Tsiku lomwe tinkalakalaka linafika. Ngakhale sitinathe kuwawona, malingaliro athu ndi mawu ena otizindikiritsa adatifikitsa pafupi ndi kukumana kwathu ndi apaulendo ang'onoang'ono: Mbalame zosamukira ku Neotropical.
Tsiku lomwe tinkalakalaka linafika. Ngakhale sitinathe kuwawona, malingaliro athu ndi mawu ena otizindikiritsa adatifikitsa pafupi ndi kukumana kwathu ndi apaulendo ang'onoang'ono: Mbalame zosamukira ku Neotropical.
Chifunga chinali kutha msanga ndipo timiyala tating'onoting'ono tinayamba kuoneka bwino. Osamukawo atafika m'mawa kwambiri atatopa kwambiri komanso ali ndi njala. Iwo amafunafuna ndikudya tizilombo pakati pa masamba ndi nthambi za mitengoyi: Zomera zakumatauni zimawapatsa chakudya chomwe amafunikira kuti achire msanga. Pakadali pano, tinkasangalala kuwona nthenga zawo zokongola, komanso mayendedwe awo okongola komanso achangu.
Kusamuka ndikofunikira pamoyo wazinthu zambiri zamoyo, ngakhale anthu. Asayansi ena olimba mtima anena kuti zamoyo zimabadwa ndi kufa. Mbalame zimapanga gulu lomwe limakhala ndi mitundu yosamukira kwambiri komanso yomwe pali zina zambiri - zosakwanira - chidziwitso. Mwina gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a mbalame za padziko lapansi, pafupifupi mitundu chikwi, zimasuntha. Izi zimatanthauzidwa kuti kusuntha kwakanthawi kwa mbalame kapena nyama zina, pakati pa malo awo oberekera komanso osaberekana, ndikubwerera kumalo omwewo. Khalidwe lotha kusamukali lasintha chifukwa cha zovuta zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, monga kufunafuna chakudya ndi malo oyenera kwambiri oberekera, komanso nyengo yabwino nyengo zina pachaka.
Malinga ndi malangizowo, kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera, kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi kapena kuchokera kummawa mpaka kumadzulo, kusamukaku kumagawika m'magulu atatu: kotenga, kutalika kapena kotenga nthawi. Mtundu wa kusamuka komwe kumadziwika bwino ndi kotenga (kumpoto-kumwera).
Kusuntha kwakanthawi kwa mbalame ku Europe ndi Asia kumakhudza mitundu pafupifupi 200, yomwe imayenda kuchokera kumadera awo okhala ndi zisa kumpoto kwa makontinentiwa kupita kumadera otentha ku Africa. Ku kontinenti yaku America, pafupifupi mitundu 340 ya mbalame imasamukira ku North America kupita kumadera otentha ku Central ndi South America. Mitundu yomalizayi yatchedwa mbalame zosamuka za Neotropical zosamuka, ndipo gululi limaphatikizapo kuchokera ku buzzards, hawks, heron ndi sandpipers, mpaka mbalame za hummingbird, flychers, warblers ndi warblers.
Mwa banja lonse la mbalame zosamukira ku Neotropical, pafupifupi 60% ndi mitundu yaying'ono yomwe imakhala m'nkhalango. Apaulendo ndi ang'ono kwambiri kotero kuti ena amalemera 4 g, ngati mbalame za hummingbird. Papamosacas (owerenga ntchentche), ma-hogs, ma thrush ndi ma vireos, ngakhale ma warbler kapena ma warbler, amalemera pafupifupi 15 g, ndipo ma tangarás ndi ma calandrias amalemera 40 g. Mwambiri, mitundu iyi imadyetsa tizilombo ndi zipatso, koma gulu lapadera la mbalame zosamuka za Neotropical zosamuka, zonse za kuchuluka kwa mitundu ndi kuchuluka kwawo mwa anthu, ndizo zimenyana.
Tsikuli linali losangalatsa kuwona mbalame mu paruqe, ndipo pakati pa zomera zomwe zimamenyera nkhondo zimayimira mitundu yawo yachikaso, yoyera komanso imvi. Mbalame yovekedwa korona wakuda (Wilsonia pusilla, Wilson's Warbler) adafufuza tizilombo tating'onoting'ono pakati pamasamba, pomwe mbalame yotchedwa basking warbler (Vermivora peregrina, Tennessee Warbler) anali asanasankhe komwe angapeze chakudya. Pansi, Cinnamon-bellied Warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica, Chesnut-sided Warbler) amatha kugwira njenjete ndikuuluka nayo mulomo wake.
Pakiyo tawonanso kuyambika kwa kayendedwe ka tsiku ndi tsiku mumzinda. Anthu, ofuna kudziwa zambiri, ankabwera kwa ife kuti atsimikizire zomwe timachita. Mwinanso alendo obwera kuderali sanatchule kufunika kochezera apaulendo ang'onoang'ono, koma zikuwonetsa kusintha kwachuma chachilengedwe m'mizinda.
M'chaka pali nyengo ziwiri zosamukira: nthawi yophukira ndi masika. M'nyengo yophukira, pakati pa 5 ndi 8 biliyoni mbalame zimadutsa mlengalenga ku America zikuyenda makilomita zikwizikwi; M'nyengoyi titha kuwona mbalame zina zoyenda kwa masiku ochepa okha, zikamatsikira kukadyetsa ndikupuma. Pambuyo pake akupitiliza ulendo wawo wopita kummwera. Komabe, mitundu ina - yambiri- imatsalira ku Mexico nyengo yonse yotentha, ndipo atakhala pakati pa miyezi 6 ndi 8 mdziko lathu, amasamukira kumadera omwe amaberekera ku North America pakati pa miyezi ya February ndi Epulo, ndibwereranso chaka chotsatira.
Zinthu zina zamkati mwa mbalame zimawakonzekeretsa kuti ziyambe kusamuka, ngakhale palinso zina zomwe zimalimbikitsa izi. Mulingo wamadzi ndi mafuta zimathandiza kwambiri ngati gwero la mphamvu kapena mafuta. Pachifukwachi, asanayambe ulendo wautali, apaulendo akuluakulu ayenera kudya zokwanira. Nthawi zambiri mitundu ina ya nyama imatha kunenepa kwambiri, chifukwa imadya zakudya zambiri zopatsa mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, nkhondoyi ikalemera magalamu 11, imatha kufika 21 g, ndipo ikangopeza mafuta pang'ono, imatha kutaya kulemera pakati pa 2.6 kapena 4.4% mu ola limodzi lothawa.
Nthawi ikafika yoti ichoke m'malo obadwira, mbalame zimakumana ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana: kusankha nthawi yabwino yonyamuka, njira yosamukira ndikusankha malo oyenera paulendo wawo wautali kuti akapumule ndikubwezeretsa mphamvu zawo. Mitundu ina imasamuka masana ndi ina usiku, ngakhale zina zimatha kusinthana mosinthana. Momwemonso, kusamuka kumalimbikitsidwanso ndi malo abwino okhala monga kuwongolera kwa mphepo zakumpoto. Mbalame zotchedwa Warblers zimakonda kuyenda usiku chifukwa mlengalenga mumakhazikika kwambiri ndipo zimatha kupewa nyama zolusa monga akamba ndi mbalame za m'madzi. Mbalame zina zouluka zimauluka mahandiredi ambiri ndikupumula kwa tsiku limodzi kapena atatu kuti zisunge chakudya; ena amayenda usiku angapo osayimitsa mpaka atataya mphamvu zawo.
Nthawi yomwe zimasamukirako zimatha kusiyanasiyana osati mitundu ya mbalame zokha, zimasiyananso ndi kugonana komanso zaka, komanso kutsika kumapeto kwake, madera awo okhala m'malo otentha amatha kusintha. Mwachitsanzo, m'magulu ena theka lokha la amuna kapena magawo awiri mwa atatu mwa akazi amasamuka, kapena ena amatha kusamuka chaka chimodzi osati chaka chotsatira; ndipo m'mabanja ena a mbalame amuna amayamba kubwerera, kenako akazi ndi ang'onoang'ono.
Mitundu ina yamtunduwu imatha kuyenda limodzi, ndikusamuka m'magulu osakanikirana kapena magulu. Amakhulupirira kuti khalidweli limalumikizidwa ndi mtundu wa zakudya kapena ikhoza kukhala njira yomwe imawathandizira kupewa nyama zina zolusa.
Alendo ang'onoang'onowa amatha kukhala limodzi m'magulu osakanikirana m'malo otentha, kapena / kapena kulumikizana ndi mitundu ina ya mbalame yokhazikika. Gulu losakanikirana limapangidwa mwadongosolo, ndipo anthu omwe amawapanga amakwaniritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, monga kuteteza madera odyetsa, kufunafuna chakudya komanso kulumikizana kwa omwe apezeka.
Mbalame zosamuka zimatha kuuluka mosiyanasiyana, ndipo nthawi yomwe zimatenga kuti zisamuke zimadalira mtunda woyenera kuyenda. Mitundu ina imawuluka pa 48 km / h, pali mbalame za hummingbird zomwe zimathamanga liwiro la 40 km / h, ndipo mitundu ina imatha kuwuluka kwa maola 48 osapuma mpaka ikafika komwe amakhala. Mwachitsanzo, warbler wovekedwa korona (Dendroica coronata, Yellow-rumped Warbler) amatenga mtunda wosamuka wa 725 km, ndipo ulendo wa tsiku limodzi ukhoza kukhala 362 km. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mumaliza ulendo wanu wosamukira kudziko lina masiku awiri. Tern (Sterna Paradisea, Artic Tern), yomwe imapanga imodzi mwamaulendo ataliatali kwambiri, imayenda makilomita 14 m'masiku 114 ndipo imadziwika kuti ndi mfumukazi yosamuka. Ndege zosamukirazo zitha kuchitika pafupi kwambiri ndi nthaka kapena kutalika kwa 6,400 m; zam'mbuyomu zidanenedwapo m'ma warblers ena.
Kuphatikiza pa nthawi, liwiro komanso mtunda wokutidwa ndi mbalame zosamuka, amakhalanso otsata njira zina zapadera. Ku North America, njira zinayi zazikulu zosamukira zakhala zikufotokozedwa: njira ya Atlantic, njira ya Mississippi, njira yapakatikati (yothirira Kum'mawa ndi Western Sierra Madre), ndi Pacific, yomwe imakhudza magombe ndi mitsinje.
Chifukwa chakomwe kuderali kuli Mexico, Mexico ili ndi mitundu yambiri yakomwe imasamukira kwakutali kuposa dziko lina lililonse ku Latin America, popeza onse (340) omwe amasamukira ku North America kumwera, kuphatikiza Central ndi South America, mitundu 313 imapezeka ku Mexico. Zambiri mwazi zimatsalira nthawi yonse yosabereka m'dziko lathu, ngakhale ena amangodutsa ku Mexico, amagwiritsa ntchito malo opumira ndi kudyetsa, motero amatha kupitiliza ulendo wawo wautali wopita ku Central kapena South America.
Pali malingaliro angapo omwe amayesa kufotokoza momwe mbalame zimadzipangira okha ndikupeza njira yomwe amayenera kuyendamo kuti akafike komwe amapita. Chimodzi mwazinthuzi chimanena kuti makamaka zomwe zimasamuka usiku zimatsogoleredwa ndi nyenyezi. Lingaliro linanso limatengera komwe dzuŵa limakhala, lomwe limatsogoza zamoyo zomwe zimauluka masana; mwina amagwiritsa ntchito chitsogozo cha mphepo, kapena mwina amagwiritsa ntchito maginito apadziko lapansi, ngati kuti ali ndi kampasi ndi mapu, kapena chitsogozo chobadwa nacho.
Ubwino wosamuka uyenera kukhala waukulu, chifukwa njirayi ndiyokwera mtengo kwambiri. Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, akuti pafupifupi theka la mbalame zomwe zimachoka komwe zimabadwira chaka chilichonse sizibwereranso kumalo amenewa. Pakusamuka, amayenera kupewa zopinga ndi zoopsa zosiyanasiyana: zinthu zoyambira anthu (tinyanga, nyumba, mawindo) ndi nyengo, monga mphepo zamkuntho ndi mkuntho. Mwachitsanzo, mawindo, ndi kunyezimira kwa dzuwa amagwira ntchito ngati magalasi, akuwonetsa njira yonyenga yomwe imawapangitsa kuti agundane, ndikupha. Momwemonso, m'malo awo okhala otentha kapena oberekera, malo omwe amafunikira kuti azikhalapo akuchepa kwambiri, agawanika kapena asowa kwathunthu.
Amphaka apakhomo nawonso ndiwopseza mbalame. Ku North America akuti pafupifupi mbalame pafupifupi 2 miliyoni patsiku zimasakidwa ndi amphaka. Chifukwa cha ichi, kampeni yalimbikitsidwa: "sungani mphaka wanu m'nyumba".
Kuphatikiza pazowopseza zomwe zatchulidwazo, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chakhudza anthu ambiriwa ndikuchepa kapena kugawanika kwa nkhalango. Kusandulika kwa nkhalango kukhala minda, madambo ndi madera akumidzi kwakhala kwakukulu komanso kwakukulu, ndipo pamodzi ndi moto ndizo zomwe zimayambitsa kufa kwa mitunduyi. Zimanenedwa kuti pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mbalame zosamuka za Neotropical zosamuka (mitundu ya 109) posachedwa zawonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu omwe ali m'gulu lawo. Chifukwa cha kusamuka kwawo komanso ziwopsezo zomwe akukumana nazo, mbalamezi zimakhala pachiwopsezo, ndipo mitundu yambiri ili pachiwopsezo chotha. Amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana ndipo amadalira malo osiyanasiyana nyengo zosiyanasiyana pachaka.
Kusintha kwazinthu, kodi mbalame zimapita kumpoto kuti zipewe kubereka ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimapindula ndi nyengo ndi chakudya chamalo otentha, kapena amabwera kumadera otentha kupewa nyengo komanso kuchepa kwa chakudya kumpoto? Mafunso amenewa ndi ovuta kuyankha. Koma palibe kukayika konse kuti mbalame zili ndi ntchito zofunikira mdera lawo lotentha komanso lotentha. Nyumba zawo zoberekera ndi zotentha zakhala choncho kwazaka mamiliyoni ndipo, lero, osakwana kotala la mileniamu agawanika ndi anthu.
Cha m'ma 12 koloko masana tatha. Mafunso ambiri akupitilirabe m'malingaliro mwathu, mbalame za pro ndi kusiyanasiyana kwawo kwatilimbikitsa kuopsa kwakupulumuka kwawo. Kupulumuka kumene, m'kupita kwanthawi, kudzakhalanso chitsanzo. Tikukupemphani, kuti mukakomane ndi omwe akuyenda pang'ono paki yanu ndi mbalame zokhalamo, ndikusangalala ndi gawo lina losadziwika la Mexico.
Pakadali zambiri zoti tidziwe za chodabwitsa ichi komanso chodabwitsa chotchedwa kusamuka. Mpaka pano, sizikudziwika kuti mbalamezi zimayenda makilomita masauzande komanso masauzande angapo ndikubwerera kumalo omwewo zaka zotsatira. Zili ngati kuti apaulendo otopawa anali ndi chowunikira chamatsenga cha kuwala ndi moyo wabwino.
Gwero: Mexico Unknown No. 264 / February 1999
