Veracruz, kuwonjezera pokhala doko lodzakumana ndikulakalaka komanso likulu la dziko losangalala mwachilengedwe, nthawi zonse imadzitamandira pokhala likulu loimba ku Mexico. Zakhala zonse kuthawirako kwa oimba ambiri aku Cuba - pakati pawo Celia Cruz, Beny Moré ndi Pérez Prado-, mpaka pomwe oyendetsa sitima aku Russia amayimilira komanso malo oyenera kuti aliyense waku Mexico amene akufuna kubwerera kwawo atatopa.
Ndizodabwitsa kuti nyimbo zabwino zachikhalidwe zidapulumuka pano; Zaka zambiri zolimbirana ndi magulu oimba ovina, ma marimba am'misewu ndi mariachis sanapambane polekanitsa magulu a mwana a jarocho. Zikumveka ngati La Bamba yomwe idayambira m'zaka za zana la 18 ikupitilizabe, omwe mphamvu zawo sizimatha kukhudza ma rocker monga owongolera amakono aku Hollywood.
Zaka makumi anayi ndi makumi asanu zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zaka zagolide za mwana wa bambo, nthawi yomwe oimba abwino kwambiri adabwera ku Mexico, kuchokera kumadera akutali kwambiri ku Veracruz, kuti adzakhale nyenyezi za celluloid ndi vinyl, muwailesi komanso maginito a magawo otchuka kwambiri ku Latin America. Ngakhale kutukuka kwachangu kwa Mexico City komanso njira zatsopano zamoyo, kukoma kwa nyimbo komwe kumachitika mobwerezabwereza m'madansi ndi zikondwerero zamtawuniyi sikunathe.
Pakubwera kwa mbadwo watsopano woiwala, kukula kwa mwana jarocho kudatha. Ojambula ambiri monga Nicolás Sosa ndi Pino Silva adabwerera ku Veracruz; ena adatsalira ku Mexico City, kuti afe popanda kutchuka kapena chuma, monga momwe zinalili ndi wopempha wamkulu Lino Chávez. Kupambana kwakukulu kwa mwana jarocho kumafanana ndi gawo laling'ono kwambiri m'mbiri yake. Pachimake pa chipambano panali ochepa, makamaka Chávez, Sosa, oyimba zeze Andrés Huesca ndi Carlos Baradas ndi abale a Rosas; M'zaka makumi asanu, misewu ya Mexico inali malo a jarochos soneros ambiri omwe sanatsegulidwe khomo lina kupatula cantina.
Lero, ngakhale kuli kovuta kwa woimba waluso kuchokera kwa Son Jarocho kuti akhale nyenyezi, ndizowona kuti palibe kusowa kwa ntchito m'mabala ndi malo odyera padoko komanso pagombe, kapena kulimbikitsa maphwando kudera lonselo.
Kulowera kumwera kwa Veracruz, komwe chikhalidwe chawo chimachepetsa mphamvu yaku Africa yaku doko ndi madera ena aboma, ana a jarocho adaseweredwa mu fandangos, chikondwerero chotchuka cha jarocha, pomwe maanja amasinthana papulatifomu yamatabwa, ndikuwonjezera zovuta zake kupondera gawo latsopano pamiyeso yayikulu yopangidwa ndi magitala.
OIMBA NDI MBIRI
Kumapeto kwa zaka zapitazo, mwana jarocho analibe wopikisana naye ndipo fandangueros ankakonda kukondwerera kudera lonselo. Pambuyo pake, pomwe mafashoni akuvina mu bwalo la mpira atayamba kulowa padoko ndi danzones ndi ma guarachas ochokera ku Cuba ndi polkas ndi kumpoto kwa waltzes, ma soneros amasinthira azeze awo ndi magitala awo ku repertoire yatsopano, ndikuwonjezera zida zina monga vayolini. Pino Silva akukumbukira kuti, m'ma 1940, pomwe adayamba kusewera pa doko, mawuwo sanamveke mpaka m'mawa, pomwe anthu, tsopano inde, adatsegula miyoyo yawo.
Zoterezi zidachitikiranso Nicolás Sosa. Woyimba zeze komanso wodziphunzitsa yekha, ankakonda kuyeseza pakhomo la nyumba yake kuti asasokoneze anthu ozunguliridwa ndi udzudzu, ndipo atangopeza ndalama akusewera ma waltzes ndi madanzoni. Tsiku lina, atamuuza kuti azisewera "pilón" pachionetsero cha Alvarado, bambo wina waku likulu adamuitanira ku Mexico City, akumufunsira kuti apite ulendowu mu Marichi chaka chotsatira. Kutali kwa tsiku loitanira anthu chidwi kunalimbikitsa Nicolás kusakhulupirira. Komabe, posakhalitsa, adamuwuza kuti mwamunayo amusiyira ndalama zapaulendo wopita ku Mexico. "Panali pa Meyi 10, 1937 ndipo tsiku lomwelo ndidakwera sitima kuchokera kuno, osadziwa kuti ikupita kuti," akukumbukira Sosa, pafupifupi zaka 60 pambuyo pake.
Anamuwona kuti ndi womupatsa Baqueiro Foster, wolemba nyimbo, wopanga komanso wopanga nyimbo, komanso wolandila bwino: Sosa adakhala miyezi itatu kunyumba kwake yomwe ili kuseli kwa National Palace. Baqueiro adasindikiza nyimbo zomwe mbadwa ya Veracruz idatenga kuyambira ali mwana ndipo amaganiza kuti palibe amene angafune. Pambuyo pake adagwiritsa ntchito zolembedwazo pogwira ntchito ndi Jalapa Symphony Orchestra ndikulimbikitsa Sosa ndi gulu lake kuti achite, kangapo, m'malo apamwamba a Palacio de Bellas Artes.
Ponyalanyaza malingaliro a Baqueiro, Sosa adabwerera kulikulu ku 1940, komwe adakhala zaka makumi atatu. Panthawiyo adachita nawo kanema komanso wailesi, komanso kusewera makalabu osiyanasiyana ausiku. Mdani wake wamkulu anali Andrés Huesca yemwe pamapeto pake adapeza kutchuka komanso chuma kuposa Sosa chifukwa chazotanthauzira zake zotanthauzira mwana wamwamuna woyamba yemwe Don Nicolás adakhalabe wokhulupirika.
Monga ma soneros ambiri, Huesca adabadwira m'banja losauka. Malingaliro ake olimbikitsa mwana wamwamuna wotchedwaocho adamupangitsa kuti akhazikitse zosintha zofunika: zeze wokulirapo woti ayimirire ndi nyimbo zamasiku ano zokhala ndi mipata yocheperako yamawu kapena oyimba nyimbo omwe, pomwe amasunga kununkhira kwa jarocho, anali "okopa" kwambiri.
Mwambiri, oyimba omwe adalanda likulu, mzaka makumi khumi zakumapeto kwa Jarocho, pang'onopang'ono adazolowera kutengera machitidwe achangu komanso abwino omwe anali okhutiritsa anthu akumizinda. Kumbali inayi, liwiro lalikululi limayeneranso woyimba, makamaka m'makachisi, pomwe kasitomala amamenyedwa. Chifukwa chake, mwana wamwamuna yemwe amakhala kwa mphindi khumi ndi zisanu ku Veracruz amatha kutumizidwa atatu, zikafika pakukhazikika mu kantini ku Mexico City.
Masiku ano, oimba ambiri a Jarocho amatanthauzira kalembedwe kamakono kupatula Graciana Silva, m'modzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino masiku ano. Graciana ndi katswiri woimba azeze komanso woimba wochokera ku Jarocha ndipo amatanthauzira ma sones kutsatira njira zakale ndi kalembedwe kakale kuposa ka Huesca. Mwina izi zafotokozedwa chifukwa, mosiyana ndi ambiri omwe amagwira nawo ntchito komanso anthu akumidzi, Graciana sanachoke ku Veracruz. Kuphedwa kwake kumachedwa, komanso kumverera mozama, ndi makina ovuta komanso osokoneza bongo kuposa masiku ano. La Negra Graciana, monga amadziwika kumeneko, amasewera monga adaphunzirira kwa mphunzitsi wakale yemwe adawoloka mtsinje kuti ayambitse mchimwene wake Pino ndi zeze. Ngakhale anali, monga Graciana ananenera, "wakhungu m'maso onse," wachikulire Don Rodrigo adazindikira kuti anali msungwanayo, yemwe amamuyang'ana mosamala kuchokera pakona ya chipinda, yemwe akukhala woimba zeze wamkulu wa nyimbo zotchuka.
Liwu la Graciana komanso momwe amasewera, "zachikale", zidakopa chidwi cha katswiri woimba komanso wopanga Eduardo Llerenas, yemwe adamumva akusewera mu bala munyumba ya Veracruz. Adakumana kuti ajambulitse kwambiri ndi Graciana, akusewera okha, komanso limodzi ndi mchimwene wake Pino Silva pa jarana komanso mlamu wake wakale María Elena Hurtado pa zeze lachiwiri. Chotsatira chake, chopangidwa ndi a Llerenas, chinakopa chidwi cha opanga angapo aku Europe, omwe posakhalitsa adamulemba ntchito kuti ayambe kuyendera zaluso ku Holland, Belgium ndi England.
Graciana si yekhayo wojambula amene amakonda kusewera yekha. A Daniel Cabrera adakhalanso zaka zake zomaliza akutsitsa chofunikira chake ndikuimba nyimbo zakale ku Boca del Río. Llerenas adalemba miyala 21 yamayimbidwe amtunduwu kwa iye, atadzimbidwa ndi chisangalalo chachilendo mkati mwa chisangalalo cha Jarocha. Cabrera adamwalira ku 1993, atatsala pang'ono kukwanitsa zaka zana. Tsoka ilo, pali ojambula ochepa omwe atsala ndi repertoire yotere. Kutsatsa kwa malonda a mwanayo kumakakamiza oyimba ku cantina kuti aphatikize ma boleros, ma rancheras, ma cumbias komanso kupambana kwakanthawi kwamalonda kwakanthawi mu repertoire yawo.
Ngakhale repertoire ya Jarocho yachepetsedwa, ma cantinas akadali gawo lofunikira pakumvera nyimbo zachikhalidwe. Malingana ngati makasitomala amakonda nyimbo zabwino kuposa zomwe jukebox kapena kanema imapereka, oimba ambiri azipezabe ndalama. Kuphatikiza apo, pamalingaliro a René Rosas, woimba waku Jarocho, kantiniyo imakhala malo opangira zinthu. Malinga ndi iye, zaka zake zogwira ntchito m'malo awa zinali zosangalatsa kwambiri, chifukwa, kuti apulumuke, gulu lake limayenera kuthana ndi repertoire yayikulu. Munthawi imeneyi, gulu la Tlalixcoyan, dzina la René Rosas ndi abale ake, adatulutsa chimbale chawo choyamba, atayeserera milungu ingapo m'chipinda chakumbuyo kwa Temple of Diana, cantina ku Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl.
Maofesi a Tlalixcoyan adalembedwa ntchito, kwakanthawi kochepa, ndi eni malo odyera okongola. Kumeneko adapezedwa ndi Amalia Hernández, woyang'anira National Folkloric Ballet waku Mexico, yemwe, ndi luso lojambula, adalumikizana ndi abale a Rosas mu Ballet yake yonse. Kuyambira pano, kwa abale a Rosas, Ballet adayimira malipiro abwino komanso otetezeka komanso mwayi wopita kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi (limodzi ndi anzawo 104), posinthana ndi mtundu wa nyimbo chifukwa chobwerezabwereza ya repertoire yocheperako, usiku ndi usiku komanso chaka ndi chaka.
Ulemerero wa mwana jarocho umakhala munthawi yokhayokha pazomwe zimachitika. Ngakhale kuti pakadali pano buku lanyimbo la jarocho lomwe limangokhalapo limangokhala ndimamvekedwe pafupifupi makumi atatu, lirilonse likamamvekedwa limakhala ndi zotsatira zoyimbira ndi zeze, mayankho osokonekera mu requinto komanso mavesi omwe amapangidwa nthawi yomweyo. nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nthabwala yamphamvu.
Pambuyo pazaka khumi ndi zitatu, René Rosas adachoka ku Folkloric Ballet kuti azisewera m'mitundu ingapo. Pakadali pano René, ndi mchimwene wake woyimba Rafael Rosas, woimba zeze wodziwika bwino Gregoriano Zamudio ndi Cresencio "Chencho" Cruz, ace of the requinto, amasewera pagulu la alendo ku hotelo za Cancun. Mtundu wawo wapamwamba komanso zoyimbira bwino pagitala zikusonyeza kunyamuka komwe tsopano akusunga kuchokera kumizu yawo yoyambirira. Komabe, zomwe zakhala zikuyimbidwa ndi zeze ndi mayankho okwiya a funsolo, zimapereka mwazi wake wosachotsedwa wa jarocha sonera. Rafael Rosas, atatha zaka 30 ali ndi Ballet, sanataye mawu ake okokomeza kapena owonera zakale zakale.
Pakati pa zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu makumi asanu ndi awiri, René adachoka ku Ballet kuti azisewera ndi Lino Chávez yemwe, ngati sanali wodziwika bwino pa ma Jarocho, mwina anali wopambana.
Chávez adabadwira ku Tierra Blanca ndipo adasamukira likulu mzaka zoyambirira za makumi anayi. Kumeneko, akutsatira mapazi a Huesca ndi Sosa, adagwira ntchito pamafilimu, mawailesi komanso kujambula. Anali m'modzi mwa magulu atatu ofunikira kwambiri a jarochos: Los Costeños, Tierra Blanca ndi Conjunto Medellín.
Lino Chávez anamwalira wosauka mu 1994, koma akuyimira kudzoza kwakukulu kwa mbadwo wa Veracruz soneros, omwe amamvera mapulogalamu ake, ali achichepere. Mwa ma soneros awa, Gulu la Cosamaloapan Ensemble limawoneka bwino, pakadali pano ndi nyenyezi yovina mphero ya shuga mutauni ya nzimbe ija. Wotsogozedwa ndi Juan Vergara, amasewera mwana wamwamuna La Iguana, momwe nyimbo ndi mawu zimavumbula bwino mizu yaku Africa ya nyimbo iyi.
MWANA JAROCHO AMAKHALA
Ngakhale ma soneros abwino apano, monga Juan Vergara ndi Graciana Silva ali kale zaka zopitilira 60, izi sizitanthauza kuti mwana wa jarocho akuchepa. Pali oimba achichepere ambiri omwe amakonda mwana wamamuna kuposa cumbia, merengue kuposa marimba. Pafupifupi onse amachokera m'minda kapena m'midzi ya Veracruz. Wodziwika bwino ndi Gilberto Gutiérrez, woyambitsa mnzake wa gulu la Mono Blanco. Gilberto adabadwira ku Tres Zapotes, tawuni yomwe yatulutsa oyimba abwino kwambiri, ngakhale iye ndi banja lake ndi eni nthaka. Agogo ake a Gilberto anali ndi galamafoni yoyamba mtawuniyi motero adabweretsa polkas ndi waltzes ku Tres Zapotes, kusiya zidzukuluzo ndi ntchito yoti abwezeretse malo oyenera iye.
Mwa magulu onse apano a Veracruz, Mono Blanco ndi m'modzi mwamphamvu kwambiri pamayimbidwe, kuyambitsa zida zingapo zingapo kwa mwana jarocho ndikugwira ntchito ku United States ndi oyimba aku Cuba ndi ku Senegal kuti apange mawu osiyana. Komabe, pakadali pano, kupambana kwakukulu kwamaluso kwakwaniritsidwa ndikutanthauzira kwachikhalidwe chamwana wakale wa jarochos, zomwe zimafotokoza zambiri zakukonda kwa anthu pano nyimbo iyi.
Gutiérrez sanali woyamba kupatsa mwana wake Jarocho kukoma kwapadziko lonse lapansi. Pambuyo pakuphulika kwa zaka za m'ma 1940 ndi 1950, oimba ambiri aku Mexico adapita ku United States ndipo mwana wamwamuna wakale kwambiri wa jarocho adakwanitsa kulanda nyumba za mamiliyoni aku America: La Bamba, ndi matembenuzidwe a Trini López ndi Richie Valens.
Mwamwayi, La Bamba imamveka mwanjira yoyambirira, m'mawu a Negra Graciana komanso m'magulu ena akumwera kwa boma. Mawonedwe oterewa akuwonetsa mzimu wa nyimbo womwe, monga iguana wosachedwa kupsa komanso wokondedwa, akhoza kukumana ndi zopinga zambiri, koma amakana kufa.
