Munali chaka cha 900. Kutentha ndi ng'anjo yakufa, wosula golidi wakale adauza azinzake achichepere momwe kugwiritsira ntchito chitsulo kunayambira pakati pa a Mixtec.
Ankadziwa kuchokera kwa makolo ake kuti zinthu zoyambirira zachitsulo zidabwera ndi amalonda ochokera kumayiko akutali. Izi zinali zaka zambiri zapitazo, zochuluka kwambiri kotero kuti padalibenso kukumbukira. Amalonda awa, omwe akuyendabe m'mphepete mwa nyanja, adabweretsa zinthu zambiri kuti asinthanitse; Adabwera kukafufuza, mwazinthu zina, zigoba zofiira ndi nkhono, zolemekezedwa kwambiri pamiyambo yawo yachipembedzo.
Pachiyambi, chitsulo chinali chosakanizidwa; kenako, kupatula kumenyedwa kozizira, adakuwotcha kuti asapwanye. Pambuyo pake, amalonda akunja adatiphunzitsa osula golide momwe angapangire nkhungu ndi kusungunula chitsulo: adabweretsa zidutswa zokongola zomwe zimawala ngati dzuwa.Anatineneranso momwe mitsinje imakhalira ndi diziñuhu wachikaso wowala m'madzi awo; Iwo anali ndi nthawi yokwanira yochitira izo, chifukwa pamene nyanja inakwiya iwo anakhala nthawi yayitali mmaiko athu. Kuyambira pamenepo, golidiyo adasonkhanitsidwa m'mitsinje yazombo zapadera, kuti akazitengere ku msonkhano, komwe gawo lina limasungunuka ngati matailosi ndipo lina, laling'ono, limatsalira monga kusungunula mbewuzo pang'ono ndi pang'ono.
Posachedwa, zonse zomwe amalonda akunja adawaphunzitsa, osula golide a Mixtec adadutsa mwanzeru zawo: ndi iwo omwe adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito yoyera yoyera (dai ñuhu cuisi), siliva, chitsulo cha Mwezi, chogwirizana ndi golide, ndipo mwanjira imeneyi adakwanitsa kugwira ntchito bwino ndipo adatha kupanga ntchito zatsatanetsatane pogwiritsa ntchito ulusi wowoneka bwino komanso wagolide wabwino, womwe adapeza pakuponyera chimodzimodzi chidutswacho.
Njira yolumikizira, yomwe adaphunziranso kuchokera kwa amalonda akunja, idagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu tumbaga - aloyi wokhala ndi golide pang'ono ndi mkuwa wambiri - kuti awamalize ngati "golide wabwino": chinthucho chidatenthedwa mpaka mkuwa idapanga gawo pamwamba, pambuyo pake madzi amchere a mbewu zina - kapena mkodzo wakale kapena alum - adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti achotse. Mapeto omwewo atha kupezeka mwachindunji ndi "zokutira zagolide". Mosiyana ndi akunja, osula golide a Mixtec sanagwiritse ntchito njirayi pafupipafupi, chifukwa amawonjezera mkuwa pang'ono pazitsulo zawo.
Pamene wosula golidi wakale adapita kukagwira ntchito kumaloko kuti akaphunzire ntchito ya abambo ake, adadabwa kwambiri kuwona momwe nyundo, pogwiritsa ntchito mallet amtengo wapatali komanso kudalira ma anvils osavuta amitundu yosiyanasiyana, malinga ndi yesani kupanga mphete za pamphuno, makutu, mphete, zingwe zakutsogolo kapena zotengera; Ndi zowonda kwambiri, makala ndi mikanda yadothi zidaphimbidwa, ndipo ndi zokulirapo zidapanga ma disc a mulungu wadzuwa, pomwe, kutsatira malangizo a ansembe, adapanga zojambula zophiphiritsa ndi chisel.
Chizindikiro chilichonse chinali ndi tanthauzo lake (ma frets, mwachitsanzo, ziwonetsero zamulungu za Koo Sau, zidatulutsa njoka). Pazifukwa izi, ma volute, ma meanders, mizere yayifupi ya wavy, mizere yoyenda, tirigu ndi kuluka, ngakhale atakhala osula golide, amasungabe zomwezo. Kupanga golide kwa Mixtec kunali kosiyana ndi zinthu zina, monga ulusi woonda womwe umafanana ndi zingwe - zomwe, kuphatikiza pa nthenga ndi maluwa, ojambulawo adapanga mawonekedwe a milungu- komanso mabelu a sonorous omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumaliza zidutswazo.
Ife ma Mixtec ndife onyadira kwambiri ndi zidutswa zathu zagolide; Takhala tikukhala eni ake a chikaso chowala, zinyalala za Dzuwa Mulungu Yaa Yusi, zomwe iye mwini amazisunga m'mitsinje yathu; ndife olemera kwambiri mchitsulo ichi, ndipo timachilamulira. Amisiri a golidi amaloledwa kugwira ntchito ndi golidi, koma ndi olemekezeka okha, olamulira, ansembe ndi ankhondo omwe angagwiritse ntchito zinthu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo ichi, chifukwa zimawoneka ngati zopatulika.
Amisiri a golidi anapanga zodzikongoletsera ndi zizindikiro. Omwe adapereka kusiyanitsa ndi mphamvu kwa omwe amawavala: ndolo, maunyolo, zikopa zapachifuwa, zikopa, zibangili, zibangili, mphete zazing'onoting'ono ndi zina zokhala ndi pakhosi, misomali yabodza, zimbale zosalala kapena zokongoletsera zokongoletsera ndi zopindika za turquoise ndi lamellae kuti zisokedwe mosiyanasiyana zovala. Zizindikirazo, mbali yawo, zidawonetsa kutsogola pakati pa olemekezeka; anali kuvala molingana ndi mzere-monga ma tiaras, zisoti zachifumu ndi zisoti zachifumu-, kapena kuyenera kunkhondo - monga mphete zam'mphuno, mabatani amphuno ndi labia. Kudzera m'miyala ndi zizindikilo izi, wolamulira adawonetsa kuti anali mbadwa ya milungu; Anamupatsa mphamvu, ndichifukwa chake adalamulira ndipo mawu ake anali lamulo.
Zinthu zagolide zamtengo wapatali zomwe tinapanga poyamba zinali za milungu yathu, ansembe, ankhondo ndi olamulira; kenako, tinayamba kuzigulitsa m'mizinda ina ikuluikulu, kunja kwa dera lathu. Koma tidangogulitsa zinthuzo! Chidziwitso chopanga chidutswa ndichinsinsi chomwe osula golide amayang'anira mwansanje, ndikuchiyendetsa kuchokera kwa bambo kupita kwa mwana.
Choyamba chinthucho chidapangidwa ndi sera; kenako nkhungu wamakala ndi dongo anapangidwa, kusiya "zotulutsa" zina kuti mpweya utuluke mukatsanulira chitsulo chosungunuka. Kenako nkhunguyo idayikidwa mu bracero, kuti sera ikasungunuke ndikuchotsa zibowo zomwe zimakhalamo ndi golide.
Nkhungu sayenera kuchotsedwa pamoto, chifukwa imakhala yotentha komanso yopanda chinyezi kapena sera panthawi yoponya golideyo; chitsulocho, chimasungunuka munthawi yomweyo, chimatsanulira mkamwa mwa nkhunguyo kuti idutsenso pazitsulo zotsalira ndi sera.
Nkhunguyo imayenera kuloledwa kuzizirira pang'onopang'ono mu brazier yomwe yazimitsidwa kale; kamodzi kuzizira kwathunthu, nkhunguyo idathyoledwa ndipo chidutswacho chidachotsedwa; Pambuyo pake, idayikidwa polish ndi kuyeretsa: kupukuta koyamba kunali kuchotsa zipsera m'makotowo; ndiye kusamba kwa alum kunayikidwa pachidutswacho ndipo ma oxides am'mwamba adachotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha; pamapeto pake, asanayipukutenso, idapatsidwa asidi wosamba, kuti golidiyo akhale wowala kwambiri.
Ife a Mixtec tili ndi chidziwitso chogwiritsa ntchito bwino zitsulo: timadziwa momwe tingagwiritsire ntchito ma alloys, momwe tingapangire kuzizira ndi kutentha, mwina pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zodzaza, monga makhiristo amkuwa ndi siliva, kapena posungunula magawo awiriwo kuti mulowe nawo, osawonjezera chitsulo china; Tikhozanso kusungunula zitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito nyundo. Timasangalala kwambiri ndi ntchito yathu tikapeza kuti magawo omwe agulitsidwa pamodzi sangathe kusiyanitsidwa! Timadziwa kupanga, sitampu, miyala yosakhwima ndi ma emboss, ndipo tikudziwa chida choyenera kuti tikwaniritse mapangidwe okhazikika kapena ozungulira.
Osula golide adakwanitsa kuchita izi komanso kudziwa njira zoponyera kuti atha kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo ziwiri - golide ndi siliva - muchikombole chomwecho kupanga zinthu zovuta kwambiri: golide adatsanulidwa koyamba, chifukwa malo ake osungunuka ndi apamwamba. mkulu, kenako kuziziritsa kwina, komabe ndi nkhungu yotentha pa brazier, siliva idachotsedwa.
Mphetezo, makamaka zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi mbalame, zimafuna kukonzanso mwaluso kwambiri, popeza, kuphatikiza pakufuna nkhungu zingapo, ziwalo zonse zomwe zimapanga chidutswacho ziyenera kusungunuka ndikutsekedwa.
Osula golidi anali kuyang'aniridwa ndi ansembe, makamaka pamene amayenera kuimira milungu mu mphete, zokongoletsera, zopangira ndi zotsekemera: Toho Ita, mbuye wa maluwa ndi chilimwe; Koo Sau, njoka yopatulika yamapiko; Iha Mahu, Wopendekeka, mulungu wa masika ndi osula golide; Yaa Dzandaya, mulungu wa Underworld; Ñuhu Savi kapena Dazahui, mulungu wa mvula ndi mphezi, ndi Yaa Nikandii, mulungu wa dzuwa, wophatikizidwa ndi golidi yemwe. Onsewa adayimilidwa ngati amuna, kuphatikiza Dzuwa, lomwe linatulutsidwanso ngati mabwalo osalala kapena ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa. Milunguyo inali ndi mawonekedwe owoneka mozungulira: nyamazi, ziwombankhanga, mbola, agulugufe, agalu, mphalapala, akamba, achule, njoka, kadzidzi, mileme ndi ma oposamu. Zithunzi za zochitika zachilengedwe zomwe zinagwidwa mu zidutswa zinayang'aniridwanso ndi ansembe.
Usiku unali utagwa, ndipo ng'anjo yotentha inali pafupifupi kozizira kwambiri. Ophunzira achichepere amayenera kupuma pantchito, chifukwa tsiku lotsatira, ndi cheza choyambirira m'mawa, amayenera kubwerera ku msonkhano kukakhala amisili a Dzuwa.
Wosula golide wakale adayang'ana mozungulira malowo ndikuyang'ana pa imfa:
Imodzi mwa ntchito zanga zoyambirira inali kupukuta, ndi nsalu yofewa ya thonje, mapepala achitsulo opukutidwa omwe amayikidwa mu die iyi.
Chaka ndi 1461. Wopanga siliva wakale anamwalira kalekale, monganso omvera ake omvetsera. Luso lopanga golide limapitilizabe kukulitsidwa ndimphamvu yomweyo, kunyada komanso changu. Ndondomeko ya Mixtec yakhazikitsidwa chifukwa choti osula golide amadziwa ndikuyika mu ntchito zawo zizindikilo ndi milungu yomwe imadziwika ndikulemekezedwa ndi anthu onse ozungulira.
Coixtlahuaca ndi mayikowo agwera pansi pa ulamuliro wa Mexica; pang'ono ndi pang'ono, maulamuliro ena a Mixtec nawonso ali pansi pa Tenochtitlan; zinthu zambiri zagolide zimafika kulikulu limenelo ngati msonkho. Ku Tenochtitlan mutha kupeza ntchito zopangidwa ku Mixtec komwe kuli osula golide komanso ku Azcapotzalco, mzinda womwe Mexica idasamutsira zokambirana za a Mixtec.
Nthawi imapita. Sizinakhale zophweka kugonjetsa a Mixtec: Tututepec ikupitilizabe kukhala likulu la Mixteca de la Costa; mzinda womwe kale unali wolamulira wamphamvu 8 Jaguar Claw Deer ndiye nyumba yokhayokha yodziyimira pawokha ku Mexico.
Chaka cha 1519 chafika. A Mixes awona nyumba zoyandama; alendo ena akubwera. Kodi abweretsa zinthu kuti asinthanitse? Inde, mikanda yamagalasi yabuluu, yazidutswa zagolide.
Kuyambira pomwe Hernán Cortés adafunsa Moctezuma kuti golideyo anali kuti, zinali zowonekeratu kuti ku Oaxaca. Chifukwa chake, chitsulo cha Mexica chidabwera m'manja mwa Spain ngati zofunkha zankhondo komanso kudzera m'mabwinja amanda.
Pamene kugonjetsako kunachitika, a Mixtec adapitiliza kupereka msonkho wawo ndi golide: zinthu zamtengo wapatali zomwe zimayambira. Milungu, idasandulika ingots, idapita kumayiko akutali, komwe, kusungunukanso ndikusandulika ndalama, palibe amene adatha kuzindikira. Ena mwa iwo, omwe adayikidwa m'manda, amayesa kuti asadziwike: chete, samatulutsa kuwala. Otetezedwa ndi dziko lapansi, amadikirira kuti ana awo owona awonekere popanda kuwopa mbiya. Akatuluka, osula golide azifotokoza nkhani yawo ndikuwateteza; A Mixtec sadzalola kuti zakale zawo zife. Mawu awo ndi amphamvu, osati pachabe amanyamula mphamvu ya Dzuwa.
Chitsime: Ndime za Mbiri No. 7 Ocho Venado, Mgonjetsi wa Mixteca / Disembala 2002
