Kuvina kwa pascola kumatha kuonedwa ngati chisonyezero chokometsera cha magulu azikhalidwe zakumpoto chakumadzulo.
Mawu oti "pascola" samangotanthauza kuvina kokha, komanso gulu la zaluso zomwe zimaphatikizapo nyimbo, zalankhulidwe, nkhani zam'kamwa, nthabwala, zovala ndi nsalu. Malangizo onsewa amaphatikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe a pascola, yemwe amakhala wovina, wolandila, wokamba nkhani komanso woseketsa mwamwambo.
Luso la pascola ndi chimodzi mwamawonekedwe odziwika kwambiri pamwambo ndi zikondwerero zamagulu akumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mexico. Tarahumaras, Pápagos, Pimas, Northern Tepehuanos, Seris, Guarijíos, Mayos ndi Yaquis amagawana mwambowu, kotero kuvina kwa Pascola kumatha kuonedwa ngati chiwonetsero chazithunzi zomwe zikuyimira mbadwa za Kumpoto chakumadzulo, makamaka makamaka magulu omwe amadziwika kuti Cahitas (Yaquis ndi Mayos) ndi oyandikana nawo Guarijíos. M'malo mwake, kwa anthuwa mawu akuti pascola ndi ofanana ndi fiesta (pahko amatanthauza "chikondwerero", m'zilankhulo za Cahita) ndipo pakati pawo zimawerengedwa kuti palibe chikondwerero chenicheni ngati pascola sichivina.
Luso la pascola limaphatikiza miyambo ya Chikhristu ndi Chikhalidwe cha ku America, yomwe imadziwika kwambiri ndi zida zovina, munyimbo zomwe zimatsagana nawo, ngakhale pantchito zomwe amachita. Ponena za chiyambi cha liwu loti pascola pali mkangano: mbali imodzi, pali omwe amatsimikizira kuti amachokera ku "Isitala", zomwe zikunena mwachindunji kuti kuvina kumachitika nthawi ya Isitala, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zikadayamba ziphunzitso za amishonale achikatolika; komano, akuti chiyambi chake chinali chisanachitike ku Spain; ayenera kuti dzinali limachokera ku pahko'ola, lomwe m'zilankhulo za Cahita limatanthauza "wokalamba wachipanichi." Kutchulidwa uku kukadachoka ku Cahita kupita kuzilankhulo zina zaku Northwest komanso kuchokera kumeneko kupita ku Spanish.
LA PASCOLA PAKATI PA CAHITAS
Zina mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za pascola cahitas (mawu omwe amatanthauza Yaquis ndi Mayos amakono akumwera kwa Sonora ndi kumpoto kwa Sinaloa) ndikukhala ngati alendo (amatumizira anthu, amagawa ndudu, ma roketi amoto kuti alengeze chiyambi cha phwandolo), oyang'anira mwambowu (amalankhula kuti atsegule ndikutseka chikondwererocho, azicheza ndi anthu) komanso azisudzo (kudzera m'masewera awo ndi nthabwala amaseketsa omvera). Kuseketsa kwa pascola kumachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mawu omwe amatenga tanthauzo kapena zofanizira kuti asokoneze komanso nthawi yomweyo azisangalatsa anthu, komanso pantomime yomwe imawonekeratu kuti ndi amwano kapena anyama, ndikupitilira mawu okweza omwe amatanthauza zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Zomwe amakonda kuseka zimapezeka muzokambirana zake zonse komanso nkhani zake komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito, ndichifukwa chake kulowerera kwake maphwando kumasandulika nthabwala zomwe anthu amakondwerera mokweza.
Kuphatikiza pa ntchito yoseketsa iyi, ma pascolas amakopa madalitso a Mulungu kudzera m'mavinidwe awo. Chifukwa chake, ndi nthabwala zawo ndi kuvina, ma pascolas adakhala ndi thupi pachikondwererochi ndikupanga chikhalidwe cha luso lovina komanso kusangalala.
M'masiku aposachedwa, mtundu wa akatswiri ovina adayamba pakati pa a Yaquis ndi Mayos, omwe amadziwika kwambiri mzigawo zawo ndipo amachita mogwirizana paphwando la madera osiyanasiyana.
Koma chidwi ndi zaluso za pascola chimapitilira gulu laling'ono la akatswiri ochita masewerawa ndipo chimafikira anthu ambiri, monga owonera omwe amabwera kumaphwando ndi achinyamata ambiri, achikulire ndi abambo achikulire omwe amachita mwamwayi. . Chifukwa chake, pascola imadziwika kuti ndi gawo lofunikira lodziwika bwino chifukwa cha mtundu.
M'masewera awo ambiri, ma pascolas amaphatikizidwa ndi wovina wa Venado, yemwe amasewera nawo zochitika zingapo zomwe zimafotokoza zina mwazinthu zamoyo zomwe zimakhala mu huya aniya, dziko lachilengedwe, komwe kumakhala anthu amphamvu. zauzimu zomwe zimapatsa ovina mphamvu zofunikira kukulitsa maluso ndi kuthekera kwawo pakuvina ndi magwiridwe antchito. Mwa zina zadziko lapansi zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi pascola ndi njoka ndi nkhosa zazikulu (zomwe amazitcha chivato, dzina lomwe limagwiritsidwanso ntchito ku pascola).
M'mavinidwe awo, ma pascolas amapanga zolemba zomwe zimatsanzira kuyenda kwa nyama, monga ng'ombe, mphalapala, mbuzi, njoka, nswala ndi mbalame. Ngakhale pali zoyeserera zoyenda za ovina (thupi lokhazikika, lopendekera kutsogolo kuchokera mchiuno ndikukweza mapazi pansi, mikono ikulendewera mbali zina za thupi) Palinso kusintha kwakukulu komanso kosiyanasiyana malinga ndi momwe pascola iliyonse imagwirira ntchito.
Ma pascolas amakhala ndi zida zomwe amawonjezeramo nyimbo ndi zovina. Chifukwa chake, amavala lamba wachikopa wokhala ndi mabelu achitsulo amitundu yosiyanasiyana (coyolim). Amanyamula sistrum (sena’aso), yomwe ndi phokoso lamatabwa lokhala ndi zimbale zazing'ono zazing'ono (monga tamborini), zomwe zimamveka zikamavina ndi Venado kapena kuzimangiriza ku lamba akamavina okha.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri za pascolas ndi zingwe zazikulu za zigulugufe zodzazidwa ndimiyala (tenaboim) yomwe mawu ake amakumbukira ya njoka yamphongo, nyama zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mvula komanso mphamvu zakubala; Phokoso la tenaboim kapena tenábaris (monga amadziwika m'deralo ku Spain) sikungopereka kokha komwe kumawonetsa kuthekera kwanyimbo ndi kuvina kwa pascola iliyonse, komanso ndichinthu chothandizira kulumikizana mwamwambo ndi huya aniya, dziko la zauzimu ndi zamatsenga.
Pascola cahitas imathandizira ma trousseau awo ndi zinthu zina ziwiri zosiyana. Kumbali imodzi, chigoba chosemedwa pamtengo chomwe chikuyimira yo aniya, ndiye kuti, mzimu wamapiri womwe wakhala womulangiza mu zaluso za pascola; manambala ophatikizidwa ndi maski amaphatikiza mawonekedwe a anthropomorphic ndi zoomorphic; akamavina kuyimira munthu, chigoba chija chimayikidwa pakhosi kapena khutu limodzi, kuwonetsa nkhope; koma akamatsanzira nyama, amaphimba nkhope zawo ndikusintha umunthu wa amene akuyimiridwa. Chinthu china chosiyanitsa ndi "kandulo", ndiye kuti, loko kwa tsitsi lomwe maluwa amalumikizidwa ndi nthiti yakuda; Izi zimathandizira kuwonetsa ubale wa pascola ndi duwa (sewa), lomwe likuyimira mphamvu zokoma komanso zoteteza zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi Namwali Maria komanso mphamvu zosintha za huya aniya.
Nyimbo zomwe zimatsagana ndi pascola ndi mtundu wapadera pakati pa anthu akomweko kumpoto chakumadzulo ndipo zimawulula kukondera pakati pazomwe zikukhudzidwa ndi miyambo ya Euro-Christian ndi Indo-American, pomugwiritsa ntchito komanso mchigwirizano wa anawo. Zeze (yemwe amapereka mabasi ndi nyimbo) komanso vayolini (limodzi ndi nyimbo yoyang'anira) amatsagana ndi pascola ndi nyimbo zosangalatsa pomwe ndiye yekhayo amene ali pagululi; chitoliro cha bango (nyimbo) ndi ng'oma yamutu-iwiri (mungoli) amatero pamene ovina amayimira comparsas kapena adani a Mbawala, kapena akamasewera nyama.
LA PASCOLA PAKATI PA GUARIJÍOS
Mwa ma Guarijíos akumwera chakumadzulo kwa Sonora, a Pascolas ndi ofanana ndi a Cahitas, makamaka ndi oyandikana nawo, Mayos. Amagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zomwezo (masks, makandulo) ndi zida zomwezo; zovala zawo, sizapadera, chifukwa amavala zovala zabwinobwino. Palibenso mgwirizano ndi Mbawala, popeza a Guarijíos samavina kuvina uku, ngakhale atakhala ndi mwayi adzalembera ovina aku Mayan kuti achite nawo limodzi mwa zikondwerero zawo zofunika.
Mu tuburi (zikondwerero) Guarijíos pafupifupi nthawi zonse amavina pascola, koma iwo omwe amaimba si akatswiri, koma anthu omwe amadziwika kuti ndi ovina abwino komanso ochita zisudzo; anthuwa akayitanidwa ndalama zawo zimakhala zakumwa, ndudu ndipo mwina nyama ndi chakudya chomwe chidakonzedwa kuphwandoko (ndizofanana ndi oyimbawo). A Guarijíos amalemekeza kwambiri kutenga nawo mbali kwa achinyamata ndi ana kuvina, ndizotheka kuwona kuti azimayi ena amalimbikitsidwa kuvina mosavomerezeka. Paphwando lotchedwa Cava Pizca, pascolas amatanthauzira "masewera", ndiye kuti, ma pantomimes angapo komanso zisudzo momwe amapatsa moyo zolengedwa zam'mapiri, mikangano ya alimi ndi nyama zolusa zomwe zimayesa kuba mbewu ndi zochitika za azibwenzi.
PASCOLA PAKATI PA TARAHUMARAS
Pakati pa Tarahumara, pascola imangovina mwamwambo pa "La Gloria", kumapeto kwa zikondwerero za Sabata Lopatulika. Ndi magwiridwe awo pascolas amathandizira kugonjetsedwa kwa Afarisi, mbali ya adani a Onorúame-Cristo (Mulungu); ndi magule awo akusokoneza ndi kuwopsyeza Afarisi, omwe amathandiza adani awo, asilikali, kuwagonjetsa. Ngakhale adachita izi ngati othandizira komanso othandizira mbali ya Mulungu mu mpikisano wa cosmogonic womwe umayimiridwa mu Holy Week, Tarahumara pascola mwachiwonekere adachokera chisanadze Chikhristu. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi zolemba zomwe zikusonyeza kutengera kapena kuyimilira kwamayendedwe anyama zamtchire munyengo yokhwima, monga kuti kuvinako kumachitidwanso pamiyambo yomwe siyachikatolika, monga "Raspa del jícuri "(kapena" Raspa del peyote "). Mulimonsemo, mosiyana ndi zomwe zimachitika ndi a Cahitas kapena a Guarijíos, pakati pa a Tarahumara gule wa pascola samawonedwa ngati mwambo, ngakhale nthawi zambiri amavina pamapwando am'banja.
LA PASCOLA PAKATI PA SERIS
A Seris ali ndi chidwi chosiyanasiyana cha pascola. Mwa zina zimachitika ndi wovina yemwe amavala suti yowala kwambiri (nthawi zina amakhala ndi chovala ngati siketi) ndi mikanda, nthawi zambiri yokhala ndi korona wamatabwa womwe umathera pamtanda. Chodziwika bwino kwambiri cha pascola seri ndikuti wovina amavina papulatifomu yamatabwa yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati oyeserera poyenda; ovina ena amadalira ndodo yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati ndodo. Pomaliza, nyimbo ya pascola seri imakhala ndi kugwedezeka kwachitsulo ndikumayimba kwa munthu yemwe amakhala moyang'anizana ndi wovina kuti amuperekeze (zikuwoneka kuti asanagwiritsidwenso vayolini imodzi, koma tsopano kuphatikiza kwa chida ichi).
