Pomwe malonda achindunji pakati pa Manila ndi New Spain adakhazikitsidwa mu 1573, kudzera ku Nao de China, zinthu zamtengo wapatali zochokera Kummawa zidayamba kudzafika mdziko lathu, kuwonjezera pa zonunkhira zamtengo wapatali, monga miyala yamtengo wapatali, mafani, ndi zina zambiri. lacquers, mapepala ojambulidwa ndi manja, mashawelo aminyanga, mipando, zoseweretsa ndi mitundu yonse ya silika ndi nsalu za thonje, zinthu zonse zomwe zimakopa chidwi chawo komanso kusowa kwawo. Mmodzi wa iwo adawonekera modabwitsa kuposa enawo: mapangidwe abwino achi China.
Zitsulo zoyambirira kudzafika ku New Spain zinali za buluu ndi zoyera zokongoletsa kwathunthu ndi mawonekedwe; Komabe, kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 18 mtsogolo, zidutswa za polychrome zidaphatikizidwa mu malondawo, pakati pawo ndi mafashoni omwe masiku ano timadziwa kuti Porcelana de Compañía de Indias, omwe amatenga dzina lake kuchokera ku East India Companies - Makampani apanyanja aku Europe- omwe anali choyamba kunyamula ndi kugulitsa ku Europe kudzera muzitsanzo.
Chofunika kwambiri pa zadothi izi ndi chakuti mawonekedwe ake adalimbikitsidwa ndi zoumbaumba zakumadzulo komanso zopanga golide komanso kukongoletsa kwake kumasakanikirana ndi mitundu yaku China ndi Western, popeza idapangidwa mwapadera, kuwumbidwa ndikukongoletsedwa kuti ikwaniritse kukoma kwa ku Europe. ndi American.
Kwambiri, Porcelain Company of the Indies idapangidwa mumzinda wa Jingdezhen, womwe unali likulu la ceramic ku China; Kuchokera pamenepo, zidatengedwa kupita ku Canton, komwe zidutswa zingapo zidasinthidwa kupita kumisonkhano yomwe idalandira mapangidwe oyera, kapena okongoletsedwa pang'ono, kotero kuti zishango kapena zoyambitsa za eni mtsogolo zidawonjezeredwa kwa iwo malinga ndi momwe amafunira. .
Kumbali inayi, makampani otumiza anali ndi malo awo osungira zidutswa mazana okongoletsedwa kale ndi kapangidwe kofala kwambiri, zomwe zimafotokozera chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri timapeza mitundu yofananira m'magulu a Mexico ndi akunja.
Munali mkatikati mwa zaka za zana la 18 pomwe akatswiri aku New Spain adatsata mafashoni omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi malingaliro aku Europe pakupeza zadothi ndikuyamba kuyitanitsa, koma kudzera njira ina kuchokera ku Makampani a Indies. Popeza New Spain idalibe kampani yanyanja yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ku Canton, malonda a Compañía de Indias Porcelain adachitika makamaka kudzera mwa othandizira aku New Spain - okhala ku Manila - kapena anzawo aku Philippines, omwe adapempha zidutswa zosiyanasiyana zadongo zokongoletsedwa ndi amalonda aku China omwe adafika padokolo.
Pambuyo pake, malamulowo atakonzeka, adatumizidwa ku gombe la New Spain. Pakadali pano, ogulitsira akulu amalandila malonda ake ndipo amayang'anira ntchito zake zamalonda, mwina pogulitsa m'masitolo kapena kugawa kudzera m'nyumba zamalonda zomwe zimawatumiza kwa anthu kapena mabungwe omwe adatumiza kuti apange tebulo lawo pempho lapadera.
Zinyumba zina zina zidabwera ngati mphatso. Mbale, mbale, tureens, saucers, jugs, beseni, mabeseni, zonunkhira ndi zokometsera, ndi zina mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, zopangira tebulo, chimbudzi ndipo, nthawi zina, zokongoletsa, zomwe achi China amayenera kusintha kuchokera mapangidwe achikhalidwe kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zadothi kumadzulo.
Makamaka pamsika wa New Spain, zinthu zingapo zidapangidwa monga mancerinas - amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi chikho chakumwa chokoleti chotchuka- komanso mndandanda wama tebulo, omwe zokongoletsa zake zazikulu zimakhala banja kapena chishango chazoyang'anira pakati pa zidutswa zomwe adapanga.
Umu ndi momwe zimakhalira ndi Proclamation Tableware yotchuka yomwe inali ndi chikumbutso chachikulu kuposa ntchito zantchito ndipo idatumizidwa kuchokera ku China kuti igawidwe pambuyo pake mwa amuna odziwika kwambiri mtawuniyi ngati chikumbutso cholengeza Carlos IV kumpando wachifumu ku Spain. Chifukwa chake, City Council of Mexico, Puebla de los Ángeles, Valladolid (lero Morelia), San Miguel El Grande (lero Allende), Consulate of Mexico, Royal Court ndi Royal and Pontifical University adatumiza kusewera masewerawa ngati gawo zikondwerero zochulukirapo zadzikolo.
Zishango zomwe zikuyimiridwa zidatengedwa pamapangidwe amendulo zokumbukira zopangidwa ndi wolemba wotchuka Gerónimo Antonio Gil, Senior Carver wa Royal Mint komanso director woyamba ku Royal Academy ya San Carlos, yemwe adapanga mendulo zingapo pakati pa 1789 ndi 1791 makhothi ena, makhonsolo ndi maholo amatauni, komanso monga chikumbutso cha mwambowu. Kukhulupirika komwe achi China adatengera mitundu yawo ndikodabwitsa, chifukwa adasindikizanso siginecha ya Gil pazishango zomwe zimakongoletsa zinthuzo.
Ku Mexico lero zadothi izi zimakhalapo, m'magulu azinsinsi komanso m'malo osungirako zinthu zakale, kuphatikiza National Museum of the Viceroyalty kapena Franz Mayer zomwe zikuwonetsa zitsanzo za mbale zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe m'nthawi yawo zinali gawo la Tableware. ya Kulengeza. Nthawi zambiri, zidutswazo zimapangidwa ndi phala wamba lomwe limatulutsa mawonekedwe ofanana ndi khungu lalanje; komabe, timayamika mwa iwo chisamaliro chofotokozera ngakhale zazing'ono kwambiri pakuwonekera.
Ma enamel awa adapangidwa ndi ma oxide azitsulo amitundu yonse, ngakhale ma blues, reds, amadyera, pinki ndi golide ndizambiri. Zambiri mwa zidutswazo adazikongoletsa ndi milozo yamitundu, wonyezimira wagolide komanso malire ena omwe amadziwika kuti "Punta de Lanza", ndiye kuti stylization kapena kutanthauzira kwa fleur de lis ndikuti pamodzi ndi kapangidwe kake zoyipa zikuwonetsa kuti ndi Kampani Yoyumba ya Indies.
Nthawi yomwe olemekezeka anali ndi moyo wachuma, wosiyanasiyana komanso wotanganidwa kwambiri womwe umakhudza maphwando ndi maphwando ndipo momwe zimawonetsedwera pagulu, zovala ndi nyumba, zovalazi zidakhala pamalo otchuka ku trousseau nyumba zachifumu ndi nyumba zikuluzikulu, kugawana malowa ndi zidutswa zasiliva zaku Mexico, makhiristo a Bohemiya ndi nsalu zapamwamba za tebulo ndi zingwe za Flanders.
Tsoka ilo, kupanga kwa Porcelain de Compania de Indias kunachepa pomwe azungu adakwanitsa kupanga zadothi - zopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri-, koma palibe kukayika kuti zaluso zaku China izi zidakhudza kwambiri kukoma kwa Anthu aku Mexico panthawiyo ndipo izi zimawonekera pakupanga kwa ceramic komweko, makamaka kwa Talavera Puebla, m'mapangidwe ake komanso zokongoletsera.
Source: Mexico mu Time No. 25 Julayi / Ogasiti 1998
