Malinga ndi a Germán Arciniega, mawu akuti pichilingue amachokera ku Chingerezi kuyankhula Chingerezi, lomwe lidalamulidwa kwa nzika zamantha za Pacific, omwe, kuphatikiza pakuzunzidwa ndikukwiya, amayenera kudziwa chilankhulo cha Shakespeare.
Kutanthauzira kwachiwiri kwa mawuwa kunaperekedwa ndi wolemba mbiri wotchuka waku Sinaloan Pablo Lizárraga, yemwe akutsimikizira kuti amachokera ku Nahuatl ndipo amachokera ku pichihuila, bakha wosamuka yemwe amawoneka bwino: maso ake ndi nthenga zomwe zimawazungulira zimapereka kuganiza kuti ndi mbalame yakuda.
Sikulakwa kuganiza kuti achifwamba, makamaka a Nordics, angakhale chimodzimodzi blond. Kuwonekera kwa ma pichilingues m'mphepete mwa nyanja, makamaka m'mapanga ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi madzi akuya mokwanira kuti amangirire pamenepo ndi malo otetezedwa, kwachititsa kuti pakhale magombe otchedwa pichilingues m'mbali zina za South America ndipo, mobwerezabwereza , ku Mexico.
Chiphunzitso chachitatu ndichofanana. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha achifwamba - dzina lodziwika bwino la amuna omwe amachita izi - adachokera makamaka m'zaka za zana la 17, kuchokera ku doko la Dutch la Vlissinghen. Mwachidule, chiyambi cha mawuwo chimapitilizabe kukhala chovuta monga anthu omwe amawatchulira, makamaka m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu.
Atakwanitsa kulowa m'nyanja ya Pacific mozungulira Mtsinje wa Magellan, mikangano idayamba posachedwa ndi a Spain, eni ake omwe amatchedwa "nyanja yaku Spain", komanso umbombo ndi udani wa Angerezi ndi Flemings. Woyendetsa galimoto woyamba waku Dutch kuwoloka nyanjayi anali Oliver van Noort mchaka cha 1597. Van Noort anali woyang'anira malo ogulitsirako alendo, yemwe kale anali woyenda panyanja, yemwe ndi zombo zake zinayi ndi amuna anayi ndi amuna 240 adalanda komanso kuwononga zinthu ku South America Pacific. koma sanafike kugombe la New Spain. Mapeto ake mwina ndi omwe amayenera: adamwalira atapachikidwa ku Manila.
Mu 1614 uthenga udafika ku New Spain kuti ngozi yaku Dutch ikuyandikira. Mu Ogasiti chaka chomwecho, East India Company idatumiza zombo zinayi zapadera (ndiye kuti, anali ndi "ma marquees" ochokera kumaboma awo) ndi "ma jach" awiri pa "malonda" padziko lonse lapansi. Ntchito yamtendere idalimbikitsidwa ndi zida zamphamvu zomwe zidakwera zombo zoyendetsedwa ndi Groote Sonne ndi Groote Mann.
Yemwe adatsogolera ntchitoyi anali woyang'anira wamkulu- chitsanzo cha wobisalira- Joris van Spielbergen. Woyendetsa woyendetsa bwino, wobadwa mu 1568, anali nthumwi waluso yemwe ankakonda kukhala ndi ulemu wapamwamba ndikukhala ndi vinyo wabwino kwambiri. Akamadya, adatero ndi gulu la oimba komanso oyimba oyendetsa sitima ngati mbiri yawo. Amuna ake anali kuvala mayunifolomu okongola. Spielbergen anali ndi ntchito yapadera yochokera ku States General komanso kuchokera kwa Prince Maurice Orange. Zikuwoneka kuti mwa malamulo obisika anali oti tilandire galeon. Woyendetsa sitima wotchuka wa pichilingue anafika modzidzimutsa m'mphepete mwa New Spain kumapeto kwa 1615.
Pambuyo pomenya nkhondo yayikulu motsutsana ndi asitikali aku Spain ku South American Pacific, momwe zombo zawo zinali zosatheka kukhudzidwa, ndizowonongeka zochepa za anthu ndi zombo zawo zomwe sizinawonongeke, maulendowa adalowera kumpoto; komabe, New Spain inali yokonzeka kuyembekezera a Dutch. Mu June 1615, Viceroy Márques de Guadalcázar adalamula meya wa Acapulco kuti alimbitse chitetezo cha doko ndi ngalande ndi mfuti. Gulu la magulu ankhondo modzifunira lidalumikizana kuti lalimbane ndi mdani mwachangu.
Pamaso pa ACAPULCO
M'mawa wa Okutobala 11, zombo zaku Dutch zidatulukira pakhomo lolowera kunyanjayo. Chifukwa chodutsa mopitirira muyeso, zombozo zinadutsa mpandawo usana masana. Anakumana ndi maliboti a mfuti zomwe sizinathandize kwenikweni. Kuphatikiza apo, Spielbergen adatsimikiza mtima kuwononga mudziwo ngati kuli kofunikira, chifukwa umafuna chakudya ndi madzi. Pomaliza adalengeza mgwirizano ndipo a Pedro Álvarez ndi a Francisco Méndez, omwe adatumikira ku Flanders, adakwera kuti adziwe Chidatchi.
Spielbergen adasinthana posinthana ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri, kuti amasule andende omwe adawachotsa ku gombe la Peru. Mgwirizano udakwaniritsidwa ndipo, modabwitsa, kwa sabata limodzi, Acapulco idakhala malo osangalatsa pamisonkhano pakati pa anthu aku Spain ndi aku Spain. Mtsogoleriyo adalandiridwa paulemu ndi ulemu ndi oyendetsa yunifolomu oyenera, pomwe mwana wamwamuna wa Spielbergen adakhala tsikulo ndi meya wa dokolo. Kukumana kwachitukuko komwe kungafanane ndi kubwera kwotsatira kwa Dutchman pagombe lakumpoto kwa Acapulco. Spielbergen anali ndi pulani ya doko yomwe idapangidwiratu.
Woponderezayo, kuwopa kuti Manila Galleon yemwe watsala pang'ono kufika adzamangidwa, adatumiza Sebastián Vizcaíno ndi amuna 400 kuti akateteze madoko a Navidad ndi Salagua, ndipo kazembe wa Nueva-Vizcaya adatumizanso gulu lina pagombe la Sinaloa motsogozedwa ndi Villalba, yemwe anali ndi malangizo oyenera kupewa motsutsana ndi adani.
Ali panjira, Spielbergen adagwira sitima yapamadzi San Francisco, ndikusintha dzina la sitimayo kukhala Perel (ngale). Atafika ku Salagua, Vizcaíno adadikirira anthu oyenda njanji ndipo pambuyo pa nkhondo yomwe siidakonde kwambiri aku Spain, Spielbergen adapita ku Barra de Navidad, kapenanso ku Tenancatita, komwe adakhala masiku asanu ndi amuna ake bay. Vizcaíno, mu lipoti lake kwa wolowa m'malo, akutchula zakuchepa kwa adani ndipo monga umboni umamutumizira makutu kuti adadula pichilingue. Vizcaíno adalongosola ena mwa "ma pichilingas" omwe adawatenga ngati akaidi ngati "anyamata achichepere komanso owongoka, ena mwa iwo aku Ireland, okhala ndi ma curls akulu ndi mphete." Anthu aku Ireland adakopeka ndi gulu lankhondo la Spielbergen, akukhulupirira kuti ali pantchito yamtendere.
Ku Cape Corrientes, Spielbergen adaganiza kuti asatayenso nthawi m'madzi a New Spain ndikupita kumwera. Patatha masiku angapo, Manila Galleon adadutsa Cape. Spielbergen anamwalira ali wosauka mu 1620. Ntchito yomanga Fort San Diego ku Acapulco iyamba posachedwa kuti iteteze doko ku kuwukira kwa achifwamba.
POKHUDZANA NDI UFUMU WACHISANYA
Mu 1621, mgwirizano womwe umaganiziridwa pakati pa Holland ndi Spain udatha. A Dutch anali okonzeka kutumiza zankhondo zamphamvu kwambiri kuti zikawonekere ku Pacific, yotchedwa Nassau Fleet - "Nasao" - ndi kalonga, wowathandizira. Cholinga chake chenicheni chinali kuwononga ulamuliro waku Spain munyanjayi. Ikhozanso kulanda zombo zolemera ndikufunkha mizindayo. Zombozi zidachoka ku Holland mu 1623 zodzaza ndi ma 166 ma pichilingues olamulidwa ndi kazembe wotchuka Jacobo L. Hermite, yemwe adamwalira m'mphepete mwa dziko la Peru. Kenako Wachiwiri kwa Admiral Hugo Schapenham adatenga lamulo, yemwe adadutsa Fort of Acapulco, chifukwa a Castilian sanalandire zopempha za achifwamba omwe analibe madzi ndi chakudya, kotero kuti zombo zazikuluzo zimayenera kupita kunyanja, komwe lero yotchedwa Pichilingue, kuti mushe.
Popeza panali gulu lankhondo laku Spain lomwe likuwadikirira, a Dutch amayenera kukweza nangula ku Zihuatanejo komwe amayembekezera mopanda tanthauzo "nyama yomwe akuyembekezeredwa kwanthawi yayitali": galeon yovuta. Komabe, a Nassau Fleet omwe amati anali osagonjetseka adalephera mochititsa manyazi, anali ndi ziyembekezo zopanda malire ndipo adayika ndalama mamiliyoni ambiri. Nthawi ya ma pichilingues omwe akuti akuti adatha ndi Peace of Westphalia mu 1649, komabe, mawu akuti pichilingue adapangidwa kosatha m'mbiri yauchigawenga komanso m'mawu achi Spain.
Pacific idasiya kukhala, malinga ndi wolemba mbiri Antonio de Robles (1654-172).
1685: ”Novembala, 1. Lero latsopano lidawonekeranso adani omwe ali ndi zombo zisanu ndi ziwiri "" Lolemba 19. Zidakhala zatsopano kuwona maulendo apanyanja pagombe la Colima la adani ndipo pemphero lidayimbidwa "" Disembala 1. Makalata adachokera ku Acapulco ndi nkhani yonena za momwe adani amapita ku Cape Corrientes ndikuti adayesa kulowa padoko kawiri ndikukanidwa ”.
1686: "February 12. Vinyo watsopano wochokera ku Compostela atathamangitsa anthu ndikupanga nyama ndi madzi, kutenga mabanja anayi kapena asanu ndi limodzi: amapempha dipo."
1688: "Novembala 26. Vinyo watsopano pomwe mdani adalowa ku Acaponeta ndikutenga akazi makumi anayi, ndalama zambiri ndi anthu komanso bambo ku Kampani wina ku La Merced."
1689: “Mulole. Lamlungu 8. Nkhani yatsopano idabwera momwe Angerezi adadulira makutu ndi mphuno za Bambo Fray Diego de Aguilar, ndikulimbikitsa kupulumutsa anthu athu omwe angafe ”.
Wolemba mbiriyu akunena za a English pichilinque-buccaneers Swan ndi Townley, omwe adawononga gombe lakumadzulo chakumadzulo kwa New Spain mosayembekezera kudikira galeon.
Magombe a Pacific, madoko ake ndi midzi yake yopha nsomba nthawi zonse inali kuzunguliridwa ndi ma pikiling, koma sanakwaniritse cholinga chofunafuna Manila Galleon mpaka zaka zotsatira. Ngakhale adalandidwa, adakhalanso ndi zokhumudwitsa zazikulu. Pogwira sitima ya Santo Rosario yomwe inali ndi mipiringidzo yasiliva, Angerezi adakhulupirira kuti inali malata ndikuwaponyera m'madzi. Mmodzi wa iwo adasunga ingot ngati chikumbutso. Atabwerera ku England, adapeza kuti inali siliva wolimba. Anaponyera m'nyanja ndalama zoposa mapaundi zikwi 150!
Cromwell, "Coromuel" wodziwika, yemwe adakhazikitsa likulu lake pakati pa La Paz ndi Los Cabos, ku Baja California, ndiwodziwika bwino pakati pa oyendetsa njinga omwe adasiya gawo lalikulu ku New Spain. Dzina lake latsalira pamphepo yomwe imamukumbukira, "coromuel", yomwe adagwiritsa ntchito poyenda ndikusaka chombo china cholemera kapena ngale. Malo ake achitetezo anali gombe lotchedwa Coromuel, pafupi ndi La Paz.
Cromwell adasiya imodzi mwa mbendera zake kapena "joli roger" mdera lakutali komanso lamatsenga ili. Lero lili ku Museum of Fort San Diego. Coromuel, mwamunayo, adasowa modabwitsa, osati kukumbukira kwake.
