Mibadwo ya omasula imapatsa udindo wogwiritsa ntchito mbiri yakale kwa ogula ndipo izi zimadzanso za omwe amapanga.
Pambuyo pa nkhondo yodziyimira pawokha, ndi projekiti yadziko, m'magawo ofotokozedwa ndi zigawo zinafotokozedwa, panali chifukwa chofotokozera ndikutsimikizira zenizeni m'mbali zambiri, kuti mumange ndikuchipanga. Umu ndi momwe zimakhalira gawo la Mexico ndikupanga fano lake.
Ntchito yopanga mibadwo
Kuyambira pachiyambi, boma la Mexico lodziyimira palokha lidawona kufunika kokhala ndi tchati cha dziko lonse chomwe chidzaphatikizepo mtundu watsopanowu, koma pomwe mgwirizano wamayiko unakhazikitsidwa mu 1824, ntchito yomanga mapu adziko latsopanoli, ndi limati ndi malire awo.
Ntchitoyi sinali yophweka, chifukwa kusintha kwa ndale zamkati ndi zakunja kumasinthiratu zenizeni zakudziko. Ntchito zingapo zidachitika zomwe zidafika pachimake pokhapokha, mothandizidwa ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana aboma, Mexico Society of Geography and Statistics idakhazikitsidwa mu 1833, kukwaniritsa chikalata choyamba mu 1850, ndiye kuti, zaka 17 pambuyo pake.
Kuti achite ntchitoyi, zofunikira zonse zomwe adakumana nazo ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito: kujambula zojambula za omwe adapambana omwe adafotokozera madera am'mbali mwa nyanja ndi madera omvera, a atsamunda omwe akuphatikiza maziko a madera omwe akukhalamo, a m'mipingo yazipembedzo, a eni migodi ndi ma haciendas, omwe anali paulendo waumishonale komanso wankhondo omwe adachita nawo mapu azigawo zakumpoto ndi za malo olembetsa a cadastral. Khama lonse la omwe amafufuza ndi asayansi owunikiridwa kuti afotokozere momwe dzikolo liliri linaganiziridwanso ndipo, mamapu onse amchigawo adasonkhanitsidwa mmenemo.
Komabe, atakwaniritsa izi koyambirira, padayenera kuchitidwa ntchito yonse kuti ikwaniritse bwino kalatayo komanso kuti, pakadali pano, chithunzi cha Antonio García Cubas chikuwonekera. Atamaliza maphunziro ake ku Academy of Fine Arts ku San Carlos, adapatsidwa udindo wokopera General Charter waku Mexico Republic, komwe adakonza ndikuwumaliza mu 1856, chaka chomwe adakhalanso membala wa Mexico Geography Society. ndi Statistics. Pambuyo pake, adaphunzira ukadaulo ku College of Mining, motero kutsimikizira kuyimba kwake monga geographer.
Kudziwa dziko komanso kufotokozera kwake
Zochitikazo ndi gawo la nkhani ya García Cubas, momwe amafotokozera kudabwitsidwa komwe adayambitsa Santa Anna, pomwe adawona koyamba - pomwe adamuwonetsa kalata yomwe adakopera - kukulitsa gawo lomwe adataya, zomwe ambiri sanadziwe konse, kufikira nthawi imeneyo.
Kutengera chikhalidwe choyambitsidwa ndi ophunzira anzeru aku New Spain, kufotokozera dzikolo, kuwunika chuma chake komanso kuthekera kwachitukuko zidalimbikitsidwa ku Mexico Society of Geography and Statistics. Mamembala ake adasanthula mutu waukulu womwe umafotokoza momwe gawoli lilili, zachilengedwe komanso kapangidwe kake. Kuphunzira kwa anthu ake pamitundu, mitundu komanso zilankhulo kunali kofunikanso. Kuchulukitsa kwa chidziwitso chonsechi kunachitika pamene García Cubas adasindikiza Kalata Yake Ya ku Mexico. México, Imprenta de Andrade y Escalante, 1861. Ntchitoyi idapindulitsidwa pambuyo pake ndikufufuza komwe García Cubas adapanga pakati pa 1870-1874 ndipo zidafika ku Mexico Geographic and Statistical Atlas. Mexico, Debray ndi omutsatira, 1885, yomwe inali ntchito yake yofunika kwambiri. Lopangidwa ndi kalata yayikulu kwambiri yosonyeza njanji ndi ma telegraph ndi makalata 30 ochokera kumayiko, D. F., Mexico City ndi madera a Baja California ndi Tepic, idasindikizidwa ndi mawu achi Spanish, English ndi French.
Chiphunzitso cha dzikolo
Khama lopangidwa ndi omanga dzikolo silingaphatikizidwe ngati silikakwaniritsidwa ndi ntchito yophunzitsa yomwe ingapangitse nzika kukhala ndi mtima wokonda dziko lawo. García Cubas adasamala kwambiri za kuphunzitsa kwa geography ndipo adafalitsa kuyambira 1861, Compendium of Geography of the Mexico Republic, yomwe idakonzedwa m'maphunziro 55 ogwiritsa ntchito malo ophunzitsira anthu. Mexico, Imprenta de M. Castro. Ndi malingaliro omwewo, amasindikiza ntchito yokhala ndi mutu wachindunji, Geography ndi mbiri ya Federal District. Mexico, Nyumba Yakale Yosindikizira ya E. Murguía, 1894.
García Cubas iyemwini akupereka bukulo ndipo m'mawu ake oyamba amafotokoza kuti gawo loyambirira, loperekedwa ku chiphunzitso choyamba, limaphatikizapo nkhani zoyambira za madera a Federal District omwe adakulitsidwa ndi mbiri yakale komanso zachikhalidwe zomwe, kuwonjezera pakupatsa chidwi phunziroli, limakondanso malangizo Za mwanayo komanso kuti, chachiwiri, choyambirira, chimapangidwa kuti chikhale maphunziro apamwamba, kukhala buku lowerengera losavuta kwa iwo omwe sanathe kuphunzira.
Kubwezeretsa chithunzi cha dziko kunja
Monga nthawi zina, a García Cubas amafotokozera m'mawu oyamba mawu omwe adamupangitsa kuti apereke buku lake ku Republic of Mexico mu 1876. George H. Henderson (Trad.). México, La Enseñanza, 1876. Amanena kuti zalembedwa ndi cholinga chofuna "kusintha malingaliro olakwika omwe akanasiyidwa m'malingaliro a owerenga ndi ntchito zomwe, ndi cholinga choyipa kapena ndi chidwi chodziwika ngati olemba mabuku, yolembedwa ndikufalitsidwa ndi akunja osiyanasiyana, kuweruza dziko la Mexico, ndi malingaliro omwe adalandira mwachangu posafufuza kapena kuphunzira mosamalitsa ”.
Kuti achite izi, akulongosola Mexico, akuipatsa chithunzi chobwezera komanso chodalira, ngati dziko lokhala ndi anthu ochepa kudera lake lalikulu, lomwe lili pakati pa nyanja ziwiri; ikuwunikiranso zabwino zam'madera ake, chonde, nyengo, kupanga migodi ndi madzi. Phatikizani chidziwitso chonsechi ndi kalata yayikulu ndi zina zowonjezera zomwe zidagawika m'magawo atatu: gawo lazandale pomwe limafotokoza momwe zinthu ziliri ku Republic, kukulitsa kwake ndi malire ake; boma lake, magawano andale ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu; zaulimi ndi migodi, zaluso ndikupanga, malonda ndi malangizo pagulu. Nkhani yakale yomwe amalankhula zaulendo, a Toltecs, a Chichimecas, mafuko asanu ndi awiri ndi Aztec. Pomaliza, gawo lazikhalidwe komanso zofotokozera momwe limafotokozera mabanja osiyanasiyana: Mexico, Opata, Pima, Comanche, Tejano ndi Coahuilteca, Keres Zuñi, Mutzun, Guaicura, Cochimi, Seri, Tarasca, Zoque, Totonaca, Mixtec-Zapotec , Pirinda Matlaltzinca, Mayan, Chontal, wochokera ku Nicaragua, Apache, Otomí. Ikuwonetsa kugawidwa kwamitundu yamabanja achilengedwe, imapanga lipoti la mafuko ndikuwuza zomwe zimayambitsa kuchepa kwawo. Chofunikira kwambiri m'derali ndikuti imatsagana ndi kalata yochokera ku Mexico.
Msonkhano wadziko lino
García Cubas anali wotsimikiza zandale zowolowa manja pokhudzana ndi malingaliro okhudza chitukuko ndi kupita patsogolo kwa dziko.
Kuphatikiza kwa ntchito yaufulu m'chigawo chachiwiri cha zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi kumatsegula gawo pamalamulo aboma, omwe amayesa kupereka chithunzi chatsopano cha Mexico, ngati dziko lolemera komanso lotukuka lomwe lingakhale lokopa kwa osunga ndalama m'njira zambiri.
Poganiza izi, mu 1885 García Cubas adafalitsa Zithunzi Zake ndi Zojambula Zakale za ku United Mexico States. Mexico, Debray ndi Olowa m'malo. Ndi mndandanda wa makalata omwe amafotokozera dzikolo zidziwitso zomwe zidapezeka mchaka chimenecho, ndikugogomezera zikhalidwe ndi zikhalidwe. Malongosoledwe a kalata iliyonse adasindikizidwa mu Descriptive and Historical Geographical Statistical Table ya United Mexico States, ntchito yomwe ndi zolemba za Picturesque Atlas. México, Oficina Tipográfica de la Ministerio de Fomento, 1885. Pambuyo pake, adakonzekera, kuti adzafalitsidwe mwachindunji ndi mabungwe aboma, makamaka Secretary of Development, ntchito zake zofunika kwambiri, monga Geographical, Historical and Biographical Dictionary of the States. Anthu aku United Mexico. México, Imprenta del Ministerio de Fomento, 1898-99, kapena mabuku omwe adapangidwira omwe amalankhula Chingerezi: Mexico, Its Trade, Industries and Resources. William Thompson (Mwambo.). México, Tipographical Office of the department of Fomento y Colonización and Industry, 1893. Amapereka chidziwitso pamabungwe oyendetsera maboma, mawonekedwe a anthu okhalamo, malo azachuma, komanso zomangamanga zomwe zakhazikitsidwa kuti zithandizire makampani. Ndi izi adapereka, mwachangu, kaphatikizidwe kazomwe zikhalidwe mdziko muno komanso mbiri yake, zothandiza kwa alendo ndi omwe amagulitsa ndalama.
Likulu likulu la likulu lamaboma
Kugawidwa kwa Federal District ku 1824 ndi Mexico City ngati mpando wa maulamuliro aboma kuyenera, kutengera kufunikira kwawo, chithandizo chapadera ndi García Cubas. Mu Atlas yaku Mexico ya Geographical ndi Statistical yomwe yatchulidwayo, amapatula mapu amzindawu mu 1885, atazunguliridwa ndi mabokosi okhala ndi zithunzi zosiyanasiyana. Izi zikuyimira miyala yokumba (zidutswa zazomwe zapezedwa mu tchalitchi chakale), mitu ina ya decoatepantlidel Templo Mayor, pulani ya cathedral yakale, pulani ya Federal District, pulani ina ya Mexico City yosonyeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa Spain, ina a mzindawo kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, mapulani ndi gawo la National Theatre, pulani ya School of Engineers, pulani ya National Palace ndi cholembedwa ku Mexico chotchedwa "Mexico regia et Celebris Hispaniae Novae Civitas" chomwe chikuyimira kupita ku Tenochtitlan.
Nkhani yomwe ikutsatirayi ikufotokoza chiyambi ndi maziko a mzinda wa Mexica kuyambira paulendo; Tenochtitlan akufotokozedwa ndi Teocalli wamkulu kenako Cathedral. Limatanthauzanso mzinda wamasiku ano wokhala ndi akachisi ake, munda wamaluwa ndi malo owonera nyengo; National Astronomical Observatory ku Tacubaya; masukulu a Medicine, Engineering, Mining, Fine Arts, Jurisprudence, Commerce, Arts ndi Crafts; Sukulu Yapamwamba ndi sukulu za atsikana ndi atsikana, akhungu ndi ogontha, komanso Seminale ya Conciliar. Imagogomezera malo olemba ndi asayansi monga Mexico Society of Geography and Statistics, Natural History Society ndi Language Society; limanenanso za malaibulale aboma ndi malo owonetsera zakale. Ili ndi mabwalo, mayendedwe, misika, mahotela, malo ochitira zisudzo, minda yazomera ndi zosangalatsa, komanso ma pantheon. Kenako lembani zozungulira monga Santa Anita, Ixtacalco, Mexicalcingo, ndi Ixtapalapa.
Pambuyo pake, mu 1894, adapanga buku lapadera la Geography komanso mbiri ya Federal District. Murguía, 1894.
Bukuli limaperekedwa ngati buku lamankhwala, lopangidwira anthu ambiri momwe zimafotokozedwera za Federal District. Ikulongosola komwe idachokera komanso magawano ake andale, kuyambira pomwe idaphatikizidwa mu Constitution ya 57 ndikutanthauzira kwawo ngati nyumba yaboma kapena feduro. Imafotokozera momwe kazembe amatchulidwira, ntchito zake, momwe Khonsolo ya Mzinda imapangidwira komanso mphamvu zake.
Gawo loyambalo, limafotokoza za komwe Federal District idayambira, mabungwe omwe amapanga ndipo omwe ndi akuluakulu aboma. Ili ndi zilembo zazinthu zingapo: imodzi yokhudza magawano andale, momwe akuwonetsera madera omwe amapanga tawuni ya Mexico, ndi matauni omwe agawikidwako ndipo komwe kumachokera matauni akulu. Ma chart ena amafotokoza momwe amasinthira komanso mawonekedwe ake, kuloza kumapiri, mitsinje ndi nyanja; nyengo ndi zinthu zachilengedwe; anthu ambiri; matauni aku Mexico ndikukulitsa mzindawu, mapulani ake ndi magawidwe ake: nyumba zogona, zotchinga, misewu ndi mabwalo, kuyatsa ndi dzina la misewu.
Mu gawo lachiwiri, adalemba mbiri yakale kuyambira paulendo wa Aaztec mpaka kukhazikitsidwa kwa Tenochtitlan, komwe amafotokoza malinga ndi kafukufuku wakale wofukula m'mabwinja wa nthawi yake; Kenako amalankhula za momwe mzinda wachikoloni udaliri, kuti kenako atchulire mzinda wanthawi yake momwe amatchulira akachisi, nyumba zachifumu zamabungwe, nyumba zophunzitsira anthu, malo ochitira zisudzo, maulendo, zipilala, tívolis, juga, mahotela ndi misika. Pomaliza, alemba mndandanda wamawu aku Mexico omwe ali pantchitoyi.
Chofunikira kwambiri ndi zojambulajambula za Antonio García Cubas, yemwe adalimbikitsa, m'moyo wake wonse, kuti apatse mtunduwo chithunzi. Ntchitoyi idzakhala yolinganizidwa bwino ngati ingatanthauze zopereka molingana kuti kutenga nawo gawo pantchito yayikulu yomanga dziko yochitidwa ndi mibadwo pambuyo poti Ufulu ukutanthauza. Chionekera koposa zonse malingaliro ake ogwirizana amtunduwu, momwe adayesera kuphatikiza madera ake, anthu ake komanso mbiri yawo.
Chitsime: Mexico mu Time # 22 Januware-February 1998
