Meya wa Templo ali pakatikati pa Mexico City. Nayi nkhani yopezeka ...
Pa Ogasiti 13, 1790, mu Main Square Kuchokera ku Mexico City, chifanizo chachikulu chidapezeka, tanthauzo lake silimatha kufotokozedwa panthawiyo.
Ntchito zomwe adalamulidwa ndi Viceroy Count of Revillagigedo kuti apange zophatikizira ndi zoyikapo pamalopo zidawulula mwala wachilendo. Zambiri pazomwe zapezazi zafika kwa ife chifukwa cholemba ndi zolembera zina zomwe zidasiyidwa ndi woyang'anira halberdier wanyumba yachifumu (lero National Palace), yotchedwa José Gómez. Zolemba zoyambayo zimayenda motere:
"... pabwalo lalikulu, kutsogolo kwa nyumba yachifumu, potsegula maziko ena anatenga fano laulemu, lomwe chithunzi chake chinali mwala wosemedwa kwambiri wokhala ndi chigaza kumbuyo, komanso kutsogolo chigaza china chokhala ndi manja anayi ndi ziwonetsero zina zonse Thupi koma opanda mapazi kapena mutu ndipo Chiwerengero cha Revillagigedo chidali wolowa m'malo ".
Chojambulacho, chomwe chimayimira Zojambula, mulungu wamkazi wa dziko lapansi, anamusamutsira kubwalo la yunivesite. Patapita nthawi, pa Disembala 17 chaka chomwecho, pafupi ndi pomwe anapeza, Mwala wa Dzuwa kapena Kalendala ya Aztec idapezeka. Chaka chotsatira monolith wina wamkulu adapezeka: Piedra de Tízoc. Chifukwa chake, ntchito yowerengera yachiwiri ya Revillagigedo idabweretsa, mwazina, za ziboliboli zitatu zazikulu zaku Aztec, zomwe zidasungidwa mu National Museum of Anthropology.
Zaka zambiri, ngakhale zaka mazana ambiri, zidadutsa, ndipo zinthu zosiyanasiyana zidapezeka m'zaka za zana la 19 ndi 20, mpaka m'mawa pa February 21, 1978, kukumananso kwina kudzaonekera pakachisi wamkulu wa Aztec. Ogwira ntchito ochokera ku Compañía de Luz y Fuerza del Centro anali kukumba pakona m'misewu ya Guatemala ndi Argentina. Mwadzidzidzi, mwala waukulu udawaletsa kupitiriza ntchito yawo. Monga zidachitika pafupifupi zaka mazana awiri zapitazo, ogwira ntchitowo adasiya ntchito ndikudikirira mpaka tsiku lotsatira.
Dipatimenti ya Archaeological Rescue ya National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) idadziwitsidwa ndipo ogwira ntchito ku bungweli adapita pamalowo; Atatsimikizira kuti linali mwala waukulu wokhala ndi zolemba kumtunda, ntchito yopulumutsa pachidutswacho inayamba. Ofukula za m'mabwinja Ángel García Cook ndi Raúl Martín Arana adatsogolera ntchitoyi ndipo zopereka zoyambirira zidayamba kuwonekera. Anali wofukula za m'mabwinja Felipe Solis yemwe, atayang'anitsitsa chosemacho, nthawi ina atamasulidwa padziko lapansi chomwe adachiphimba, adazindikira kuti anali mulungu wamkazi Coyolxauhqui, yemwe adaphedwa paphiri la Coatepec ndi mchimwene wake Huitzilopochtli, mulungu wankhondo. Onsewa anali ana a Coatlicue, mulungu wapadziko lapansi, yemwe chithunzi chake chidapezeka ku Plaza Meya waku Mexico zaka mazana awiri zapitazo…!
Mbiri imatiuza kuti Coatlicue idatumizidwa ku mayunivesite, pomwe mwala wa dzuwa udalowetsedwa mu nsanja yakumadzulo kwa Metropolitan Cathedral, moyang'anizana ndi komwe tsopano ndi Calle 5 de Mayo. Zidutswazi zidatsalira komweko kwa pafupifupi zaka zana, mpaka, pomwe National Museum idapangidwa ndi Guadalupe Victoria mu 1825, ndikukhazikitsidwa ndi Maximiliano mu 1865 pomanga Mint yakale, mumsewu womwewo, adasamutsidwira patsamba lino. . Sitinganyalanyaze kuti kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi zidutswa ziwirizi, wofalitsidwa mu 1792, adafanana ndi m'modzi mwa anzeru anzeru apanthawiyo, a Don Antonio León y Gama, yemwe adafotokoza tsatanetsatane wa kusanthula ndi mawonekedwe a ziboliboli mu buku loyamba lodziwika bwino lofukulidwa m'mabwinja, lotchedwa Historical ndi ndondomeko ya miyala iwiriyo ...
NKHANI YA NKHANI
Zambiri mwazidutswa zomwe zapezeka m'malo omwe timadziwa kuti Historic Center ku Mexico City. Komabe, tiima kwakanthawi kuti tifotokozere zomwe zidachitika koyambirira kwa Colony. Zikupezeka kuti mu 1566, Meya wa Templo atawonongedwa ndipo Hernán Cortés adagawira maere pakati pa akazembe ake ndi abale awo, komwe tsopano ndi ngodya ya Guatemala ndi Argentina, nyumba yomwe abale a Gil ndi Alonso de Ávila amakhala. , ana a wogonjetsa Gil González de Benavides. Nkhaniyi ikuti ana ena a omwe adagonjetsa adachita mosasamala, akukonza magule ndi ma saraos, ndikuti adakana kupereka msonkho kwa amfumu, ponena kuti makolo awo adapereka magazi awo ku Spain ndikuti azisangalala ndi katunduyo. Chiwembucho chinatsogoleredwa ndi banja la Ávila, ndipo Martín Cortés, mwana wa Don Hernán, anali nawo. Atazindikira za chiwembucho ndi olamulira aboma, adapitiliza kumanga Don Martín ndi omwe anali nawo. Anawayimbira mlandu ndipo anaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe pomangidwa mutu. Ngakhale mwana wamwamuna wa Cortés adapulumutsa moyo, abale a Ávila adaphedwa ku Meya wa Plaza ndipo adalamulidwa kuti nyumba yawo iwonongedwe, ndikuti nthaka ibalike ndi mchere. Chodabwitsa chokhudza chochitika ichi chomwe chidadabwitsa likulu la New Spain ndikuti pansi pamaziko a nyumbayo panali zotsalira za Meya wa Templo, zomwe zidawonongedwa ndi omwe adagonjetsa.
Pambuyo popezeka Coatlicue ndi Piedra del Sol m'zaka za zana la 18, zaka zingapo zidadutsa mpaka, cha m'ma 1820, akuluakulu adadziwitsidwa kuti mutu waukulu wa diorite wapezeka m'nyumba ya Concepción. Anali mutu wa Coyolxauhqui, womwe umawonetsa maso otseka theka ndi mabelu pamasaya, malinga ndi dzina lake, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti "yemwe ali ndi mabelu agolide pamasaya ake."
Zidutswa zambiri zamtengo wapatali zidatumizidwa ku National Museum, monga kactus yoperekedwa ndi Don Alfredo Chavero mu 1874 ndi kachidutswa kotchedwa "Sun of the Sacred War" mu 1876. Mu 1901 ofukula adapangidwa pomanga Marquises of the Apartado, ku ngodya ya Argentina ndi Donceles, ndikupeza zidutswa ziwiri zapadera: chosema chachikulu cha jaguar kapena puma chomwe lero chitha kuwoneka pakhomo la Malo a Mexica a National Museum of Anthropology, komanso mutu wa njoka yayikulu kapena xiuhcóatl (njoka yamoto). Zaka zambiri pambuyo pake, mu 1985, chosema cha chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi kabowo kumbuyo kwake chidapezeka, chinthu chomwe chimasonyezanso puma kapena nyamayi, chomwe chimatumikira kukhazika mitima ya omwe adapereka nsembe. Pali zopezedwa zingapo zomwe zakhala zikuchitika mzaka zonsezi, zoyambilira zinali zitsanzo chabe za chuma chomwe gawo laling'ono la Historic Center limasungabe.
Ponena za Meya wa Templo, ntchito ya Leopoldo Batres mu 1900 idapeza gawo la masitepe kumadzulo kwa nyumbayo, koma Don Leopoldo sanazione choncho. Ankaganiza kuti Meya wa Templo anali pansi pa Katolika. Zinali zofukula za Don Manuel Gamio mu 1913, pakona ya Seminario ndi Santa Teresa (lero Guatemala), komwe kudawunikira ngodya ya Meya wa Templo. Chifukwa chake, ndi chifukwa cha a Don Manuel malowa, patadutsa zaka mazana angapo osaganizira za izi, za malo enieni omwe anali kachisi wamkulu wa Aztec. Izi zidatsimikiziridwa bwino ndi zofukulidwa zomwe zidatsata kupezeka mwangozi kwa ziboliboli za Coyolxauhqui, zomwe tikudziwa tsopano kuti Project Meya Project.
Mu 1933, womanga nyumba Emilio Cuevas adakumba zofukula pamaso pa zotsalira za Meya wa Templo wopezeka ndi Don Manuel Gamio, pafupi ndi Cathedral. Padziko lino, pomwe seminale yachipembedzo idakhalapo - chifukwa chake dzina la msewu - wopanga mapulaniwo adapeza zidutswa zingapo ndi zotsalira zomanga. Mwa oyamba, ndikofunikira kuwunikira monolith yayikulu yofanana kwambiri ndi ya Coatlicue, yomwe idalandira dzina la Yolotlicue, chifukwa mosiyana ndi mulungu wamkazi wa dziko lapansi, yemwe siketi yake idapangidwa ndi njoka, amene ali pachithunzichi akuimira mitima (yólotl, "mtima" ", M'Chihuahua). Pakati pa zotsalira za nyumba ndikofunikira kuwonetsa gawo la masitepe okhala ndi denga lalikulu ndi khoma lomwe limayenderera kumwera kenako kutembenukira kummawa. Sizowonjezera kapena zochepa kuposa nsanja yachisanu ndi chimodzi yomanga Meya wa Templo, monga momwe tingawonere ndi ntchito ya ntchitoyi.
Cha m'ma 1948 ofukula mabwinja Hugo Moedano ndi Elma Estrada Balmori adatha kukulitsa gawo lakumwera kwa Meya wa Templo yemwe adafukula zaka zapitazo ndi Gamio. Anapeza mutu wa njoka ndi brazier, komanso zopereka zoyikidwa pansi pazinthuzi.
Kupeza kwina kosangalatsa kunachitika mu 1964-1965, pomwe ntchito yowonjezera Laibulale ya Porrúa idatsogolera pakupulumutsa kachisi wina kumpoto kwa Meya wa Templo. Unali nyumba yoyang'ana kummawa komanso yokongoletsedwa ndi zojambulajambula. Izi zimayimira maski a mulungu Tlaloc wokhala ndi mano atatu oyera oyera, opakidwa utoto wofiyira, wabuluu, lalanje ndi mitundu yakuda. Kachisiyu atha kusamutsidwa kupita ku National Museum of Anthropology, komwe ili pano.
NTCHITO YA Kachisi WIKULU
Ntchito zopulumutsa za Coyolxauhqui ndikufukula kwa zopereka zisanu zoyambirira zitamalizidwa, ntchito ya ntchitoyi idayamba, yomwe idayamba kupeza tanthauzo la Meya wa Templo wa Aaztec. Ntchitoyi idagawika magawo atatu: yoyamba inali yosonkhanitsa deta ya Meya wa Templo kuchokera kuzambiri zofukula zamabwinja komanso mbiri yakale; chachiwiri, pantchito yofukula, yomwe kudera lonselo idasankhidwa kuti izitha kutsatira chilichonse chomwe chidawoneka; Apa panali gulu losiyanasiyana lomwe limapangidwa ndi akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale, akatswiri azikhalidwe komanso obwezeretsa, komanso mamembala a Dipatimenti Yakale ya INAH, monga akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo, akatswiri azachipatala, akatswiri azamadzi, akatswiri ofufuza miyala, ndi zina zambiri, kuti azisamalira mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazinthu. Gawoli lidatenga zaka pafupifupi zisanu (1978-1982), ngakhale kufukula kwatsopano kwachitika ndi mamembala a ntchitoyi. Gawo lachitatu likugwirizana ndi maphunziro omwe akatswiri achita pazinthu, ndiye kuti gawo lotanthauzira, kuwerengera mpaka pano ndi mafayilo opitilira 300, ochokera kwa ogwira ntchito ndi akatswiri adziko lonse komanso akunja. Tiyenera kuwonjezeranso kuti a Templo Mayor Project ndi pulogalamu yofufuza zamabwinja yomwe yasindikizidwa kwambiri mpaka pano, ndimabuku asayansi komanso otchuka, komanso zolemba, kuwunika, maupangiri, mindandanda, ndi zina zambiri.
