Oaxaca ndi amodzi mwa mayiko olemera kwambiri ku Mexico, ndi malo ake olimba pomwe Madre del Sur, Madre de Oaxaca ndi Atravesada mapiri amasonkhana, omwe adakhalapo kuyambira 1600 BC. Nyengo zake zosiyanasiyana, dothi lake ndi nkhalango, zomera zake zolemera, migodi yake, mitsinje ndi magombe, zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu amtunduwu omwe adapanga mawonekedwe ena ovuta.
Dera la Oaxacan lili ndi zaka zikwi khumi ndi ziwiri zakusintha, mmenemo timapeza umboni wamagulu osaka nyama osaka, komanso zitsanzo za malo amchere m'mipata ya Nochixtlán ndi Oaxaca.
Midzi yoyamba idakhazikitsidwa m'chigwa cha Etla (1600 BC), ndimagulu aanthu omwe amangokhala kumene pantchito zaulimi, omwe angadziwe zakuthambo ndi zachipembedzo zambiri (kuphatikiza chipembedzo cha akufa), zolemba, komanso ochulukirapo, mwa zina zopita patsogolo. Gawo lakale lidayamba ndimagulu a anthu masauzande angapo omwe amakhala kale m'modzi mwamizinda yoyamba ku America: Monte Albán, pomwe gulu la Zapotec limalamulira ndale zachigawo chapakati. Pambuyo pake, munthawi yamaphunziro, mizinda (1200-1521 AD) ikalamulidwa ndi olemekezeka ndi mafumu. Zitsanzo zamatauni ang'onoang'ono kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi Mitla, Yagul, ndi Zaachila.
Gulu lina lomwe limalamulira dera lamtunduwu ku Mesoamerica ndi a Mixtecs (omwe sanadziwike kwenikweni), omwe nawonso amalowa. Izi zidakhazikika koyamba ku Mixteca Alta ndipo kuchokera pamenepo adafalikira chigwa cha Oaxaca. Gulu ili limadziwika ndi kutulutsa bwino kwa zinthu monga ma polychrome ceramics, ma codices ndi kupangagolide. Kukula kwamphamvu kwa a Mixtecos ndikukula kwawo kudafika ku Mixteca Alta ndi zigwa zapakati pa Oaxaca, zomwe zimalamulira kapena kupanga mgwirizano. Ahuizotl, mfumu yaku Mexico mchaka cha 1486, malinga ndi Cocijoeza (Mr. Zaachila), adapita ku Tehuantepec ndi Soconusco ndikukhazikitsa njira zamalonda. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 16 panali ziwopsezo zakomweko motsutsana ndi wowukira waku Mexico, zomwe zidaponderezedwa, ndipo pobwezera omwe adawazunzidwa amayenera kulipira katundu wolemetsa.
Pakadali pano, Oaxaca ndi dziko la Republic komwe kuli nzika zambiri komwe timapeza magulu azilankhulo 16 ochokera ku Mesoamerican, ndikupulumuka kwa miyambo yamakolo. Tsamba lomwe likupezeka mumzinda wa Oaxaca (Huaxyacac), lidayamba (1486), malo ankhondo omwe akhazikitsidwa ndi Ahuizotl mfumu yaku Mexico.
Dera lokhala ndi anthu ambiri limalimbikitsa olandawo, kugwa kwa Mexico Tenochtitlán, kuti alamulire, mwazifukwa zina, kuti apeze golide mumitsinje ya Tuxtepec ndi Malimaltepec.
Pakati pa anthu aku Spain omwe adalowa m'derali tili ndi Gonzalo de Sandoval yemwe, atapereka chilango chokhwima ku Mexica yomwe idatsalira ku Tuxtepec, idagonjetsa dera la Chinantec mothandizidwa ndi anthu aku Mexico komanso Tlaxcalans omwe adatsagana naye. Cholinga chake chitakwaniritsidwa ndipo ndi chilolezo cha Cortés, adapitiliza kugawa maphukusi.
Zambiri zitha kulembedwa zakugonjetsedwa kwa asirikali m'derali, koma tifotokoza mwachidule ponena kuti, m'malo ena, kunali kwamtendere (mwachitsanzo, a Zapotec), koma panali magulu omwe adamenya nkhondo kwanthawi yayitali, monga Mixtecos ndi Mixes, omwe amatha kuwayang'anira. kwathunthu patatha zaka zambiri. Kugonjetsedwa kwa derali kunadziwika, monga kwina kulikonse, chifukwa cha nkhanza zake, kuchuluka kwake, kuba ndi kuyamba kuwonongedwa kwamaganizidwe azikhalidwe za anthu ozikika kwambiri mwa amuna onga awa, achikhalidwe champhamvu chotere.
