Msonkhano wa Tecali, tawuni yomwe ili ku Puebla, ndi chitsanzo cha zomangamanga zomwe zikuwonetsa kusunthika kwa mtundu uwu wa onyx pomanga.
Tecali, mtundu wa onekisi
Tecali amachokera ku liwu lachi Nahuatl tecalli (kuchokera ku tetl, miyala, ndi calli, nyumba), chifukwa chake limatha kutanthauziridwa kuti "nyumba yamiyala", ngakhale tanthauzo ili silikugwirizana ndi chomwe chimatchedwa tecali, onyx kapena poblano alabaster, mwala wa metamorphic womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga Mexicoas ochokera m'zaka za zana la 16th, limodzi ndi tezontle ndi chiluca.
Popeza kulibe mawu achi Nahuatl amtundu wa onyx, mawu oti tecali adangokhala kutanthauza malo amwala uwu m'derali. Tecali imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakupanga mbale zamaguwa ndi mawindo, popeza zidadulidwa m'mapepala ochepera anali cholowa m'malo mwagalasi chifukwa chowonekera. Mitundu yachikaso yomwe imawonekera m'matchalitchi idapanga mawonekedwe apadera omwe, pamodzi ndi kuwala kwa zoperekera kuguwa, adaphimba parishisiyo m'malo ochepa apadziko lapansi komanso akumwamba, komwe amatha kumverera ngati ukulu waumulungu. Izi zimamveka bwino ndi akatswiri ojambula ndi ojambula, monga Mathías Goeritz popanga mawindo azithunzi zazithunzi zamatchalitchi akuluakulu ku Mexico ndi ku Cuernavaca. Masiku ano tecali imagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zokongoletsera ndi zina, monga guwa ndi zilembo zamadzi zopatulika m'parishi yapano kapena akasupe, ziboliboli kapena zokongoletsa zopangidwa ndi amisiri am'deralo.
Monga matauni athu ambiri, Tecali sadziwika kwenikweni pomwe nyumba ya parishi komanso nyumba yachifumu yodziwika bwino yaku Franciscan munthawi ya atsamunda imadziwika. Lero ndi mabwinja ndipo, ngakhale zili choncho, timayamika ukulu wake ndipo sitingachitepo kanthu kumva zamatsenga ena ozungulira malowa.
Nyumba zomangamanga
Zomangamanga zinali malo olalikirira komanso achipembedzo m'derali. Nyumba za amonke zomwe zimamangidwa ndi anthu aku Franciscans, Dominicans ndi Augustinians zidapitilizabe miyambo yaku Europe, yomwe iyenera kuti idasinthidwa malinga ndi zomwe zidalandidwa, zomwe zidakhudza momwe zidapangidwira. Mtundu womanga nyumba yanyumba ya New Spain sunatsatire mtundu wochotsedwa ku Spain. Poyamba inali yokhazikitsidwa kwakanthawi ndipo pang'ono ndi pang'ono idakonza mtundu wamapangidwe oyenera malinga ndi momwe zinthu ziliri kwanuko, mpaka ndikupanga mtundu womwe umabwerezedwa m'malo ambiri mwa izi: atrium yayikulu yokhala ndi matchalitchi okhala m'makona ake, tchalitchi chotseguka mbali imodzi. za tchalitchi ndi zipinda zamatchalitchi zomwe zimafalikira mozungulira, makamaka kumwera kwa tchalitchi.
Santiago de Tecali
Limodzi mwa maguluwa ndi la Santiago de Tecali. Anthu aku Franciscans adayamba kugwira ntchito kumeneko mu 1554 munyumba yakale, popeza yomwe ili pano ndi ya 1569, yozikidwa pamiyala yamiyala ndi anthu aku Europe komanso azikhalidwe zawo kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa tchalitchicho. Ntchito yomanga nyumbayi idachitika pakati pa 1570 ndi 1580. Malinga ndi Tecali Geographical Relationship, yokonzedwa ndi bambo Ponce mu 1585, chipilalachi chidamalizidwa pa Seputembara 7, 1579 ndipo chidali ndi chipinda chotsikirako chapansi, chipinda chamkati chapamwamba, ma cell komanso tchalitchi. zonse "malonda abwino kwambiri." Bizinesi yabwinoyi imawonetsedwa pakupanga ndi kukongoletsa zovuta zonse makamaka mu tchalitchi: ndi kachisi wokhala ndi ma naves atatu (basilical), mawonekedwe omwe amawapangitsa kukhala osiyana ndi ambiri am'nthawi yake, omwe amatsatira chitsanzo cha chombo chimodzi. Ili ndi façade yokongola yomwe yasungidwa pafupifupi; ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi nyumba ya masisitere yomwe yawonongedwa komanso malo otseguka a tchalitchi omwe adayikidwa pamwamba panthaka kumwera kwa tchalitchi.
Chivundikirocho chimapereka ulemu waukulu. Imakhala yopanga mwanzeru, yokonzedwa ndi kusamalidwa mofanana; izi zikuwonetsa kuti womangayo adadziwa mndandanda wazithunzi zaku nyumba zamabuku akale a Vitruvius kapena Serlio. Zojambulazo zatchulidwanso kuti a Claudio de Areiniega, omanga nyumba ya Don Luis de Velasco, yemwe adapanga dongosolo la Cathedral of Mexico. Khalidwe lachivundikirocho limachipangitsa kuti likhale logwirizana, lopangidwa molingana ndi magawo ena ofanana. Khomo lolowera pakatikati pa nave, lopangidwa ndi kakhonde ka semicircular, lili ndi mawonekedwe osavuta komanso motsatizana bwino kwa mapiramidi kapena miyala ya diamondi, ndi zikwangwani kapena zipolopolo zonena za kupatulira kwa kachisi: Santiago apóstol. Pa soffit, kutsatizana kwa mfundo za diamondi kumabwerezedwa. Mfungulo wapakati ukuwonetsedwa ndi corbel ndipo mwa spandrel pali china chojambulidwa ndi angelo awiri atagwira maubale omwe "amagwirizira" corbel. Potengera kulalikira, angelo pamakomo olowera kumipingo ndi omwe amatsogolera ndi kuyambitsa moyo wachikhristu; Iwo adayikidwa pakhomo, ngati chizindikiro cholalikira kapena Lemba Lopatulika, lomwe ndi mawu ake limatsegulira khristu watsopano, kuti adziwe zambiri za Mulungu.
Ili ndi zipilala zonse ziwiri zokhala ndi zipilala ziwiri zotsekedwa ndi chipolopolo, chomwe chimakhala ndi ziboliboli zinayi: Saint Peter ndi Saint Paul, omwe adayambitsa Mpingo, Saint John ndi woyera woyang'anira malowo, Saint James. Mizatiyo imathandizira chimanga chokhala ndi chidutswa chazithunzithunzi ndi mfundo zinayi. Zomangamanga izi zimapereka chivundikirocho kukhala chikhalidwe chake, chotchedwanso purist Renaissance. Tsambali limatsagana ndi makomo olowera m'misewu, komanso ozungulira mozungulira ndikulemba ma ashlars ndi ma voussoirs okhala ndi ma grooves, mofanana ndi nyumba zachifumu za Florentine Renaissance. Seti yonseyi idavala chovala chakutsogolo kapena pini wosalala wokhala ndi zipilala, momwe akuti chishango chachifumu ku Spain chinali. Kumbali imodzi kuli belu lokhala ndi likulu; Nsanja ina yofananira mwina idalipo kumapeto kwina kwa façade, monga akuwonetsera ndi maziko omwe analipo kale, omwe, mothandizana nawo, omwe amathandizira kufanana kwa nyumbayo.
Mkati mwa tchalitchichi, chapakati chapakati ndichachikulu komanso chachitali, popeza chimakhala ndi guwa lansembe lalikulu ndipo chimasiyanitsidwa ndi mbali ndi mizere iwiri yazipilala zomwe zimayenderera ponseponse pomanga ndipo zimathandizidwa ndi mizati yosalala yokhala ndi mitu yayikulu. Tuscan. Nyumbayi inali yokongoletsedwa ndi zojambulajambula. Zizindikiro zautoto zomwe zimayamikiridwa bwino zili mchalichi la niche, lomwe limasunga gawo lamalire kapena mzere ndi angelo ndi masamba, okhala ndi zingwe ziwiri zaku Franciscan zofiira. Pamwamba kumtunda kwa njirayo thambo lamtambo wokhala ndi nyenyezi lidapakidwa utoto, chimodzimodzi monga tawonera pakhomo la khomo lakumpoto la kachisi. Msonkhanowu unali ndi utoto wosiyanasiyana wazithunzi, monga momwe tingawonere mu sacristy, pomwe phulusa lidapakidwa poyerekeza ndi matailosi otchedwa chopukutira kapena okhala ndi ma triangles opendekera, komanso zokongoletsera zamaluwa pazenera. Mwa zipinda zina zonse, mabwinja okha ndi omwe atsala omwe amatipempha kuti tiganizire momwe zingakhalire, ndichifukwa chake mpandawo uli ndi ndakatulo inayake, monga mlendo kuderalo ananenera.
Muubale womwe watchulidwa kale wa Tecali zikuwonetsedwanso kuti tchalitchicho chinali ndi denga lamatabwa pansi pa denga lamatabule lokhala ndi matailosi, denga lodziwika bwino munthawi yoyamba ya atsamunda ija. Ku Mexico tili kale ndi zitsanzo zochepa za matabwa odabwitsawa ndipo Tecali atha kukhala m'modzi wa iwo, zikadakhala kuti sanamenyedwe ndi wamkulu wina dzina lake Calixto Mendoza yemwe anamanga ng'ombe kumeneko mu 1920. Komabe, malo owonekerawa amapereka Chisangalalo chokhazikika cha bata ndi mtendere, ndikupempha alendo ndi okhalamo kuti abwere ku nthawi yawo yaulere kuti adzasangalale ndi mabanja awo kapena okondedwa awo udzu wabwino womwe tsopano uli pansi pa kachisi, pansi pa dzuwa lowala la Puebla.
Chapansipansi mutha kuwona presbytery yokhala ndi chipilala chachikulu chothandizidwa ndi ma corbels apakati ndikuwonetsedwa ndi diamondi kapena mapiramidi ofanana ndi omwe ali pachikuto, ndikupanga makalata okongoletsa okongoletsa. M'chipinda chomwe chimapanga chipilalacho pali zidutswa zama polygonal caissons zojambulidwa ndi buluu ndi zofiira, zomwe zimathandizira kukongoletsa kwa denga lamatabwa. Izi mwina zidasinthidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 17, pomwe guwa lalikulu lokutidwa mu kalembedwe ka baroque lidalumikizidwa pamenepo, lomwe linali ndi utoto wapachiyambi, momwe chidutswa cha Kalvari chidatsalira. Pakhoma mutha kuwona zogwirizira zamatabwa zomwe zinali ndi chopangira chagolide.
Pansi pa guwa losungidwa limawoneka lopanda tanthauzo komanso lonyalanyazidwa, koma lili ndi nthano yodziwika bwino, malinga ndi a Don Ramiro, wokhala pamalopo. Iye akutsimikiza kuti pobisika pakhomo la mayendedwe ena omwe amalumikizana ndi nyumba yoyandikana nayo ya Tepeaca, kudzera momwe ma friars adadutsa mwachinsinsi komanso komwe adasunga chifuwa ndi zidutswa zamtengo wapatali za trousseau, zomwe "zidasowa" pambuyo pobwezeretsa a malo, mu makumi asanu ndi limodzi.
Pamwamba pa khomo panali kwayala, yothandizidwa ndi zipilala zitatu zotsika zomwe zimalumikizana ndi zipilala zazing'ono zam'mimba, ndikupeza mphambano zokopa. Malowa akuyanjana ndi chikhalidwe cha ku Spain chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1400, chotengera m'matchalitchi achi New Spain.
Zambiri zakuyambilira
Ku Tecali timapezanso mayankho am'zaka zamakedzana: omwe amadziwika kuti masitepe oyenda mozungulira, omwe ndi makonde opyapyala mkati mwa makoma ena ndipo nthawi zina amalola kufalikira kunja kwa nyumbayo. Makonde amenewa anali ndi ntchito yothandiza kukonza makoma, monga momwe ankagwiritsidwira ntchito ku Europe wakale poyeretsa pazenera. Ku New Spain kunalibe mawindo okhala ndi magalasi, koma nsalu kapena mapepala okutidwa omwe amalumikizidwa kapena kufalikira kuti azitha kupuma ndi kuyatsa, ngakhale zili choncho mwina mawindo ena anali otsekedwa ndi mapepala a tecali. Njira ina yomwe inali mkati mwa makomawo inali mawindo omwe amalumikizitsa tchalitchicho ndi chofukizira ndipo amakhala ngati akuulula, pomwe wansembe adadikirira mnyumbayo ndipo olapa amabwera kuchokera ku nave. Kuvomereza kotereku kunasiya kugwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pa Council of Trent (1545-1563), yomwe idakhazikitsa kuti izi ziyenera kukhala mkachisi, chifukwa chake tili ndi zitsanzo zochepa ku Mexico.
Sizikudziwika kuti mipingo ingapo yagolide ndi polychrome yosema maguwa atchalitchi cha Tecali convent inali ndi chiyani, koma awiri apulumuka: imodzi yayikulu ndi mbali imodzi yomwe titha kuwona m'parishi yapano, limodzi ndi zida zina zitatu zagolide, zopangidwira kachisi watsopano. . Imodzi yomwe ili paguwa lansembe laperekedwa kwa Santiago the Apostle, woyang'anira Tecali, wopentedwa mafuta pachikopa chapakati. Imagwiritsa ntchito ma stipe pilasters, omwe amadziwika ku Mexico ngati churriguerescas, omwe adayambitsidwa m'zaka za zana la chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, limodzi ndi ziboliboli za oyera mtima, pakati pa zokongoletsa zazikulu zomwe zimalimbikitsa mawonekedwe ake obiriwira. Kulongosola kwa guwa lakumalako kunayenera kuchitika patangotsala pang'ono kuti agulowo asiyidwe mu 1728, pomwe ntchito yomanga parishiyo ikamalizidwa ndipo zomwe zidalipo mu tchalitchi chakale zidasunthidwa.
Pali zitsime ziwiri zikuluzikulu zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito madzi amvula pogwiritsa ntchito njira zapansi panthaka kuti zigwire madzi ofunikirawo ndikukhala nawo nthawi yadzuwa. Choyambirira chisanachitike ku Puerto Rico cha zitsimezi chinali ma jagüeyes, omwe ma friars adachita bwino powaphimba ndi miyala. Ku Tecali kuli akasinja awiri: umodzi wokutidwa ndi madzi akumwa - kumbuyo kwa tchalitchi - ndi wina woweta ndi kulima nsomba, kutali kwambiri.
Ulendo waku Tecali ndikukumana ndi dzulo, kupumula pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku wotanganidwa. Zimatikumbutsa kuti ku Mexico kuli malo ambiri osangalatsa; Ndi athu ndipo tiyenera kudziwa.
MUKAPITA KU TECALI
Tecali de Herrera ndi tawuni yomwe ili pamtunda wa makilomita 42 kuchokera mumzinda wa Puebla, pamsewu waukulu wa feduro ayi. 150 yomwe imachokera ku Tehuacán kupita ku Tepeaca, komwe mungapatuke kumeneko. Amatchedwa kulemekeza ufulu wowolowa manja Colonel Ambrosio de Herrera.
