Graeme Stewart, mtolankhani waku Scottish yemwe amakhala ku Mexico City, amafunsa za chidwi cha nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale komwe amakhala.
Titha kunena kuti m'maiko onse aku Latin America, Mexico ndi yomwe ili ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi zomwe zidachitika kale ndi chikhalidwe chawo, ndipo kuti zitsimikizire izi, ingoyang'anani mizere yayitali yolowera m'malo osiyanasiyana owonetsera zakale. Zikwi zikwizikwi kuti muwone ziwonetsero zaposachedwa; zochitikazo zikukumbutsa zomwe zimawonedwa munyumba zakujambula zazikulu kwambiri komanso zakale zakale ku Madrid, Paris, London ndi Florence.
Koma pali kusiyana kwakukulu: m'malo opangira zaluso padziko lapansi ambiri, ngati si ambiri mwa omwe amafola patsogolo pa Prado, Louvre, British Museum kapena Uffizi, ndi alendo. Ku Mexico, ambiri mwa omwe akudikirira padzuwa ndi anthu aku Mexico, anthu wamba otsimikiza kuti asaphonye ziwonetsero zaposachedwa kwambiri zomwe zimatsegulidwa m'mizinda yayikulu mdzikolo.
Anthu aku Mexico ali ndi chikhalidwe chawo, ndiye kuti, akuwoneka kuti ali ndi chidwi chachikulu pazinthu zokhudzana ndi komwe adachokera. Ndipo mizu imeneyi ikafika pachionetsero, sazengereza: masukulu, mafakitale ndi makampani amalimbikitsa, kugula matikiti ndi kupeza malo awo m'mizere yomwe imatha kuzungulira mizinda ingapo pomwe anthu okonda ku Mexico amadikirira nthawi yawo. kusangalala ndi zaluso, sayansi ndi mbiri.
Chizolowezi cholimbikira
Roxana Velásquez Martínez del Campo sangabise chidwi chake akamayankhula za anthu aku Mexico komanso chikondi chawo komanso kuyamikira kwawo zaluso. Monga director of the Palacio de Bellas Artes, ntchito yake ndikokopa, kukonza ndi kupititsa patsogolo ziwonetsero zomwe zimayikidwa munyumbayi, nyumba yosowa koma yokongola yomwe kunja kwake ndi Neo-Byzantine pomwe mkati mwake muli kalembedwe ka Art Deco.
Ndi maso owala ndikumwetulira, akuti, "Mwinamwake ndi gawo lathu labwino kwambiri. Mwa kuphwanya mbiri yonse ya opezekapo pazionetsero zaluso, tikuwonetsa dziko lapansi kuti Mexico ndi dziko lokonda kwambiri chikhalidwe chawo. Zisonyezero, zoimbaimba, zisudzo ndi malo owonetsera zakale nthawi zonse zimakhala zodzaza ndi anthu aku Mexico omwe amasangalala nazo ”.
Malinga ndi mkuluyu, izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa "Mexico idakhala zojambulajambula kuyambira nthawi ya Spain isanachitike. Ngakhale m'matawuni mumakhala malo owonetsera zakale komanso ziwonetsero zomwe zimakopa anthu ambiri. Mutha kutenga taxi ndipo woyendetsa taxi ayamba kukambirana za ziwonetsero zakunja zomwe zitha kuwonetsedwa. Apa ndikomwe kumakhalapo ”.
M'zaka mazana atatu za kudzipereka, zaluso ndi chikhalidwe zimatanthauza chilichonse kwa anthu aku Mexico. Chilichonse chimakondweretsedwa, kuyambira pazopatulika mpaka zida zasiliva. Zomwezi zidachitikanso m'zaka za zana la 19 ndi 20, ndipo ojambula padziko lonse lapansi adakopeka ndi Mexico. "Izi zidasiya miyambo yosaiwalika ku psyche yaku Mexico. Popeza tidapita kusukulu ya pulaimale, amatipititsa kukaona malo ojambula ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale.
Zakale
Malinga ndi dongosolo lazidziwitso zikhalidwe za National Council for Culture and the Arts (Conaculta, bungwe lazamalamulo lodzipereka pankhani zikhalidwe), mwa malo owonetsera zakale 1,112 mdziko lonselo, 137 ali ku Mexico City. Mukapita ku likulu la Mexico, bwanji osayamba ndi malo omwe muyenera kuwona?
• Kuti muwone zaluso zisanachitike ku Puerto Rico, pitani ku Meya wa Museo del Templo (Seminario 8, Centro Histórico), komwe zidutswa zapadera zomwe zimapezeka mchikondwerero chachikulu cha Aztec zikuwonetsedwa. Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ili ndi magawo awiri, operekedwa kuzinthu zakuthupi ndi zauzimu zaku Mexico. Pang'ono pang'ono, Diego Rivera adapanga Anahuacalli, "nyumba yanyanjayi," yokhala ndi mawonekedwe aku Mexico, situdiyo yake pa Museo Street, ku nthumwi ya Coyoacán. Zikhalidwe zisanachitike ku Puerto Rico mdziko lonselo zili ndi Museum of Anthropology (Paseo de la Reforma ndi Gandhi), imodzi mwazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi.
• Omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi zaluso zaku Mexico komanso mzaka za zana la 19 apeza zidutswa zabwino ku National Museum of Art (Munal, Tacuba 8, Centro Histórico). Okonda ayeneranso kuyang'ana zojambula zokongoletsa ku Franz Mayer Museum (Av. Hidalgo 45, Centro Histórico).
• Colegio de San Ildefonso (Justo Sierra 16, Historic Center) ndi malo opangidwira ziwonetsero zakanthawi.
• Kwa iwo omwe amakonda zojambula zopatulika, pali Museum of the Basilica of Guadalupe (Plaza de las Américas, Villa de Guadalupe) ndi Museum of the Sacred Scriptures (Alhambra 1005-3, Col. Portales).
• Luso lamakono ndi imodzi mwamakhadi olimba kwambiri ku Mexico, ndipo palibe malo ochepa oti muziisirira. Njira ziwiri zabwino kwambiri ndi Tamayo Museum (Paseo de la Reforma ndi Gandhi), yomangidwa mu 1981 ndi Teodoro González de León ndi Abraham Zabludovsky, komanso kuwoloka msewu, Museum of Modern Art. Zipinda zozungulira zamanyumba ake amapasa zimakhala ndi zojambula zonse zojambulidwa mzaka za zana la 20 zaku Mexico.
• Pali malo owonetsera zakale angapo odzipereka ku moyo ndi ntchito ya Diego ndi Frida, kuphatikiza Museo Casa Estudio Diego Rivera y Frida Kahlo (Diego Rivera 2, Col. San Ángel Inn) ndi Museo Casa Frida Kahlo (London 247, Col. Del. Carmen Coyoacán).
• Mexico imadziwika bwino ndi ntchito zamanja, ndipo malo abwino kwambiri kuyisilira ndi malo otsegulidwa posachedwa a Museo de Arte (kona ya Revillagigedo ndi Independencia, Centro Histórico).
• Sayansi ndi ukadaulo zikuyimiridwa m'malo owonetsera zakale atatu omwe ali ku Chapultepec Forest: Science and Technology Museum, Papalote Children's Museum ndi Natural History Museum.
Kawirikawiri & zosangalatsa
Zingakhale kuti zopereka zazing'ono zomwe sizodziwika ku Mexico City zimawerengera mwachidwi ludzu ladziko lonse la ziwonetsero ndi ziwonetsero. Ndi anthu okhawo omwe amakonda chikhalidwe chawo omwe amatha kupita kumalo osungiramo zinthu zakale monga:
• Museum of Caricature (Donceles 99, Mbiri Yakale). M'zaka za zana la 18th lomwe kale linali Colegio de Cristo. Alendo atha kuwona zitsanzo za malangizowa kuyambira 1840 mpaka pano.
• Museum of Shoe (Bolívar 36, Mbiri Yakale). Nsapato zachilendo, zachilendo komanso zapadera, kuyambira ku Greece wakale mpaka pano, mchipinda chimodzi.
• Mexico City Photography Archive Museum (pafupi ndi nyumba ya Meya wa Templo). Zithunzi zochititsa chidwi zosonyeza kukula kwa likulu.
• Mitu ina yachilendo ndi monga Museo de la Pluma (Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Col. Lindavista), Museo del Chile y el Tequila (Calzada Vallejo 255, Col. Vallejo poniente), Museo Olímpico Mexicano (Av. Conscripto, Col. Lomas de Sotelo) ndi Interactive Museum of Economy (Tacuba 17, Historical Center), yomwe likulu lake linali Betlemitas Convent m'zaka za zana la 18.
Jambulani unyinji
Carlos Philips Olmedo, director of the three of the most popular museum museum: Dolores Olmedo, Diego Rivera Anahuacalli ndi Frida Kahlo, amakhulupirira kuti kufunika kwa Mexico kwa zaluso ndi zikhalidwe kumachokera ku chikondi chadziko cha mtundu ndi mawonekedwe.
Popuma pa chiwonetsero cha Diego Rivera ku Palacio de Bellas Artes, akutsimikiza kuti: "Inde, ndichinthu chodabwitsa koma ndichachilengedwe, osati kwa anthu aku Mexico okha komanso anthu onse. Tawonani ntchito yokomera anthu ojambula ojambula ngati Sir Henry Moore waku Britain ndipo muwone kutchuka kwawo padziko lonse lapansi. Zojambula zazikulu zili ndi mphamvu yosunthira anthu; ndizofunikira mwachilengedwe chathu kukhala ndi chidwi ndi zaluso, kufunafuna zaluso, ndikudziwonetsera tokha kudzera zaluso.
“Fufuzani ku Mexico konse ndipo mupeza kuti pali mitundu yambiri yazonse kuyambira kunyumba zathu mpaka zovala zathu mpaka chakudya chathu. Mwina ife aku Mexico timafunikira kwambiri kuwona zinthu zokongola komanso zokongola. Timamvetsetsanso momwe wojambula ngati Frida Kahlo adamva zowawa zopweteka ndikuzichitira kudzera muukadaulo wake. Izi zimakopa chidwi chathu; tikhoza kuzindikira nawo.
“Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndimakhulupirira kuti chidwi chazaluso chimakhudza kwambiri umunthu wamunthu. Mwinamwake ndizovuta kwambiri ku Mexico; ndife okondwa, anthu abwino ndipo titha kuzindikira ndi zaluso zaluso mosavuta ".
Mphamvu yotsatsa
Kukayikira kotsitsimula kunachokera kwa a Felipe Solís, director of National Museum of Anthropology, bambo yemwe adawonetsa ziwonetsero zingapo zakukula kwa mayiko, mdziko lonselo komanso akunja.
National Museum of Anthropology ndiye mwala wamtengo wapatali pampando wamamyuziyamu aku Mexico. Malo akuluakuluwa ali ndi ziwonetsero 26 zomwe zakonzedwa kuti ziwonetse zikhalidwe zonse zisanachitike ku Spain kudzera munthawi. Kuti athandizidwe bwino, omwe akutenga nawo mbali ayenera kukonzekera maulendo awiri. Imakopa anthu masauzande ambiri kumapeto kwa sabata iliyonse ndipo amafunikanso kwambiri akamalandira zitsanzo zapadera, monga ya a Farao mu 2006 kapena ochokera ku Persia ku 2007.
Komabe, Solís sagwirizana ndi lingaliro loti anthu aku Mexico ali ndiubwenzi wapadera ndi zaluso. M'malo mwake, akutero, kupezeka kwakukulu pazowonetsa zapamwamba kumachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zitatu: kupembedza, kulengeza, ndi kuloledwa kwaulere kwa ana ochepera zaka 13. Nthawi zonse amakonda kunena kuti: "Ndikuganiza kuti kukhulupirira kuti anthu aku Mexico amakonda kwambiri zaluso ndi nkhambakamwa chabe. Inde, mazana zikwizikwi amapita kuzionetsero zazikulu, koma mitu monga maharahara kapena Frida Kahlo ndi mitu yachipembedzo.
"Kutenga chitsanzo ku gulu lina, ndikadatha kupanga chionetsero cha Diana, Mfumukazi ya Wales, pakhoza kukhala mizere yomwe izungulira bwaloli, usana ndi usiku, kwa milungu ingapo. Ndipo chionetsero sichidzakopa anthu pokhapokha ngati chidzafotokozedwe bwino. Komanso, kumbukirani kuti ana osakwana zaka 13 ali ndi ufulu kulowa m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale. M'malo mwake, ndi 14% yokha ya alendo obwera ku nyumbayi omwe amalipira kuti alowe. Chifukwa chake makolo amabweretsa ana ndipo makamu amakula. Mukapita kukayendera malo osungira zakale ochepa, simupeza alendo ambiri. Pepani, koma sindikuganiza kuti anthu aku Mexico ali ndi chidwi chofuna luso komanso zikhalidwe zazikulu kuposa za ena ".
Mkati ndi kunja
Katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu Alejandra Gómez Colorado, wokhala ku Mexico City, anali ndi mwayi wosagwirizana ndi a Solís. Amanyadira kuti nzika zawo zimawoneka kuti zili ndi chidwi chofuna kusilira zaluso.
Gómez Colorado, yemwe adayang'anira chiwonetsero choperekedwa kwa a Farao ku National Museum of Anthropology, akukhulupirira kuti kupita kuzionetsero monga Farao ndi Persia kumathandiza anthu aku Mexico kutenga malo awo padziko lapansi. Iye anafotokoza kuti: “Kwa zaka mazana ambiri anthu a ku Mexico ankayang'ana mkatimo ndipo mwanjira inayake ankadzimva kuti sanatengeke ndi dziko. Takhala tikukhala ndi zaluso zambiri komanso zikhalidwe zambiri, koma zonse zinali zaku Mexico. Ngakhale lero, kunyada kwathu ndi National Museum of Anthropology, yomwe imafotokoza nkhaniyi, kapena nkhani, za Mbiri Yathu. Chifukwa chake padzakhala chiwonetsero chamayiko ena, anthu aku Mexico amabwera kudzaonera. Amakonda kudzimva kuti ali mbali ya dziko lapansi, kuti azilumikizana ndi zaluso zaku Mexico zokha, komanso zaluso ndi zikhalidwe zaku Europe, Asia ndi Africa. Zimawapatsa kudzimva kuti ali m'gulu lalikulu komanso kuti Mexico yasokoneza malingaliro ake ”.
Pokonzekera chiwonetsero, Gómez Colorado imamvetsetsa kufunikira kokonzekera, kulimbikitsa ndi kutsatsa; pambuyo pake, amenewo ndi gawo la ntchito yawo. “Palibe amene angatsutse kuti kapangidwe ka chionetserochi ndi kofunika, monganso atolankhani komanso otsatsa. Zowona kuti izi zimatha kuyendetsa kapena kuwononga chiwonetsero. Mwachitsanzo, chiwonetsero cha Frida Kahlo ku Palacio de Bellas Artes chidapangidwa mokongola, ndikupatsa mlendo woyamba zojambula zake zoyambirira kenako ndi zithunzi za Frida ndi anthu am'nthawi yake, asanawonetse ntchito zake zabwino kwa owonera. Zinthu izi sizimangochitika mwangozi, koma zakonzedwa mwanzeru kuti ziwonjezere chisangalalo cha aliyense amene amatenga nthawi ikubwera. "
Choyamba pamzere
Ndiye chilengedwe kapena maphunziro? Zokambiranazi zipitilira, koma akatswiri ambiri amaganiza kuti kufunitsitsa kwa anthu aku Mexico kuti azisilira zaluso, kapena ngakhale ntchito za amisiri m'matawuni, ndizomwe zimachitika ku Mexico.
Komabe, nditawona unyinji wa ziwonetsero zazikulu, sindikuika pachiwopsezo: ndidzakhala woyamba pamzere.
Gwero: Scale Magazine No. 221 / December 2007
