwa kutafuna.
Thupi la mbozi, lopangidwa ndi mphete zingapo, limalola kuti likule ndikukula pamene likudya chakudya chake. Khungu lake silotanuka, likakhala laling'ono ayenera kulisungunula, mpaka kasanu ndi kawiri m'moyo wake wonse, kutengera mtundu wake, ndipo ndi nthawi imodzi yokha iyi pomwe amasiya kudya. Mbozi ikakhala yochuluka imasintha zochita zake ndikuyenda kuchokera kumalo kupita kwina, nthawi zina kutali kwambiri ndi chomeracho, popeza imayang'ana malo abwino okhazikika ndikusintha kukhala pupa kapena chrysalis. Ndi munthawi yomaliza iyi pamene ambiri atsekeredwa mu chikuku cha silika cholukidwa ndi chida cha buccal ndi ma gland ake osalala; koko komwe kumazungulira chibayo kumasunga chinyezi ndikutchinjiriza kuzilombo. Ena, achichepere, amadzimangira ndi silika, monga omwe amakonda kucheza omwe amakhala zisa kuti adziteteze ku chilengedwe; ndipo enanso amalowetsa mapepala angapo ndi ulusi wa silika.
KHALANI NOKHA KUKUDYA
Poyamba gulugufe wamkazi amawona patali ndipo nthawi zonse amasankha chomera chopatsa thanzi kuti aikire mazira ake, chifukwa mbozi zambiri zimangodya mtundu umodzi kapena ziwiri zokha; motero, mphutsi pobadwa zimakhala ndi chakudya pafupi ndipo zimayamba kudya msanga. Ntchito yoyamba ya mwana wakhanda ndiyo kudya chigoba cha dzira kuti akweze dzenje kuti athe kutuluka; Mwanjira imeneyi imapeza mphamvu yakufunafuna chakudya, chifukwa mkati mwa miyezi yonse ya moyo wake mbozi imangopeza nkhokwe ndikudya masamba, mphukira zazing'ono, zipatso, maluwa, matabwa, zikopa, nsalu zaubweya, zotsalira za mazira ake ngakhale obadwa nawo. . Mbozi zambiri zimakhala zokha pachomera chodyera cha mtundu uliwonse, ndi ena okha omwe amatha kudya mbewu zingapo.
Mosiyana ndi gulugufe, mbozi nthawi zonse imafuna kutafuna, ili ndi zida zokwanira ndipo pakamwa pake pamang'ambika imalola kuti idye masambawo m'mphepete mwake, ndi nsagwada zolimba ndi maxillae yothandizira kutafuna. Voracity yake yayikulu imatha kuyisandutsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amawononga masamba, mbewu ndi minda mwachangu, ngakhale kuli mitundu yochepa yokhala ndi mphamvu zowonongekazi. Akamaliza kudya, nthawi zambiri amabisala pansi pamasamba, m'makungwa a mitengo, pansi pamiyala, kapena pothawira pansi. Omwe amakhala m'magulu ndi ochepa kukula ndipo amakhala odziyimira pawokha akafika pokhwima, pomwe ena amakhala pagulu pamoyo wawo wonse. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo awona kuti anthu osakhalitsawa ndi chifukwa chakuti ali ana amakumana ndi kuukira kwa mbalame ndi adani ena; chiopsezo chimachepa akamakula, popeza zowonjezera zawo zimawapatsa mawonekedwe owopsa, amakhala ndi poizoni komanso kukoma kosasangalatsa, kapena amasokonezeka ndi malo awo.
Kuopsa kumakhala kosalekeza kwa mbozi zonenepa, chifukwa mbalame, abuluzi, achule, akangaude, mavu ndi nyama zambiri, zimatha kukhala adani oopsa. Ngakhale mbalame ndizomwe zimatchulidwa kwambiri, sizomwe zimapha kwambiri, chifukwa ma arachnids ndi coleopterans zimawawononga kwambiri, makamaka tizilombo ta endoparasitic ndi mabakiteriya ena. Tizilombo tina timayika mazira mkati mwa mbozi ndikuzisiya kuthengo, zina zimaumitsa thupi ndikupita nawo komwe amabisalako kuti thupi lawo likhale labwino ngati chakudya cha mphutsi zawo, ndipo mbozi zina zambiri zimadwala matenda a fungi.
NJIRA ZOPHUNZITSIRA ZA SUBTLE
Mbozi imakhala mphutsi zokongola zomwe sizikufuna kudyedwa, ndipo chifukwa cha izi zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana. Akaswa, amayenera kudziteteza: ena amadyera pogona usiku ndikubisala masana, ndipo ena amasewera maso abodza kumtunda kuti apange mawonekedwe owopsa ndikuwopseza omwe angathe kuwononga. Popeza sangathe kuthawa adani awo, atenga njira zosiyanasiyana zodzitetezera: zimatulutsa fungo lonunkhira, zimatulutsa asidi wamadzimadzi kapena zimapereka nyanga zokhala ndi zinthu zoipa. Mboza zomwe zimakutidwa ndi ubweya woluma ndizofala, monga omwe amatchedwa "zikwapu" zaku Central Mexico.
Amagwiritsa ntchito njira zonse zobisalira: mitundu yomwe imakhala m'masamba imakhala ndi mawu obiriwira, ndipo omwe nthawi zambiri nthambi kapena mitengo yake imakhala yofiirira; ena amabadwa ndi mtundu ndikusintha akamakula.
Komabe, kusintha kwawo kwakukulu kuti apewe kupezeka ndikumakhala anzeru kwambiri ndikukhala osasunthika osadziwika. Amatengera kutsanzira kuti apulumuke, amanyenga adani awo ndi zovala zomwe zimawapangitsa kuwoneka osiyana, amawoneka ngati masamba, mbewu, zimayambira, minga ngakhale zitosi za mbalame, monga mbozi za agulugufe akuluakulu a Papilio. Zomwe zimatetezedwa ndimatchulidwe sanabisidwe, kapena amatero pang'ono: ena ali ndi zojambula zomwe "zimaswa" mzere wazolimbitsa thupi kuti zibiseke, ndipo pali zina zomwe zimadzibisa kuti ziwoneke ngati khungwa la mitengo, zinyalala kapena nthambi, nthawi zambiri ndizochepa chosiririka ngati chakudya.
Kuphatikiza pa zida za mimetic, mbozi imakhala ndi zinthu zina zotetezera, monga ziwalo zonunkhira komanso zotulutsa zakunja zomwe zimawopseza mdani, monganso mbozi za njenjete, zomwe zimapatsidwa mphete zazitali, zam nthenga kapena zammbali, zomwe nthawi zina zimakhala zochuluka kwambiri zazikulu kwambiri kuti zimawasandutsa zinyama zenizeni. Ena, monga monarch, amadyetsa mbewu zomwe zimakhala ndi poizoni zomwe sizimavulaza, koma zimawapangitsa kulawa zoipa; motero, mbalame zomwe zimadya zimavutika ndi zopweteka ndipo posakhalitsa zimaphunzira kuzilemekeza. Malasankhuli ambiri onunkhitsa samadziwika ndipo amaonetsa mithunzi yolimba, yotchedwa "mitundu yochenjeza," yomwe imapangitsa mdani kutali; ndi njira yosonyezera kuti amakoma kapena kuti ndi owopsa. Ena, poyang'anizana ndi zoopsa, amadzilola kuti agwe, otsalira atapachikidwa ndi ulusi, kuti akwerere kwawo.
Malasankhuli amakhala pangozi nthawi zonse: ndi chakudya cha nyama zambiri choncho ayenera kupeza chakudya chokwanira kuti apeze mphamvu, kusamalira zilombo zawo ndikupulumuka nyengo yovuta; komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwa, mzigawo zawo zonse amakhala ozunzidwa ndi ziphe zopangira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zakhudza kwambiri anthu awo.
Mwazinthu zopindulitsa, mazira, mbozi, zilonda zam'mimba ndi agulugufe zimaimira gwero la chakudya cha nyama zamtchire. Kumbali inayi, amakwaniritsa ntchito yachilengedwe yosakanikirana ndi chilengedwe chawo, chifukwa nawonso amadya mbozi zina, nsabwe za m'masamba, nsabwe za m'masamba, njenjete, nyerere ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, zomwe zimawononga kapena kukhala tizirombo.
Kusandulika Modabwitsa
Mboziyo imakhala miyezi ingapo, kupatula kuti moyo wautali umaposa chaka chimodzi; Pachifukwa ichi, imayenera kutulutsa khungu nthawi zambiri momwe chitukuko chimafunira, ndipo mpaka chakudya chambiri, chimatha kukhala chrysalis mwachangu. Zizindikiro zakuyamba zosintha kumeneku ndikusala kwathunthu, komwe kumakupatsani mwayi wotsuka m'mimba mwanu; nthawi yomweyo, osakhazikika kwambiri amayenda kuchokera kumalo kupita kwina, kufikira atapeza malo oyenera kutsatira ndikumasinthako. Kenako, mkati mwa cocoko, kusintha kwanzeru kumapitilizabe. Tsiku lina, pamapeto pake, imatuluka ndikutuluka, tsopano yasandulika gulugufe wokongola: kachilombo kofunikira m'moyo wazaka zopitilira 50 miliyoni.
Ngakhale zili choncho, masiku ano nyama zakutchire zili pachiwopsezo ndipo tikudziwa kuti nyama kapena chomera chikatayika zimakhalapo kwamuyaya. Malo okhala amasokonezedwa ndi zoipitsa, moto, mbewu, poizoni, nyumba, komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu. Tiyenera kupewa mitundu ya malasankhuli ndi agulugufe kusowa, kuyambira pachiyambi cha nthawi akhala akusiririka chifukwa chouluka kwawo kosalimba komanso kukongola kwawo, ndipo akhala gawo la zikhalidwe, zaluso ndi sayansi ya anthu osawerengeka, omwe adazijambula, kujambulidwa ndikuphatikizidwa munkhani, ndakatulo ndi magule. Gulugufe ndizodabwitsa zomwe zimawonjezera kukongola ndi chinsinsi kudziko lathu, ndipo kusintha kwake kwakhala chizindikiro chosintha moyo m'mbiri yonse ya anthu.
Gwero: Unknown Mexico No. 276 / February 2000
