Dziwani zambiri zam'mbuyomu ndi zopereka za nyimbo zaku Mexico pakuwonetsa kwofunikira kwambiri konsekonse.
Mbiri ya nyimbo zaku Mexico idadutsa munthawi zosiyanasiyana, mawayimbidwe okongoletsa ndi mitundu yazanyimbo mzaka zam'ma 1900 Inayamba ndi nthawi yachikondi pakati pa 1900 ndi 1920, ndipo idapitilirabe ndi nyengo yokomera dziko lako (1920-1950), yonse yomwe idakwiya ndikupezeka kwa mawayilesi ena amodzimodzi; Pakati pa theka lachiwiri la zaka, machitidwe osiyanasiyana oyesera komanso othamanga adakumana (kuyambira 1960 kupita mtsogolo).
Kupanga kwa opanga aku Mexico azaka za zana la 20 ndizochuluka kwambiri m'mbiri yathu yazanyimbo, ndipo kumawonetsa machitidwe osiyanasiyana anyimbo, malingaliro okongoletsa ndi zida zopangira. Pofotokoza mwachidule kusiyanasiyana komanso kuchuluka kwa nyimbo zamakonsati aku Mexico mzaka za zana la 20, ndibwino kutchula nthawi zitatu zakale (1870-1910, 1910-1960 ndi 1960-2000).
Kusintha: 1870-1910
Malinga ndi mbiri yakale, pali ma Mexico awiri: woyamba wa Revolution ndi yemwe adabadwa nawo. Koma kafukufuku wina waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti, m'njira zingapo, dziko latsopano lidayamba kutuluka nkhondo ya 1910 isanachitike. Nthawi yayitali yoposa zaka makumi atatu yolamulidwa ndi Porfirio Díaz inali, ngakhale panali mikangano komanso zolakwika, gawo Za chitukuko cha zachuma, chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe zomwe zidayika maziko a Mexico yamakono, yolumikizidwa ndi mayiko ena aku Europe ndi America. Kutseguka kwapadziko lonse lapansi kunali maziko a chitukuko ndi nyimbo zomwe zidalimbikitsidwa ndi zizolowezi zatsopano zakunja ndipo zidayamba kuthana ndi kuchepa kwa madzi.
Pali zisonyezo zingapo zam'mbuyomu zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti nyimbo za konsati zidayamba kusintha pambuyo pa 1870. Ngakhale kusonkhana kwachikondi ndi pochezera zidapitilizabe kukhala malo abwino a nyimbo zapamtima, komanso chidwi chokomera nyimbo zapagawo chidatsimikizidwanso (opera, zarzuela, operetta, ndi zina zambiri), kusintha pang'ono ndi pang'ono kumawoneka mu miyambo yopanga, kupanga ndi kufalitsa nyimbo. M'gawo lakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, miyambo yaku piano yaku Mexico (imodzi mwazakale kwambiri ku America) idalumikizidwa, kupanga nyimbo za orchestral ndi nyimbo zam'chipinda zidapangidwa, nyimbo zodziwika bwino komanso zodziwika bwino zidalumikizidwanso nyimbo zanyimbo zakuimba, ndi repertoires zatsopano zokonda kwambiri mawonekedwe ndi mtundu (kupitilira magule ndi zidutswa zazifupi zchipindacho). Opanga adayandikira zokongoletsa zatsopano ku Europe kuti akayambitsenso zilankhulo zawo (Chifalansa ndi Chijeremani), ndipo kukhazikitsidwa kwa zida zamakono zoyimbira kunayambitsidwa kapena kupitilizidwa komwe kumamveka pambuyo pake m'malo owonetsera, maholo oimba, ma orchestra, masukulu oimba, ndi zina zambiri.
Nyimbo zakunyimbo yaku Mexico zidachokera pachikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha Revolution. M'mayiko osiyanasiyana a Latin America, olemba nyimbo adafufuza kafukufuku wamtundu wapakatikati pakati pa zaka za zana la 19. Kufunafuna kudziwika ngati mtundu wanyimbo kunayamba ndi gulu lachikhalidwe ku Peru, Argentina, Brazil ndi Mexico, kutengera zizindikilo zisanachitike ku Puerto Rico zokopa opera. Wolemba Mexico Aniceto Ortega (1823-1875) adawonetsa zisudzo zake Guatimotzin mu 1871, pamasewera omwe akuwonetsa Cuauhtémoc ngati ngwazi yachikondi.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 ndi koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20, kukonda dziko lokonda nyimbo kunali kodziwika kale ku Mexico ndi mayiko omwe anali alongo ake, potengera mafunde aku Europe. Kukondana kumeneku ndi zotsatira za "kupanga" kapena kusokonekera pakati pa magule aku Europe (waltz, polka, mazurka, ndi ena), mitundu yazikhalidwe zaku America (habanera, kuvina, nyimbo, ndi zina zambiri) ndikuphatikizidwa kwa nyimbo zakomweko, zomwe zimawonetsedwa kudzera pachilankhulo chachikulu ku Europe. Mwa ma opasita achikondi okonda kukonda dziko lako pali El rey poeta (1900) wolemba Gustavo E. Campa (1863-1934) ndi Atzimba (1901) wolemba Ricardo Castro (1864-1907).
Malingaliro okongoletsa a ojambula okonda dziko lawo amayimira mfundo zapakati komanso zapamwamba za nthawiyo, kutengera malingaliro achikondi cha ku Europe (kukweza nyimbo za anthu pamlingo waluso). Zinali zokhudzana ndikuzindikira ndi kupulumutsa zinthu zina za nyimbo zodziwika bwino ndikuziphimba ndi zida zanyimbo zakuimba. Nyimbo zambiri zapa salon zomwe zidasindikizidwa mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi zinali ndi makonzedwe ndi matanthauzidwe abwino (a piyano ndi gitala) a "ndege zadziko lonse" ndi "magule amdziko", momwe nyimbo zachilendo zidayambitsidwira kumaholo amakonsati. konsati ndi chipinda chabanja, chowoneka bwino kwa anthu apakati. Mwa olemba Mexico a m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi omwe adathandizira pakusaka nyimbo zadziko ndi Tomás León (1826-1893), Julio Ituarte (1845-1905), Juventino Rosas (1864-1894), Ernesto Elorduy (1853-1912), Felipe Villanueva (1863-1893) ndi Ricardo Castro. Rosas adatchuka padziko lonse lapansi ndi waltz yake (Pa mafunde, 1891), pomwe Elorduy, Villanueva ndi ena adalima gule wokoma waku Mexico, potengera kulira kophatikizika kwa mikangano yaku Cuba, chiyambi cha habanera ndi danzón.
Eclecticism: 1910-1960
Ngati pali chilichonse chomwe chimadziwika ndi nyimbo za konsati yaku Mexico mzaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zoyambirira zam'ma 1900, ndichisokonezo, chomwe chimamveka ngati kufunafuna mayankho apakatikati kuposa malo opitilira muyeso kapena njira imodzi yokongoletsa. Kukonda nyimbo mosavutikira ndi komwe kunalumikizana masitaelo osiyanasiyana ndi zomwe olemba aku Mexico, omwe amalima nyimbo zingapo kapena zokongoletsa pakadali pano. Kuphatikiza apo, olemba nyimbo ambiri adafunafuna nyimbo zawo mwa kusakanikirana kapena kusakanikirana ndi ma stylistic, kutengera mafunde osiyanasiyana okongoletsa omwe adafanizidwa ndi nyimbo zaku Europe ndi America.
Munthawi imeneyi, ndizoyamikirika kuti olemba ambiri aku Mexico adatsata njira yosakanikirana, yomwe imawalola kuyandikira masitayilo osiyanasiyana ophatikizira nyimbo zanyimbo kapena zina. Zochitika zazikuluzikulu zomwe zidalimidwa mchaka cha 1910-1960 zinali, kuwonjezera pa wokonda dziko, wokonda kukondana kapena wachikondi, wochita chidwi, wofotokozera, komanso neoclassical, kuphatikiza ena apadera, monga omwe amatchedwa microtonalism.
Munthawi yoyambirira ya zaka za m'ma 2000, nyimbo komanso zaluso sizinatengeke ndi mphamvu yakukonda dziko lako, mphamvu yothandiza yomwe idathandizira kuphatikiza mayiko andale komanso aku Latin America kufunafuna chikhalidwe chawo. Ngakhale kukonda dziko lawo kunachepetsa kufunikira kwake ku Europe cha m'ma 1930, ku Latin America kunapitilirabe ngati chinthu chofunikira mpaka kupitirira 1950. Post-Revolutionary Mexico idakondera kukhazikitsidwa kwa kukonda dziko lawo potengera chikhalidwe cha boma la Mexico m'maiko onse. Zojambula. Okhazikika pamalingaliro okonda kukonda dziko lako, mabungwe azikhalidwe komanso maphunziro adathandizira ntchito za ojambula ndi olemba, ndikulimbikitsa kuphatikiza zida zamakono zochokera pakuphunzitsa ndi kufalitsa.
Pulogalamu ya kukonda dziko lako Zili ndi kutengera kapena kusangalatsa nyimbo zodziwika bwino zaomwe amapanga nyimbo za konsati, kaya mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina, zowonekera kapena zophimba, zowonekera kapena zochepetsedwa. Nyimbo zakunyimbo zaku Mexico zidakonda kusakanizika ndi maluso, zomwe zimafotokoza kutuluka kwa magawo awiri okonda dziko lako komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya haibridi. Pulogalamu ya kukonda dziko lako, mutu ndi Manuel M. Ponce (1882-1948) M'zaka makumi awiri zoyambirira za zana lino, idatsimikiza kupulumutsidwa kwa nyimbo yaku Mexico ngati maziko anyimbo zadziko. Ena mwa olemba omwe adatsata Ponce motere anali José Rolón (1876-1945), Arnulfo Miramontes (1882-1960) ndi Estanislao Mejía (1882-1967). Pulogalamu ya kukonda dziko lako anali ndi mtsogoleri wodziwika kwambiri Carlos Chávez (1899-1978) Kwa zaka makumi awiri zikubwerazi (1920 mpaka 1940), Gulu lomwe lidafuna kubwerezanso nyimbo zisanachitike ku Puerto Rico pogwiritsa ntchito nyimbo zanthawiyo. Pakati pa olemba ambiri am'derali omwe timapeza Candelario Huízar (1883-1970), Eduardo Hernández Moncada (1899-1995), Luis Sandi (1905-1996) ndi otchedwa "Gulu la anayi", lopangidwa ndi Daniel Ayala (1908-1975), Salvador Contreras (1910-1982 ), Blas Galindo (1910-1993) ndi José Pablo Moncayo (1912-1958).
Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1920 ndi 1950, mitundu ina yosakanikirana ndi mayiko ena idatulukira monga kukonda dziko lako, zilipo pantchito zina za Ponce, Rolón, Rafael J. Tello (1872-1946), Antonio Gomezanda (1894-1964) ndi Moncayo; the Kukonda dziko lenileni kwa José Pomar (1880-1961), Chávez ndi Silvestre Revueltas (1899-1940), mpaka a Kukonda dziko la Neoclassical kochitidwa ndi Ponce, Chávez, Miguel Bernal Jiménez (1910-1956), Rodolfo Halffter (1900-1987) ndi Carlos Jiménez Mabarak (1916-1994). Kumapeto kwa makumi asanu kutopa kwathunthu kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Kukonda dziko la Mexico, makamaka mwa kutsegulidwa ndi kusaka kwa olemba nyimbo kumayendedwe atsopanowa, ena mwa iwo adaphunzitsidwa ku United States komanso ku Europe pambuyo pa nkhondo.
Ngakhale kukonda dziko lako kunapitilira mpaka ma 1950 ku Latin America, kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 nyimbo zina zidatulukira, ena ndi alendo ndipo ena amakhala pafupi ndi zokonda dziko lawo. Olemba nyimbo ena adakopeka ndi nyimbo zokongoletsa zotsutsana ndi kukonda dziko lawo, pozindikira kuti mafashoni amtundu wawo adawatsogolera m'njira yosavuta yolankhulira zigawo ndikusiya njira zatsopano zamayiko. Mlandu wapadera ku Mexico ndi wa Julián Carrillo (1875-1965), yemwe ntchito yake yayikulu yoimba idachokera pachikondwererochi chachijeremani chaku microtonalism (chimamveka chotsika kuposa theka la mawu), komanso malingaliro ake Phokoso 13 zidamupangitsa kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Mlandu wina wapadera ndi wa Carlos Chavez, yemwe atavomereza kukonda dziko lake mwachangu adathera ntchito yonse yopanga, kuphunzitsa ndi kufalitsa mawayilesi opitilira muyeso a nyimbo zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Pulogalamu ya (neo / post) zachikondi Zinali zopambana kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20, pokhala njira yabwino pakati pa anthu pakukonda kwawo kutulutsa mawu mosasunthika, komanso pakati pa omwe adalemba chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito njira zosakanikirana. Mwa olemba oyamba azaka zapakati pazaka zapakatikati (Tello, Carrasco, Carrillo, Ponce, Rolón, ndi ena), ena anali choncho m'miyoyo yawo yonse (Carrasco, Alfonso de Elías), ena adasiya kukhala pambuyo pake (Carrillo, Rolón) ndi ena Adafunafuna kuphatikiza kalembedwe kameneka ndi zida zina zophatikizira, kaya akhale okonda dziko, ojambula kapena neoclassicist (Tello, Ponce, Rolón, Huízar). Chikondi chachifalansa cha Impressionism koyambirira kwa zaka zana (Ponce, Rolón, Gomezanda) chidasiya chidwi ndi olemba ena (Moncayo, Contreras) mpaka ma 1960. Zoterezi zidachitikanso ndi mafunde ena awiri omwe amakhala limodzi ndi yoyamba ija: kufotokozera (1920-1940), ndikufufuza kwake mwamphamvu kopanda malire (Pomar, Chávez, Revueltas), ndi neoclassicism (1930-1950), ndikubwerera ku mitundu yakale (Ponce, Chávez, Galindo, Bernal Jiménez, Halffter, Jiménez Mabarak). Mafunde onsewa adalola olemba aku Mexico am'zaka za 1910-1960 kuti ayesere njira zanyimbo, mpaka atakwaniritsa mawonekedwe osakanikirana omwe adapangitsa kuti azipezekanso, mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a nyimbo zathu ku Mexico.
Kupitiliza ndi kutuluka: 1960-2000
Pakati pa theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 20, nyimbo za konsati yaku Latin America zidakumana ndi mayendedwe opitilira ndi kuphulika komwe kumabweretsa zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana, masitaelo ndi zokongoletsa pamachitidwe. Kuphatikiza pa kuchuluka komanso kutukuka kwa mafunde osiyanasiyana, palinso zochitika pang'onopang'ono zopita ku cosmopolitanism m'mizinda ikuluikulu, yotseguka kuzokopa za mayimbidwe apadziko lonse lapansi. Pokonzekera "nyimbo zatsopano" zochokera ku Europe ndi United States, olemba nyimbo aku Latin America omwe adapita patsogolo kwambiri adadutsa magawo anayi pakutengera mitundu yakunja: skusankha koyenera, kutsanzira, zosangalatsa ndi kusintha (kusintha), malingana ndi malo okhala ndi zosowa za munthu kapena zomwe amakonda. Olemba nyimbo ena adazindikira kuti atha kutengapo gawo kuchokera kumayiko awo aku Latin America pakuyimba kwamitundu yonse.
Kuyambira mu 1960, mafunde atsopano oyeserera adapezeka m'maiko ambiri aku America. Olemba omwe adalumikizana ndi zomwe adachita posakhalitsa adazindikira kuti sikungakhale kovomerezeka kupeza zovomerezeka zovomerezeka kusindikiza, kuimba, ndi kujambula nyimbo zawo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ena opanga ma Latin America akhazikike ku Europe, United States, ndi Canada. Koma vutoli lidayamba kusintha kuyambira zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri mu Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico ndi Venezuela, pomwe olemba a "nyimbo zatsopano" Adapeza chithandizo kuchokera kumabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, adapanga mabungwe adziko lonse, adapanga malo opangira zida zamagetsi, ophunzitsidwa m'masukulu oimba ndi mayunivesite, ndipo nyimbo zawo zidayamba kufalikira kudzera m'maphwando, misonkhano komanso mawayilesi. Ndi njirazi, kudzipatula kwa olemba avant-garde kunachepetsedwa, omwe tsopano amatha kulumikizana ndikusangalala ndi zinthu zabwino kuti apange ndikufalitsa nyimbo zotchedwa makono.
Kutha ndi mafunde achikunja kudayamba ku Mexico kumapeto kwa ma 1950 ndipo adatsogozedwa ndi Carlos Chávez ndi Rodolfo Halffter. Mbadwo wakubowoka unatulutsa olemba odziwika azikhalidwe zomwe masiku ano ali kale "achikale" mu nyimbo yatsopano yaku Mexico: Manuel Enríquez (1926-1994), Joaquín Gutiérrez Heras (1927), Alicia Urreta (1931-1987), Héctor Quintanar (1936) ndi Manuel de Elías (1939). M'badwo wotsatira udaphatikiza zosaka zoyeserera ndi zocheperako ndiopanga zofunika kwambiri Mario Lavista (1943), Julio Estrada (1943), Francisco Núñez (1945), Federico Ibarra (1946) ndi Daniel Catán (1949), mwa ena angapo. Olemba omwe adabadwa mzaka za m'ma 1950 adapitilizabe kutsegulira zilankhulo zatsopano komanso zokongoletsa, koma ali ndi chizolowezi chomangokhalira kusakanikirana ndi mafunde osiyanasiyana: Arturo Márquez (1950), Marcela Rodríguez (1951), Federico valvarez del Toro (1953), Eugenio Toussaint (1954), Eduardo Soto Millán (1956), Javier Álvarez (1956), Antonio Russek (1954) ndi Roberto Morales (1958) , pakati pa otchuka kwambiri.
Makonda ndi masitayilo a nyimbo zaku Mexico kuyambira nthawi ya 1960-2000 ndizosiyanasiyana komanso zochulukirapo, kuphatikiza pazomwe zidasokonekera ndi kukonda dziko lako. Pali olemba angapo omwe angakhale mkati mwa mtundu wokonda dziko lako, chifukwa choumirira kwawo pakupanga masitaelo okhudzana ndi nyimbo zodziwika bwino zosakanikirana ndi maluso atsopano: pakati pawo Mario Kuri Aldana (1931) ndi Leonardo Velázquez (1935). Olemba ena adayandikira chikwangwani chatsopano cha neoclassical, monga nkhani ya Gutiérrez Heras, Ibarra ndi Catán. Olemba nyimbo ena atsamira pamachitidwe otchedwa "Kubwezeretsanso zida", yomwe ikufuna njira zatsopano zofotokozera ndi zida zachikhalidwe, omwe alimi awo ofunikira kwambiri ndi Mario Lavista ndi ena mwa akuphunzira ake (Graciela Agudelo, 1945; Ana Lara, 1959; Luis Jaime Cortés, 1962, ndi ena).
Pali opanga nyimbo angapo omwe akhala akuchita nawo mawayeso atsopano oyesera, monga omwe amatchedwa "Zatsopano zatsopano" (fufuzani nyimbo zovuta komanso zamaganizidwe) momwe iye wapambana Julio Estrada, komanso nyimbo zamagetsi ndi chisonkhezero champhamvu cha kuimba nyimbo kuyambira makumi asanu ndi atatu (Álvarez, Russek ndi Morales). M'zaka khumi zapitazi, olemba ena omwe adabadwa mzaka za m'ma 1950 ndi 1960 akuyesa njira zosakanikirana zomwe zimayambitsanso nyimbo zodziwika bwino zam'mizinda komanso nyimbo zamtundu waku Mexico m'njira yatsopano. Zina mwazinthuzi zimakhala ndi neotonal komanso kutengeka mwachindunji komwe kwatha kukopa chidwi cha anthu ambiri, kutali ndi zoyeserera za avant-garde. Zina mwazomwe zimagwirizana ndizoti Arturo Márquez, Marcela Rodríguez, Eugenio Toussaint, Eduardo Soto Millán, Gabriela Ortiz (1964), Juan Trigos (1965) ndi Víctor Rasgado (1956).
Mwambo ndi kukonzanso, kuchuluka komanso kusiyanasiyana, kusinthasintha komanso kusinthasintha, kudziwika ndi kuchulukitsa, kupitiriza ndi kutuluka, kusaka ndi kuyesa: awa ndi mawu othandiza kuti mumvetsetse mbiri yayitali yoimba yomwe, yomwe idayamba zaka zoposa zana zapitazo, yakhazikitsa luso loimba ku Mexico Kufikira pomwe afika mwayi pakati pa mayiko aku America, komanso kuzindikira kovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi (padziko lonse lapansi ndi mayiko ena) komwe ntchito za olemba athu zikuyenera, nkhope zosiyanasiyana za nyimbo zaku Mexico zaku 20th century.
Gwero: México en el Tiempo No. 38 September / October 2000
