Dziko lathu, kuyambira nthawi zam'mbuyomu ku Spain, lakhala likugwiritsa ntchito uinjiniya kuti athetse mavuto azachuma ndikukweza miyoyo ya anthu. Kuchita nawo gawo sikunachitike kokha pazinthu zapangidwe ndi nyumba, komanso pakupanga zisankho pandale komanso pachuma.
Malingaliro othandizidwa ndi kulingalira, omwe adakhazikika pachikhalidwe komanso zasayansi ku Europe m'zaka za zana la 18, mwachangu adatchuka ku New Spain. Umisiri, makamaka, unasintha kwambiri, unasiya kukhala luso kuti ukhale katswiri wasayansi. Mwanjira iyi, maphunziro asayansi a mainjiniya adakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri mdera lililonse lapadziko lapansi lomwe likufuna kukwaniritsa kupita patsogolo komwe kwasokonezedwa ndi malingaliro a Chidziwitso.
Mu 1792, kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri yamaphunziro ku Mexico, bungwe lomwe chiphunzitso chawo chidali sayansi kwathunthu, Real Seminario de Minería. M'malo motsatira miyambo yamaphunziro, maphunziro a masamu, fizikiya, chemistry ndi mineralogy adaphunzitsidwa mwalamulo kwa mainjiniya oyamba omwe anali ndi dzina la akatswiri a Multult, popeza kuti Injiniya sanayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka 1843.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti anali ma Creole awiri owunikiridwa - oyimira mgwirizanowu wamphamvu kwambiri ku Colony, a Miner-, omwe adapempha 1774 kwa King Carlos III kukhazikitsidwa kwa Metallic College, ndi cholinga chowonjezera kupanga miyala yamtengo wapatali. Pachifukwa ichi, adawona kuti ndikofunikira kukhala ndi akatswiri omwe angathetse mavuto amigodi, osati ndi malingaliro owoneka bwino, koma ndi maziko asayansi.
College of Mining, kuphatikiza pakupatula kuti ndi nyumba yoyamba yasayansi ku Mexico, monga adatchulira a José Joaquín Izquierdo, adadziwika kuti ndiye maziko a mabungwe ofunikira asayansi monga Institute of Geophysics, Institute of Mathematics, the Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Geology, Institute of Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, ndi Faculty of Engineering, kutchula ochepa mu National Autonomous University of Mexico.
Zaka zingapo dziko lathu litalandira ufulu wodziyimira pawokha, College of Mining idalumikizidwa ndi Boma, ndipo mbali yake idagawana zosintha zosintha, kusakhazikika, zolephera ndi zolakwika, pakati pazinthu zina. Ngakhale izi, mainjiniyawo adalandira ndi udindo waukulu kudzipereka kwawo mdzikolo: kuthandiza m'gulu, kayendetsedwe ndi chitukuko cha dziko losauka logawanika ndi nkhondo zamagazi. Kutenga nawo gawo kwake kunapitilira kungogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo, chifukwa umaphatikizaponso ndale, chikhalidwe, zachuma komanso ngakhale magawo asayansi. Mwachitsanzo, m'zaka za zana la 19, mainjiniya adakhala maudindo ngati Nduna Zachitukuko, Coloni, Makampani ndi Zamalonda; Nkhondo ndi Navy; Ubale ndi Maboma kutchulapo ena odziwika kwambiri. Iwo adakhazikitsa mabungwe monga National Astronomical Observatory, Institute of Geography and Statistics, yomwe mu 1851 ikhala Mexico Society of Geography and Statistics; Geographical Exploration Commission, National Geological Institute, Mexico Scientific Commission ndi Mexico Geodetic Commission, mwa ena. Zosowa za Boma zidakakamiza Koleji kuti iwonjezere ukatswiri wake ngati wopanga migodi, wopanga mayeso, wopindula ndi chitsulo, komanso wopatula golide ndi siliva kwa omwe amafufuza, katswiri wa malo komanso, ngakhale kwakanthawi kochepa, kwa katswiri wazachilengedwe. Omaliza maphunziro adatenga nawo gawo pantchito zofunikira pagulu monga kufufuzira madera osiyanasiyana, kukonzekera mapulani ndi kuzindikira madera osiyanasiyana mdziko muno, kukhazikitsidwa kwa Military College, kuzindikira migodi, maphunziro a geological komanso ngalande za Valley of Mexico, kusanthula kwa njanji, ndi zina zambiri. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, kufunika kwa digiri yaukadaulo wa zomangamanga kudawonekeranso, yomwe Emperor Maximilian waku Habsburg adafuna kuyambitsa ku Kolejiyo atayesa kuyisandutsa Sukulu Yachikhalidwe.
Ntchito yokonzanso
Ndi kupambana kwa a Liberals mu 1867, dzikolo lidayamba gawo latsopano ngati dziko lodziyimira pawokha. Zosintha zomwe boma latsopanoli lidayankha, kukhazikika pazandale komanso nthawi yamtendere yomwe yakwaniritsidwa kwazaka zambiri zidatsogolera pakupangidwanso kwa dziko lomwe limakonda ukadaulo waku Mexico.
Benito Juárez adayambitsa ntchito ya zomangamanga mu 1867, nthawi yomweyi pomwe adasintha College of Mining kukhala Special School of Engineers. Ntchitoyi, monga ya injiniya wamakina, komanso kusintha komwe kunachitika m'maphunziro a aphunzitsi ena, inali gawo lamaphunziro a purezidenti kuti akwaniritse ntchito yake yamasiku ano, makamaka munjanji ndi mafakitale.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zopitilira ntchito yamakono zidayambitsa kulimbikitsidwa kwa Sukulu ya Amisiri. Mu 1883, Purezidenti Manuel González adasandutsa National School of Engineers, dzina lomwe likadasunga mpaka pakati pa zaka za zana la 20. Adapanga ntchito yolembera ma telegrapher, ndikulimbitsa maphunziro aukadaulo wa anthu, kusinthanso maphunziro omwe adalipo kale ndikukhazikitsa zatsopano. Dzinalo la pulogalamuyo lidasinthidwa kukhala Engineer of Roads, Madoko ndi Ngalande, zomwe zidasungidwa mpaka 1897. M'chaka chino, Purezidenti Porfirio Díaz adalengeza Lamulo la Professional Education of the School of Engineers, momwe adabwerera ku dzina la mainjiniya yapachiweniweni, yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka pano.
Pakapita nthawi, maphunziro aukadaulo wa zomangamanga amayenera kusinthidwa kutengera kupita patsogolo kwasayansi ndi ukadaulo komanso zosowa zadziko.
College of Civil Injiniya aku Mexico
Mawu oti mainjiniya adagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Renaissance Europe kutanthauza munthu yemwe adadzipereka kupanga zida zankhondo, kumanga linga ndikupanga zida zankhondo. Omwe adadzipereka pantchito zomanga anthu amatchedwa omanga, omanga, omanga, akatswiri, amisiri komanso omanga. Kuyambira theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 18, anthu ena omwe amachita ntchito kunja kwa asitikali adadzitcha okha "mainjiniya aboma". Ndipo, monga mainjiniya ankhondo, adaphunzira - monga malonda aliwonse - pogwiritsa ntchito njira zophunzitsira.
Sukulu yoyamba ya zomangamanga idakhazikitsidwa ku France ku 1747 ndipo idatchedwa School of Bridges and Roads. Koma mpaka m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi pomwe mabungwe omwe adadzipereka kuti aphunzitse kwathunthu za fizikisi ndi masamu adatuluka, omwe adapatsa digiri yaukadaulo wa zomangamanga.
Kudzera pakupanga mabungwe ndi mabungwe akatswiri a zomangamanga adakwanitsa kupeza malo abwino pakati pa anthu: mu 1818 Institution of Civil Injiniya aku Great Britain idakhazikitsidwa, mu 1848 Société des Ingénieurs Civils de France, ndipo mu 1852 American Society a Akatswiri Achilengedwe.
Ku Mexico kunalinso chidwi chokhazikitsa Association of Engineers. Pa Disembala 12, 1867, mainjiniya komanso mapulani a zomangamanga Manuel F. Álvarez adayitanitsa mainjiniya onse ndi omwe amapanga mapulani omwe akufuna kutenga nawo mbali pamsonkhano. Patsikuli anakambirana ndi kuvomereza malamulowo, ndipo pa Januware 24, 1868, Association of Civil Injiniya ndi Akatswiri Omanga Mapulani ku Mexico adakhazikitsidwa ku Nyumba Ya Msonkhano ya National School of Fine Arts. Othandizana nawo 35 adatenga nawo gawo ndipo a Francisco de Garay adakhalabe Purezidenti. Mgwirizanowu udayamba kukula; Mu 1870 anali kale ndi anzawo 52, ndipo 255 mu 1910.
Gululi silinali kulumikizana kokha pakati pa mainjiniya aku Mexico ndi okonza mapulani kuti agwire bwino ntchito yawo, komanso adakhala njira yolumikizirana ndi mainjiniya ochokera kumayiko ena. Maziko ake adadzetsa zofalitsa kuchokera kumakampani akunja, ndikuwatumizira za bungwe lovomerezeka la Association, lomwe linayamba mu 1886 ndipo limatchedwa Annals of the Association of Engineers and Architects of Mexico. Kupezekanso, kwa bungweli, kudalola akatswiri aku Mexico kutenga nawo mbali pazochitika zakunja, kuti adziwe momwe mavuto ena amathetsedwera m'maiko ena, kufalitsa kafukufuku pazinthu zina zomwe zikuchitika ku Mexico, kuti akambirane ndikupereka malingaliro. pofuna kuthetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, kunalibe ntchito yokwanira kwa mainjiniya omwe anamaliza maphunziro awo ku National School of Engineers; nthawi zambiri amasamutsidwa ndi alendo omwe amabwera ndi makampani akunja omwe amaika ndalama mdzikolo. Komabe, ntchito yaukadaulo waboma idakhalabe yokongola chifukwa cha ntchito zambiri zomwe omaliza maphunziro amatha kuchita. Kuchulukana kotero kuti ophunzira omwe adalembetsa nawo mpikisanowu mwachangu kuposa ena onse. Mwachitsanzo, pofika 1904, mwa ophunzira 203 omwe adalembetsa, 136 anali mgulu la akatswiri opanga zomangamanga. Pofika 1945 akatswiri olembetsa adapitilira ophunzira chikwi, pokhala akatswiri opanga zamagetsi pantchito yotsatira yomwe amafunsidwa, ngakhale izi sizinafikire ophunzira 200.
M'malo mwake, ku Association of Civil Engineers and Architects kuchuluka kwa omwe amagwirizana nawo pantchito zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga kudakulirakulira, mpaka 1911 anali ambiri. Pofika ma 1940, chiwerengerocho chinali chambiri kotero kuti chimafunikira kukhazikitsidwa kwa kampani yake. Cholinga ichi chidakwaniritsidwa mu 1945 chifukwa chokhazikitsidwa kwa Lamulo la Ntchito, lomwe limalola kukhazikitsidwa kwa Professional Associations kuti zithandizire kuwongolera ukadaulo. Pambuyo pamisonkhano ingapo yomwe idachitikira ku likulu la Association of Engineers and Architects of Mexico, pa Marichi 7, 1946 Colegio de Ingenieros Civiles de México idakhazikitsidwa. Vutoli linali loteteza zofuna za akatswiri a akatswiri a zomangamanga, kukhala ngati bungwe lofunsira ndi zokambirana ndi Boma ndikutsatira akatswiri pantchito zokomera anthu ndi malamulo ena operekedwa ndi lamulo la akatswiri.
Kulengedwa kwa College of Engineers kudakhala ndi yankho labwino munthawi yochepa. M'chaka cha maziko ake anali ndi akatswiri a zomangamanga okwana 158, patatha zaka zisanu anali ndi abwenzi 659, mu 1971 chiwerengerocho chinafika 178, ndipo mu 1992 mpaka 12,256. Mu 1949 magazini ya Civil Engineering idayamba kufalitsidwa ngati gawo lofalitsa, ndipo ikupitilizabe kufalitsidwa pafupipafupi mpaka pano pansi pa dzina la Civil Engineering / CICM.
Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa mainjiniya kunali kofunikira, thandizo lomwe adalandira kuchokera kumabungwe monga Commission of Roads and Irrigation, Federal Electricity Commission ndi Petróleos Mexicanos liyenera kufotokozedwa. Izi zidatsegula zitseko kwa mainjiniya aku Mexico ndi makampani opanga zomangamanga kuti agwire ntchito zazikuluzikulu, zomwe mzaka makumi angapo zapitazo zidachitidwa ndi makampani akunja ndi mainjiniya.
Ndi kuyesetsa kwa mamembala ake, maziko a College adayamba kuwonetsa kufunika kwake. Ambiri mwa iwo adalumikizana ndi maofesi aboma kuthana ndi mavuto malinga ndi kuthekera kwawo; adateteza zofuna za mgwirizanowu pokana kulemba ntchito anthu akunja pazinthu zina; adalimbikitsa ntchito ya akatswiri opanga zomangamanga komanso gawo laukadaulo pagulu; adakonza misonkhano yamayiko ndipo, mu 1949 I International Congress of Civil Engineering; adagwirizana pakukhazikitsidwa kwa Pan-American Union of Engineering Associations (1949) ndi Mexico Union of Engineering Associations (1952); adakhazikitsa mphotho yapachaka ya Ophunzira Olemekezeka (1959); adagwira maudindo akuluakulu a Secretariat angapo; Adapanga Dovalí Jaime Cultural Athenaeum (1965) kuti alimbikitse kufalikira kwachikhalidwe; adatenga nawo gawo pamalamulo a Federation of Associations of Civil Injiniya a Mexico Republic of Ocean Resources (1969). Akulimbikitsanso maphunziro a ophunzira pamaso pa National Council of Science and Technology ndi Ministry of Foreign Affairs, apereka maphunziro owonjezera ndi maphunziro, atha kukhazikitsa Tsiku la Injiniya (Julayi 1) ndikukhazikitsa mgwirizano wamgwirizano ndi mabungwe ena, ndipo adakhazikitsa Mphoto Ya National for Civil Engineering (1986).
Mzimu wogwira ntchito womwe wakhazikika ku Colegio de Ingenieros Civiles de México komanso kuyesetsa kosalekeza kuti akhale ndi akatswiri odziwa bwino ntchito zawo kwapangitsa akatswiri kuti azigwira nawo ntchito zothandiza anthu, ndikusintha mawonekedwe am'malo ambiri mdziko lathu. Kuchita nawo mwachangu, mosakaika konse, kumamupangitsa kukhala woyenera kukhala wamkulu pa mbiri ya Mexico ngati Nation.
